托福阅读备课笔记--全真题解析.doc

Biology:1. OG06—the Swimming MachineTuna; sailfish; marlin; mackerel—super fish (coitus and sleep in water)a. super body—streamline; few scales—smooth; eyes level with grooved body; sharp fins and needles; special scales—finlet 小鳍; corselet 胸鳍（help reduce resistance）; must swim constantly—mostly lack of gas-filled sac and bladder, so open mouth all the timeb. high-narrow tail—super propulsion; sensitive to eddies and twirls in sea—make use of them to add propulsive forcec. special temperature maintaining muscles (25C in 7C water); keep brains and eyes warm; billfish—modified muscles 2. Online test 01—Opportunists and CompetitorsIntroduction—the principle of energy allocation followed by organisms decides that the major difference that categorizes organisms is how they allocate energy between to growth and to reproduction.a. Almost all energy used to reproduction—opportunists; that to growth of a huge body—competitorsb. Opportunists—dandelions disperse a huge number of seeds constantly and can survive in human habitats but has no strong stems and died easily under the influence of disasters or competitors—the population varied hugely along the timec. Competitors—oak trees have longevity (200years averagely) and strong competitive power against draughts, pests and fire even; leaves have foul-tasted tannins that pests hate; population is stable. Conclusion: few plants are extremely opportunistic or competitive but blenders of both features3. TPO04 passage01—Deer Population of Puget SoundWashington, Pacific Northwest of United States—2 dominant deer species: 1. black-tailed mule-like deer in east Washington (lowland)；2. white-tailed Columbian deer (prairie and flood)a． black-tailed: forest understory plants—herbal; berry; dogwood 水木; in harsh season—migrate to lowland area—bushes and arboreal plants 木本植物 (cedar leaves and red alders红恺木)b． 1800-1832, deer population was reduced remarkably by the gaming of human colonizers, European explorers and by the hunting aiming at protecting farm plantsc． Further population decrease—urban development caused the disappearance of habitatsd． Population rebound (1940 witnessed the presence of 320,000 mule and black-tailed deer with annual increase of 65,000 deer) should give thanks to other human actions: removal of predators like wolves and limiting time for hunting, and, logging the forest where bushes, the food of deer, have been much more nutrient than before4. TPO05 passage01—Minerals and PlantsMinerals in soil restrict what plants can grow in a specific area. 5. TPO06 passage03—Children Amnesia6. TPO09 passage 03—the Arrival of Plant Life in Hawaii7. OG Test02 passage 01—Feeding Habits of East African Herbivores8. TPO 11 passage 02— Orientation and Navigation9. TPO11 passage03 –Begging by Nestlings10. TPO13 passage02—Biological Clocks11. TPO15 passage01—A warm-blooded Turtle12. TPO17 passage02—Animal Signals in the Rainforests13. TPO17 passage 03—Symbiotic Relationships14. TPO18 passage02—the Mystery of Yawning15. TPO24 passage02—Breathing During Sleep 16. TPO25 passage03—the Evolutionary Origin of Plants17. TPO26 passage02—Survival of Plants and Animals in Desert 18. TPO28 passage03--Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes19. TPO29 passage01— Competition 20. TPO30 passage01—Role of Play in Development21. TPO30 passage02—the Pace of Evolutionary ChangesArts:1. OG01—Applied Arts and Fine Arts Main Ideas:1. Paragraph 01: Applied arts have to be made following particular patterns/norms in accordance with physical laws and basically are of three functions, namely, to contain, to support and to shelter. For example, a glass bottle, a fiber-woven vase or a clay jar needs to have a bottom to contain stuff. 2. Paragraph 02: The production of fine arts is often assumed to follow the rules, too. However, fine arts are not purposed to function so they are more subject to artists’ conceptions. During Renaissance, bronze sculpture/statue of a horse with a leg suspended needed a cannonball under the leg, but later iron one needed no cannonball. It shows that fine art objects in terms of stability also need to follow physical laws but can be made in wider range of patterns provided proper internal structure and properties of materials. 3. Paragraph 03: It is not an exaggeration, in conclusion, that fine artists work to overcome the limitations of materials while those of applied arts work in concert with materials.  Important Vocabulary and Phrasesapplied 应用的pattern 形式 norm 规则contain 容纳/装（东西） ；shelter 遮蔽/挡（光；雨水） ；棚子fiber 纤维 woven（weave 的被动语态和过去分词形式）编织clay 粘土/陶制的 vase 花瓶 jar 罐子；in accordance with= in concern with 和…保持一致/符合…be assumed to 被以为…(被当成 …,事实可能与其相反往往会用这种语气)renaissance 文艺复兴（背景词，备考几率高：指欧洲 14,15,16 世纪，当时人们用古希腊罗马帝国的文化理念来改进当时的文学艺术—反对宗教压抑人性，资产阶级思想解放的开端）bronze 青铜 cannonball 空心球、炮弹2. Online test 02—Lascaux Cave Paintings3. TPO04 passage 02—Cave Art in Europe4. OG test02 passage 02—Loie Fuller (the artist)5. TPO 10 passge 01—Chinese Pottery6. TPO11 passage 01—Ancient Egyptian Scul。