英美概况英国政体资料.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,,第二级,,第三级,,第四级,,第五级,,*,*,,,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,,第二级,,第三级,,第四级,,第五级,,*,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,,第二级,,第三级,,第四级,,第五级,,*,*,Political System of Britain,9/18/2024,1,Constitutional Monarchy,What is Constitutional Monarchy?,,Development of Constitutional Monarchy,,The Right and Role of the Monarch,,Elizabeth II and Her Royal Family,9/18/2024,2,The power of the monarch is limited by the country's constitution, the legal authority is given to parliament, and the executive authority to the government.,9/18/2024,3,,Anglo-Saxons kings,,the Great Council,,(410-1066),,,Norman kings,,Without,,the Great Council,,(1066-1215),Magana Charta,,(1215),,Limitation of,,the King’s power,first parliament,,of nobles,,(1264),,evolution,,of constitution,Glorious,,Revolution,,(1688),,More powerful,,of the parliament,,Weakening,,of the Monarch,,,9/18/2024,4,The Right of the Monarch,King or Queen,Head of legislature, executive, judiciary,Head of State,Commander-in-chief of all armed forces,,Appointment of Officials,Head of the Church of England and Scotland,,9/18/2024,5,The Role of the Monarch,,The monarch is the personal embodiment of the British government and a of British unity, representing the continuity of the whole political system. So the stability of the British government owes much to the monarchy.,,symbol,9/18/2024,6,Succession of the Monarch,,Act of Settlement,Son,has,,precedence,,over,daughters,.,Daughters,take the,,precedence over,,the,brother of,,the monarchy,.,9/18/2024,7,the eldest son,wife of the eldest son,the eldest daughter,husband of the queen,Prince of Wales,Princess of Wales,Royal Princess,Duke of Edinburgh,9/18/2024,8,Queen Elizabeth II,Her title in the United Kingdom is "Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms and Territories, Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith.,,,伊莉莎白二世，她的全称是“伊丽莎白二世天佑大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国以及她的其他所属领土女王、英联邦元首、英国国教首领〞,9/18/2024,9,9/18/2024,10,Buckingham Palace,9/18/2024,11,9/18/2024,12,9/18/2024,13,9/18/2024,13,9/18/2024,14,The Royal Family,9/18/2024,15,Queen ElizabethⅡ,,,The Prince Philip,,,Duke of Edinburgh,Prince Charles,Prince Andrew,,,Prince Edward,,Princess Anne,Prince William,,,,Prince Harry,,,,The Royal Family,9/18/2024,16,,Married in 1947,,9/18/2024,17,Prince Charles,heir to the throne,,Prince of Wales,,Princess Diana (1981),,Princess Camilla (2005),,,9/18/2024,18,9/18/2024,19,Princess Anne,Princess Royal,,widely respected for her charity work,,9/18/2024,20,Prince Andrew,Prince Edward,,9/18/2024,21,Prince William,9/18/2024,22,Prince Harry,9/18/2024,23,9/18/2024,24,The Constitution,Britain doesn’t have a constitution,written,down in a single document. The constitution flows from,(出自，来自),6 sources:,,,1) The Royal Prerogatives,皇家特权,,2),*,Statute Laws,成文法,,3),*,Common Laws,普通法, 判例法,,4),*,Conventions,习惯法,,5) Authoritative Opinions,权威意见,,6) European Union Laws,欧盟法,,9/18/2024,25,Israel and Britain are the only two countries without written constitutions.,,英国宪法不是一个具体的法律文本，但实际上其大局部内容还是以成文法的形式出现的，包括由议会通过的法例、法院的判例和国际公约等等。

除此之外，英国宪法的法律渊源还包括英国议会惯例和国王特权9/18/2024,26,British Parliament,the centre of the political system in the UK,,the supreme legislative body,,The Government is drawn from and answerable to it,,,9/18/2024,27,House of Lords,the monarch,House of Commons,Legislative body,The Upper House,The Lower House,9/18/2024,28,House of Lords,House of Commons,Red Chamber,,红厅,,Green Chamber 绿厅,9/18/2024,29,Westminster,,Palace:,,the House of Parliament,9/18/2024,30,9/18/2024,31,Legislature,(,立法机关,) =,Parliament,,Parliament,is the highest legislative authority in the UK – the institution responsible for making and repealing (废止) all the UK laws. It’s also known as the Legislature.,,,Function:,,,Make all the UK laws,;,,,Scrutinize,(,审查,) government policy, administration ,,,Hear appeals,(上诉) in the highest Court of Appeal,(最高上诉法院),in Britain;,,,Debate,the major issues of the day.,9/18/2024,32,What’s the meaning of “parliament〞?,,(A place for argument and debate),,The word parliament comes from the verb “to parley〞, that is, to discuss or talk.,,The birth of this term:,,the king occasionally summoned barons and representatives from counties and towns if he wanted to raise money.,9/18/2024,33,,,Main functions of Parliament,,,,,,,Main Functions,,,,,Debating,Making laws,Supervising,,9/18/2024,34,The House of Lords,9/18/2024,35,9/18/2024,36,Members of the House of Lords,The Lords Spiritual,,(神职贵族),The Lords Temporal,,(世俗贵族),over 1,000 non elected members,Two Archbishops of,,the Church of England,24 bishops,Hereditary peers,Life peers,Lord Chancellor,,〔御前大臣 〕,Law Lords,9/18/2024,37,上院,贵族院又称上院。

它的议员不是选举产生的，由王室后裔、世袭贵族、法律贵族、家权贵族、终身贵族、苏格兰贵族、爱尔兰贵族组成由于女王可以临时增封爵位，而议员死亡无需增补，所以贵族院议员人数不定1986年贵族院共有1196名议员，其中有64名女议员，有349名终身贵族，其余全部是世袭贵族 贵族多数是保守党人，而且老人占多数，贵族院平均年龄为63岁，80岁以上的有95人这些贵族不拿薪金，但上一天班可拿一定的车马费所以恩格斯挖苦地称贵族院为"退休政界人物的养老院"9/18/2024,38,The hereditary,,peers,Duke (公爵),,Marquis (侯爵),,Earl (伯爵),,Viscount (子爵),,Baron (男爵),The life peers,a reward for,,public service,9/18/2024,39,Functions of the House of Lords,to examine and revise bills from the House of Commons,,,as the supreme court of justice and the highest court of appeal for both criminal and civil cases from the lower courts,9/18/2024,40,9/18/2024,41,Weakening of the Function of the House of Lords,Parliament Act of 1911,,The House of Lords could not prevent for more than two years a bill from passing into law.,,The interval was reduced to one year by a further Act passed in 1949.,,,,9/18/2024,42,由于贵族院主要代表着保守的资产阶级、贵族和教会的利益，一贯坚持故步自封政策，不能适应迅速开展的资本主义的要求，经常拒绝通过政府的一些重要法案。

1909-- 1911年因累进税法案引起了平民院和贵族院的冲突，1909年贵族院否决了政府提出的财政法案，致使政府陷入困境9/18/2024,43,经过斗争，1911年在首相阿斯魁士〔Herbef Asguifh〕的领导下议会通过了国会法，其中规定：1平民院通过的财政法案送交贵族院后，在一个月内不能通过，该法案就可直接送交国王公布实行； 2对某一法案是否属财政立法如有争议，那么由平民院议长裁定；3平民院通过的其他法案，虽被贵族院否决，但经平民院在二年内连续三个会议中连续通过，那么该法案不经贵族院审议，呈请国王公布为法律9/18/2024,44,,1949年4月议会通过"议会法"，其中规定："公共法案假设经平民院连续二个会议通过，虽经贵族院的否决，也可成为法律"，所以贵族院的延搁否决权从以前两年减为一年，贵族院权力进一步被削弱了9/18/2024,45,贵族院的权力虽一再被削弱，但它在国家政治生活中仍然不能无视，因为： 第一，贵族院还保存财政法的讨论权由于贵族院有不少人担任过国家的重要职务，富有经验，他们对财政法案的意见仍然产生重大影响 第二，贵族院还保存对法案的一年延搁否决权，这对平民院的法案仍起阻碍作用，特别是对带有时间性的议案拖延一年，就可使它实质性失效。

9/18/2024,46,贵族院的权力虽一再被削弱，但它在国家政治生活中仍然不能无视，因为： 第三，贵族院掌握最高司法权 第四，对下院通过的法案经贵族院审查后可以纠正法案中存在的缺点和流弊，使法案更加完备，更有利于资产阶级统治的需要因而继续保存贵族院会给政权稳定带来好处 当然英国人民的保守的爱惜国家传统的性格也是上院得以存在的社会根底9/18/2024,47,The House of Commons,9/18/2024,48,9/18/2024,49,The House of Commons,,The House of Commons has 646 members who have been elected by local residents to represent an area of the country in Parliament. The members are called MPs (Members of Parliament). Each MP represents one of 646 constituencies (areas) in the UK and is a member of a political party, such as New Labour or the Conservative party.,,The Commons is the most important place for discussing policies and making laws.,9/18/2024,50,MPs hold most of their debates in the House of Commons Chamber. The Speaker, who controls proceedings, sits on a raised chair at one end of the Chamber.,The Government sit on the benches on the Speaker's right, whilst members of the Opposition party MPs occupy the benches on the Speaker's left. The Opposition's job is to oppose the Government. The biggest Opposition party sits directly across from the Government benches.,9/18/2024,51,What are the red lines on the carpet in front of each set of benches for?,,The red lines in front of the two sets of benches are two-sword lengths apart; a Member is traditionally not allowed to cross the line during debates. The lines are there to prevent either side attacking the other during a debate. Of course, MPs are not likely to attack each other these days.,9/18/2024,52,Members of the House of Commons,Any British man and woman aged over 18 years may be elected in parliament elections.,,646 constituencies 646 MPs,,A general Election must be held every five years and is often held at more frequent intervals.,Speaker,9/18/2024,53,,Functions of the House of Commons,,to pass laws,,,to examine government policy,,and administrations,,,to supervise finance,,,9/18/2024,54,,,Currently a 30 minute session held on Wednesday after 12:00,,The Leader of the Opposition has six questions.,,Other backbench opposition MPs also have the right to question the Prime Minister.,55,Prime Minister’s Question Time,9/18/2024,55,,The government cannot legally spend any money without the permission of the House of Commons.,9/18/2024,56,The Monarch -- Official Head of Parliament,The life of parliament is divided into periods called “sessions〞 (会期) (A session lasts for 1 year).,,The beginning of a new session, called the “State Opening of Parliament〞 (议会开幕典礼) , takes place in the House of Lords.,,It’s a tradition for the monarch to open Parliament in person.,,On the day, the Queen travels from Buckingham Palace to Parliament in the State Coach (典礼马车, a golden carriage).,,Once the Queen arrives at Parliament, the Union Flag is lowered and replaced by the Royal Standard.,9/18/2024,57,Golden State Coach,9/18/2024,58,The Union Flag a.k.a.〔亦称〕The Union Jack,The Royal Standard,,9/18/2024,59,From Buckingham to Westminster,9/18/2024,60,The queen then takes her place on the,throne,in the House of Lords, from where she sends her messenger,Black Rod,(黑杖礼仪官) to summon the,MPs,.,,When the Black Rod arrives at the Lower House, the door is,slammed,in his face,,symbolizing,the independence and dominance of the House of Commons.,9/18/2024,61,He must then,knock 3 times,to gain entry and deliver his summons.,,Then the leading MPs follow the Black Rod to the Upper House, standing crowded at the end of the chamber opposite to the throne.,9/18/2024,62,Black Rod (黑杖礼仪官),,9/18/2024,63,Knock 3 times,9/18/2024,64,Come to the Upper House (Throne),9/18/2024,65,The Queen will then read out,the Queen’s Speech,,a document about 1,000 words in length,prepared by the government,.,,What is the speech about?,,In the document the government outlines its planned programmes and the policies it intends to follow.,,When the one-week debates on the Queen’s speech are finished, Parliament is ready to begin the actual work of the new session.,,9/18/2024,66,The Queen’s Speech,,9/18/2024,67,British Government,,British government is controlled by a parliament which has been elected by the people. The highest positions in the government are filled by members of the directly elected parliament (MPs).,9/18/2024,68,,,Division of the Government,,Central,,Government,,Local,,Government,The Prime Minister,,The Cabinet,,The Privy Council,Civil Servants,9/18/2024,69,Central Parliament,25,,departments,minister,The Treasury,The House of office,The Foreign and,,Commonwealth office,Ministry of Defense,财务部,内务部,外交部,国防部,9/18/2024,70,The Prime Minister,Leader of the majority party in Parliament,,Head of the Cabinet,,the head of the Civil Service,,The right to suggest the dissolution of Parliament,,The right to appoint ministers,,The ability to declare war,9/18/2024,71,The Cabinet,Center of the British political system,,The supreme decision-making body in the British government,,The leading core of the government where the policies and strategies are worked out and implemented,,9/18/2024,72,Members of the Cabinet,The Prime Minister,,The Lord President of the Privy Council,,The heads of the most important,,departments together with a few,,ministers without department,,,not fixed,15-20 members,9/18/2024,73,英国内阁的首脑为首相〔Prime Minister〕，其他组成人员有：First Lord of the Treasury 第一财政大臣〔首相兼任〕 Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs 外交大臣 Lord President of the Council 枢密院大臣 Lord Chancellor 大法官 Secretary of State for the Home Department and Minister for Welsh Affairs 内政和威尔士事务大臣,9/18/2024,74,英国内阁的首脑为首相〔Prime Minister〕，其他组成人员有：Chancellor of the Exchequer 财政大臣 Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 兰开斯特公爵郡大臣 Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Commons 掌皇大臣兼下院领袖 Minister of Defence 国防大臣,9/18/2024,75,英国内阁的首脑为首相〔Prime Minister〕，其他组成人员有：Secretary of state for Commonwealth Relations 联邦关系事务大臣 Secretary of State for the Colonies 殖民地事务大臣 Secretary of State for Scotland 苏格兰事务大臣 Minister of Labour and National Service 劳工大臣 Minister for Housing and Local Government 住房及地方政府事物大臣,9/18/2024,76,英国内阁的首脑为首相〔Prime Minister〕，其他组成人员有：Minister of Town and Country Planning 都市及乡村方案大臣 Minister of Health 卫生大臣 Minister of Education 教育大臣 President of the Board of Trade 贸易大臣 Minister of Agriculture and Fisheries 农业和渔业大臣 Minister of Pensions and National Insurance 年金及国民保险大臣,9/18/2024,77,此外还有非内阁阁员的政府部门首长：First Lord Of the Admiralty 海军大臣 secretary of State for War 陆军大臣 Secretary of State for Air 空军大臣 Minister of Fuel and Power 燃料电力大臣 Minister of Transport 运输大臣 Minister of Supply 供给大臣 Minister of Economic Affairs 经济事务大臣 Minister of Food 粮食大臣,9/18/2024,78,此外还有非内阁阁员的政府部门首长：Minister of Civil Aviation 民航大臣 Minister of Works 工程大臣 Paymaster General 主计大臣 Labor secretary 劳工部长 Postmaster General 邮政大臣Attorney-General 检查总长 Sollcitor-General 副检查总长Lord Advocate 苏格兰检察总长,,9/18/2024,79,The cabinet and its committees work in great,,They meet once a week on Thursday mornings at the Prime Minister’s House,secrecy,.,No.10 Downing Street,9/18/2024,80,10 Downing Street,9/18/2024,81,Functions of the Cabinet,To make final decisions on the policy presented to the parliament,,To exercise the ultimate executive power on the Parliamentary policy,,To divide and adjust powers among the administrative departments,,9/18/2024,82,The Privy Council (枢密院),The King’s Council,,( 王室评议院),Give advice to the King,Formal,9/18/2024,83,Members of the Privy Council,390,Archbishop of Canterbury,Speaker of,,the House of Commons,Lords of Appeal,the Lord Chief Justice,retired High Court Justices,high-ranking ambassadors,Lord President,,9/18/2024,84,The Privy Council meeting are held,,in Buckingham Palace.,9/18/2024,85,Civil Servants,541800 civil servants in British government,,Civil Servants are recruited mainly by competitive examination.,,Civil servants do not belong to any political party and a civil servant should be political neutral and confidential.,,Changes of Government do not involve changes in departmental staff.,9/18/2024,86,The Civil Service 公务员,They are paid with public money.,,They are career officials serving the elected political government of the day. They themselves aren’t elected.,,They are well-educated elite, dominated by Oxbridge (75%).,,To enter at the higher levels of the civil service you have to pass a rigorous civil service exam.,,9/18/2024,87,Local Government,two main tiers,county,district,England,,and Wales,The County Council (郡议会),The District Council区议会,Scotland,districts,regions,9/18/2024,88,,England,Eight Regions,Greater London,84 Counties,34 Counties,32 Boroughs,Districts,City of London,Local Government in England,,9/18/2024,89,Political Parties,the Labour Party,,,-- in power,,,the Conservative Party,,-- in opposition,,,the Liberal Democrats,,,,9/18/2024,90,British Judiciary,Constitutional System,,,Judiciary Organization,,,Jury System,,,9/18/2024,91,British Constitution,There is no,,systematically codified,,document of law,Statutory Law,Common Law,Conventions,9/18/2024,92,Statutory law (Act of Parliament),It is the most important one referring to those that have actually been passed by Parliament.,Magna Carta,,(1215),The Bill of Right,,(1689),The Reform Act,,(1832),Reform of the parliamentary electoral system.,,9/18/2024,93,Common law & Conventions,Common Law,refers to the custom or legal precedents and interpreted in court cases by judges,,,Conventions,are rules and practices which do not exist legally, but are regarded as vital to the working of government.,9/18/2024,94,British Judiciary Division,Two Levels: central courts and local courts.,,,In case of the nature of cases: the civil courts and the criminal courts,,9/18/2024,95,The Supreme Court,Lord Chancellor,,---- the Chief Justice,,House of Lords,9/18/2024,96,Supreme Court,9/18/2024,97,Judiciary Division (1),the central courts,the local courts,the House of Lords,,the High Court of Justice,,Court of Appeal,,〔上诉法院〕,county courts,,〔郡法院 〕,,Magistrates’ courts,,〔治安法院〕,9/18/2024,98,,,the Queen’s Bench,,皇家法院,,the Chancellor Division,,高等法院,,the Family Division,,家庭法院,The High Court,,of Justice,,高等法院,9/18/2024,99,The Court,,of Appeal,The Court of Civil Appeal,,The Court of Criminal Appeal,9/18/2024,100,Judiciary Division (2),County Court,High Court of Justice,The Court of,,Civil Appeal,The House,,of Lords,County Court,High Court of Justice,The Court of,,Criminal Appeal,9/18/2024,101,British Jury System,Originated from Henry II,,Remained from the Capitalism Revolution,,Big Jury and Small Jury,,Since 1873, the Civil case never needs the Jury.,,Since 1933, big Jury was canceled.,,Since 1939, the number of Jury was reduced to six.,,,9/18/2024,102,。