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Referencing ■ The Harvard System(Download pdf version)IntroductionAs a stude nt, it is imports nt that you identify in your assessme nt when you are using the words or ideas of another author. The most accepted way of ack no wledging the work of another author is to use a referenci ng system. At the Department of Lifelong Learning you are required to use the Harvard ref ere ncing system.The followi ng guide tells you why you need to use a ref ere ncing system, shows you how to insert references in the text of your assignments, and shows you how to compile a ref ere nee list. While there are many variati ons on the 'Harvard' system, the one prese nted in this guide is the most simple .It does away with most usages of 'p' and 'pp' to signify page numbers and it replaces some of the commas with colons. Also, this guide is by no means an exhaustive list of all the referencing conventions that you will require in your academic life.Why you should use a referencing systemAs a part of an academic community, it is important that you show the reader where you have used some one else's ideas or words. Failure to properly referenee using the Harvard system may make the reader think that you are cheating by claimi ng some one else's work as your own. In the academic environment, we call this plagiarism and it is seen as a very serious offenee. Please remember that plagiarism is not just when you directly copy words from ano ther stude nt's or expert's work. Plagiarism also occurs when you re-wo rd some one else's ideas in your own work and you do not give credit to the original source.Plagiarism can have disastrous consequences for students. If you are suspected of plagiarism you may find that your assignment receives a grade of zero .In extreme or repeated cases, you may find that your enrolment at the university is reviewed. For further info rmati on, please con suit secti on 3 of the stude nt han dbook.On a more positive note, referencing is important for reasons other than avoiding plagiarism. When you reference correctly you are demonstrating that you have read widely on a topic. You are also supporting your hypothesis with comments from expert authors. This lends credibility to your own work. Also, by correctly referencing, you allow the marker or reader to follow-up your references and to check the validity of your arguments for themselves. This is an important part of the academic process as it leads to student accountability.Collecting all the details: Accurate referencingIn order to have an accurate record of what you have researched and therefore an accurate reference, it is important that you write down the details of your sources as you study. When taking notes, use a separate page for each new book, journal article, or electronic source. At the top of each page, clearly record the following information for future referenee.For books, record:• The author's or editor's name (or names)• The year the book was published• The title of the book• If it is an edition other than the first• The city the book was published in• The name of the publisherFor journal articles record:• The author's name or names• The year in which the journal was published• The title of the article• The title of the journal• The page number/s of the article in the journal• As much other information as you can find about the journal, for example the volume and issue numbersFor electronic resources, try to collect the information on the left if it is available, but also record:• The date you accessed the source• The electronic address or email• The type of electronic resource (email, discussion forum, WWW page, etc)In addition to these details, when you are taking notes, if you copy direct quotations or if you put the author's ideas in your own words, write down the page numbers you got the information from.Writing the assessment: What do I need to referenee?When you are writing your assessment, be sure to type in reference information as you add in the ideas of other authors. This will save you time and will ensure that you referenee all sources properly. Whenever you use some one else's ideas or words, you must put in a reference. The only exception to this rule is when the information you have read somewhere is comm on kno wledge or 'public domai n' in formati on. For example, you would not need to in elude a refere nee if you stated in an assignment that Shakespeare wrote plays and sonnets in Elizabethan times.Always reference:• Direct quotations 一 this is when you copy another 厂一author's material word-for-word. You should show f c $ \ the reader that it is a direct quote by placing the 二［/material in in verted commas. Traditi on ally, doublein verted commas have bee n used (“)but it is now acceptable, and preferable to use single in verted commas ('). Sometimes it is difficult to avoid the direct quotation as the author's words may precisely describe the point you 。