07 阅读理解之议论文高考英语一轮复习语篇理解技能梳理+名校模拟试题精练(通用版).docx

07 阅读理解之议论文议论文的特征及相关试题应对分析一、议论文的文体分析议论文说理性强，语言庄重，逻辑缜密，常用难词、长词和复杂句，给我们的阅读理解带来一定难度议论文是运用逻辑推理和证明来阐述某一观点、看法和主张的文体这类文章或从正面提出某种见解，或驳斥别人的错误观点，以说服读者同意自己的观点为主要目的议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素论点是议论文的核心，即中心思想，是论据和论证的服务对象论据是作者所引用的用以支持和证明论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证或统计数据等论证是作者组织、运用论据的手法议论文文章类型演绎论证议论文是从已知的一般原理，规律出发，推知个别事物本质的论证方法该类文体一般先提出一个总论点，然后分别进行论述，分析各个分论点，最后得出结论归纳论证议论文是一种由个别到一般的论证方法它通过许多个别的事例或分论点，然后归纳出它们所共有的特性，从而得出一个一般性的结论比较论证议论文是一种由个别到个别的论证方法通常分为类比法和对比法两类类比法是将性质或特点在某一方面相同或相近的不同事物加以比较而引出结论的方法对比法是通过性质或特点在某一方面相反或对立的不同事物的比较来证明论点的方法。

命题要点由于议论的目的是表明自己对事物的看法和态度，因此，命题时常考察其观点态度以及根据文章内容归纳主旨大意等，有时也对文章的结构进行考察解题技巧1.演绎论证议论文：注意文章的开篇，因为文章的开篇是文章的主旨，抓住了主旨，也就抓住了作者的观点，从而把握了文章的中心思想2.归纳论证议论文：注意文章的尾段，因为尾段是对前面所举事例和分论点的归纳和概括3.比较论证议论文：注意事物的相同点以及不同点，并由此来把握文章的主旨做题时可使用以下三个步骤：重首尾，明方式，细推测议论说理类文章】议论说理类文章就是议论文，是高考阅读理解题中一种较难的题目议论说理类文章具有以下特点：1．一般按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的方法写作作者一般从日常生活中的热点问题、社会上的重大问题、与读者息息相关的问题入手，即提出问题然后，分析利弊，举例说明，推理判断，即分析问题最后，阐述观点，提出办法，即解决问题2．以作者的观点或情感为核心，对细节推理等方面进行考查3．文章的主题一般是生活中的热点问题、重大问题或与生活息息相关的问题等典例示例】For some reason we were reminded that we primates(灵长目) need love. Kim Bard of the University of Portsmouth in England and her colleagues carried out a study on 46 baby chimpanzees orphans(黑猩猩孤儿), which had lost their mothers.The study showed that primate babies that have tight relationships with mother figures do much better on cognitive(认知的) tests than babies who only grew up with peers(同伴), but this is not breaking news. In fact, it's old news.In the 1950s, Harry Harlow did a series of experiments with baby monkeys that showed, that lack of love and comfort makes for a crazy monkey.Harlow made a cage that included a wire monkey “mother” with a plastic face.Then he equipped the “mother” with a milk bottle.The cage also had another wire “mother” who was covered with soft cloth.The baby monkeys spent all their time with the cloth “mother” and only went to the wire “mother” to feed.Harlow's monkey experiment was important, because at the time, child care experts, and everybody's grandmother had a “no touch, no comfort” policy(方针) toward children. They advised parents not to respond to crying babies. They thought that babies should sleep alone to become independent, and put that kid down.But Harlow's work changed that policy. Mothers were soon allowed to have their babies next to them in the hospital.The current chimp research(研究) based on Harlow's work shows that mother's love doesn't just make for a psychologically(精神上地) healthy child, it also makes for a smart child.The highly raised chimps do better than those that are not loved, and the well-raised chimps do even better than human kids on IQ tests.We are primates, social animals which need love.We need to be held and talked to and made to feel that at least one person wants to be with us all the time.1. The study Kim Bard and his colleagues did ________.A. included 46 baby and mother monkeysB. is nothing new to people about the findingsC. showed that many chimpanzees lack of love when they were youngD. showed many chimpanzees had good relationship with their mothers2. The underlined part “makes for” in the third paragraph means ________.A. do something for　　 B. head for C. bring about D. connect to3. Harlow built two “mothers” for baby monkeys to ________.A. make them live comfortably B. let them have more choicesC. give them more love D. make comparison well4. Which of the following can we infer from the passage?A. Well-raised chimps are better than people in IQ.B. Sometimes it's not wrong to have no touch and no comfort to babies.C. Chimps growing up in cages are less smarter than chimps growing up in wild.D. Babies who sleep with mothers tend to be cleverer than babies sleep alone. 语篇解读：这是一篇议论文。

文章主要是通过对灵长目动物的两个实验说明，母爱对于小孩的成长有着非常重要的作用因此父母亲应该多给孩子们一些爱，以让小孩们健康地成长解析：1.B　细节理解题第二段第一句提到是46只小猴，因此A项错误；根据文章第二段最后一句可知B项正确；C项没有事实依据；文章第二段第二句提到和母亲关系好的小猴认知水平比其他小猴要好些，但是这不能说明D项2.C　猜测词义题缺少母爱的小猴和成为疯狂的猴子是一种因果关系，因此答案选C3.D　推理判断题根据文章第四段可知制造两个假母猴的目的是更好地比较缺乏母爱与否与小猴后来发展的关系因此D是正确答案 4.D　推理判断题文章第四、五段提到自从Harlow做了那个实验后，人们就认为母亲和婴儿睡在一起对婴儿的成长好一些，因此可知D项正确二、议论文的语体特征由于与其他文体相比，英语议论文类似英语说明文，因此，它具有英语说明文的一些语言特点，比如：时态较为统一，多用现在时；强调语言表达的客观性；尽可能指明信息来源等等但作为一种独立的文体，英语议论文在语言上也有一些自己特有的表达形式：1.较多使用表达委婉语气的词语和句子　　与英语说明文相比，英语议论文不仅需要说明自己的观点，而且还要让读者接受自己的观点，因此，在词语表达上除了客观之外，还必须注意委婉。

在英语中，常用虚拟语气，让步状语从句和情态动词can，could，may，might，would，should等请看下面两组有关“面试在招生过程中的重要性”的文字：　　（1）No one should be admitted into（招收进）college without a personal interview（面试）.What can admissions people（招生人员）tell from a piece of paper？They can tell nothing.Only when they see a student face to face，can they decide what kind of a person he is.　　（2）Though admissions people can learn some things from a piece of paper，such as how well a person writes and what he is interested in there  may  be  many  other  things that  an  application （申请表）can not tell but can only be se。