charles曼哈顿 语法笔记.doc

Charles 整理一、对应OG题目分类：初级部分：1. Meaning & Concision8, 12, 16, 17, 21, 31, 37, 39, 49, 572. Subject-Verb Agreement2, 5, 13, 27, 45, 60, 66, 68, 78, 843. Parallelism6, 11, 14, 15, 22, 24, 26, 28, 29, 36, 42, 46, 52, 53, 55, 56, 62, 65, 72, 77, 81, 83, 884. Pronouns1, 7, 23, 47, 915. Modifiers10, 18, 25, 30, 38, 40, 48, 58, 61, 63, 71, 79 6. Verb Tense, Mood, &Voice3, 19, 41, 54, 67, 69, 70, 74, 85, 86, 877. Comparisons9, 20, 32, 43, 76, 82, 89, 97, 99, 1008. Idioms4, 33, 34, 35, 44, 50, 51, 59, 64, 73, 75, 96, 106, 117, 118, 1209. Odds & Ends80, 116高级部分：11Meaning & Concision93, 98, 135Subject-Verb Agreement95, 104, 129, 133, 140Parallelism90, 92, 94, 109, 114, 119, 127, 130, 134, 13712Pronouns101, 113, 124, 132 Modifiers102,103, 105, 107, 110, 111, 112, 115, 121, 12613Verb Tense, Mood, & Voice122, 128, 139Comparisons108, 123, 125, 131, 136, 138Charles 整理二、Basic部分：Chapter 1: 单复数1. Additive Phrases:Along with Polly、 In addition to surgery、Accompanied by me together with a tie、As well as the mayorOnly the word and can change a singular subject into a plural one. Singular subjects followed by additive phrases remain singular subjects.2. Or, Either or, Neither nor:Neither the players nor the coach is going to the beach.Find the nearest to the verb.Note that when the words either or neither are in a sentence alone (without or or nor), they are considered singular and take only singular verbs.3. Collective Nouns: Almost Always SingularPeople: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, teamItems: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furnitureIn some rare circumstances, collective nouns can be considered plural (e.g., when you emphasize the individual actors, not their unity). However, on the GMAT, collective nouns are almost always considered singular and therefore require singular verb forms. Note: in British usage, many of these nouns are normally considered plural. Not so on the GMAT!The CROWD in the stands IS cheering loudly as the home TEAM TAKES the field.Our ARMY of a hundred thousand soldiers IS attacking the enemy.Each collective noun (crowd, team, and army) takes a singular verb form.4. Indefinite Pronouns:不定代词 Usually SingularAnyone, anybody, anything, no one, nobody, nothing, each, every (as pronouns) someone, somebody, something, everyone, everybody, everything, whatever, whoever, either, neither (may require a plural verb if paired with or/nor)Technically, none of + plural noun can take either a singular or a plural verb form. But not one is always singular: Not one of my friends IS here this weekend.5. Each and Every: Singular Sensations但是，Note that each following a subject has no bearing on the verb form.They each are great tennis players.Here, the plural subject they requires the plural verb form are.Chapter 3:1.Wrong: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND WHO are not.Right: Ralph likes BOTH THOSE WHO are popular AND THOSE WHO are not.2. P49Wrong: She argues that the agency acts with disregard for human life AND property AND reckless abandon AND it should therefore be shut down.Right: She argues THAT the agency acts WITH reckless abandon AND WITH disregard for human life AND property, AND THAT it should therefore be shut down.Charles 整理Chapter 5: PRONOUNS1.Wrong: She took her laptop and her books with her on the airplane because she thought she could use these to get some work done. These them2.Wrong: Our cat is cuter than those in the shelter.Right: Our cat is cuter than the cats in the shelter.This new, correct version of the sentence contains no third-person pronouns. (Our is a pronoun, but first-person pronouns such as our never have antecedents in the sentence.)The original sentence is incorrect because those has no antecedent. Those is plural, and therefore cannot refer to cat.Chapter 6: MODIFIERS1 .Wrong: James Joyce is Max's SUPPOSEDLY Irish ancestor.Right: James Joyce is Max's SUPPOSED Irish ancestor.Wrong: Max's grandmother is his SUPPOSED Irish ancestor.Right: Max's grandmother is his SUPPOSEDLY Irish ancestor.Position of Noun ModifiersAvoid dangling modifiers by making sure the noun you want to modify is in the sentence. To avoid misplaced modifiers, place them next to the nouns they are meant to modify.2. A NOUN and its MODIFIER should TOUCH each other.Errors such as these are common in speech. The modifier using the latest technology needs to refer to someone who actually used the technology. To correct this issue, we insert a reasonable noun as the subject of using.Wrong: Using the latest technology, the problem was identified.Right: Using the latest technology, the engineer identified the problem./3. unlike a noun modifier, a verb modifier does not have to touch the subject.Wrong: George Carlin, both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, who also struggled publicly with drug abuse, influenced and inspired a generation of comedians.Better: Both shocking 。