犬儒主义英文版.ppt

英语一班,李晓静,犬儒主义,Cynicism was a school of philosophy developed in the ancient Greek city state of Athens.,Cynicism,1 Brief introduction,Cynicism （犬儒主义），in its original form ,refers to the beliefs of an ancient school of Greek philosophers known as the Cynics . Their philosophy was that the purpose of life is to live a life of Virtue in agreement with nature .This meant rejecting all conventional desires for wealth power health and fame ,and by living a simple life free form all possessions .As reasoning creatures , people could get happiness by rigorous training and by living in a way which is nature for humans .They believe that the world belonged equally to everyone .And many of these thoughts were later absorbed into Stoicism (禁欲主义）,These are two pictures about cynicism,2 Reasons for the cynic name,The indifference of their way of life ,like dogs ,eat and go barefoot in public . The dog is shameless animal ,and they made a cult（膜拜，崇拜，迷信）of shamelessness. The dog is a good guard , and they guard the tenets（宗旨，原则）of their philosophy . The dog is a discriminating（有辨别力的） animal which can distinguish between its friends and enemies.,3 History of cynicism,The classical Greek and Roman Cynics regarded virtue as the only necessity for happiness and saw virtue as entirely sufficient for attaining happiness .The ancient cynics reject conventional values ,and would criticize the types of behavours , such as greed ,which they viewed as causing suffering .Emphasis on this aspect of their teaching led ,in the late 18th and early 19th century ,to the modern understanding of cynicism as “an attitude of scornful（轻蔑的）or jaded （厌倦的）negativity ,especially a general distrust of the integrity or professed （公开表示的）motives of others. ”This modern definition of cynicism is marked construct to the ancient philosophy ,which emphasized “virtue and moral freedom in liberation from desire .,Diogenes & Cynicism,Diogenes was a famous Greek philosopher of the fourth century B.C., who established the philosophy of cynicism .he often walked about in the daytime holding a lighted lantern, peering around as if he were looking for something. When questioned about his odd behavior, he would reply, “I am searching for an honest man.“ Diogenes held that the good man was self-sufficient and did not require material comforts or wealth. He believed that wealth and possessions constrained humanity's natural state of freedom. In keeping with his philosophy, he was perfectly satisfied with making his home in a large tub discarded from the temple of Cybele , the goddess of nature.,Modern Cynicism :,Society in general was ruled by thoughts of personal gain, political corruption and meaningless rituals. In the modern sense of the word, cynicism is a personal belief that people are motivated primarily by their own self-interests, and the natural order of things leans towards disintegration and corruption. The explanations can be either positive or negative and end up having a profound effect on an individual's personality. The mind states of cynicism, pessimism, and optimism are also greatly impacted by one's explanatory style.,That ’s All ，,Thank you !,。