【7A版】初中英语长难句—语篇从句讲义(初中学生版).doc

7A版优质实用文档初中英语阅读理解之长难句分析讲义语篇学语法——从句IarrivedinLondononafoggyday,togotoaveryimportantmeeting.Theplace①where the meeting was going to be heldwasontheothersideofthetown.Alltrafficcametoastop②because the drivers were not able to see more than a yard in front of them.Themeetingwouldbeginat9:00,soIdecidedtogothereonfoot.Minuteslater,Iwascompletelylost.Istoodthereandthought③ that I would have to phone to the meeting to eGplain④that I was not able to arrive there on time.ThenIheardayoungman’svoicecomingoutofthefog,“Isuppose⑤you are lost.CanIhelpyou?”Iwasverygladtohaveaman⑥who could take me to the meeting.AfterwardItoldhim⑦where I wanted to go,tookhisarm,andwestarted.Wewalkedquitefast,turningcornersandcrossingroads.⑧As I followed him through the dark streets,Iwondered⑨why he found his way so easily.“IknowthispartofLondonquitewell,”hesaid.“Butinsuchafogit’simpossibletoseeanything,”Isaid.“Iamblind,sir.”heanswered,“Inthefog,itiseGactlythesameformeasusual.”在英语语法中，按照句子结构，英语句子主要可以分为三种类型：简单句、并列句和复合句。

1.简单句：最基本的句子类型，一个句子中只含有一个主谓结构 Eg：Myunclegivesmeacamera.2.并列句：由两个或两个以上独立的主谓结构或简单句并列在一起的，通常用并列连词 来连接两个或两个以上的句子， Eg：Jimwenttothepartylastnight,buthiswifedidn’t.. Studyhardandyouwillmakeprogress.3.复合句：由一个主句与一个或一个以上的从句（从句有相应的连词引导）组成的句子因此，复合句含有两个或两个以上的主谓结构（完整的句子），句子与句子之间用连接词连接其中，主句部分可以独立存在，但从句担当了主句某一句子成分，故通常不能独立存在根据从句在句子中充当的成分，可以将其分为6类，即主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句※从句的本质： 名词性从句1.主语从句： ，而不是用单词或短语来充当主语 eg: (1)What you needismorepractice. (2)When the meeting will be held hasnotbeenannounced. (3)That he will not attend the meetingisclear. (4)Whether it will do us harm or goodisunknown.注：有时，为了避免将太长的主语放在句首而使句子显得头重脚轻，通常用代词it做形式主语，而将真正的主语从句放到句子的后面。

例如： (1)Itisclearthat he will not attend the meeting. (2)Itisunknownwhether it will do us harm or good.主语从句引导词：①连词that（在从句中不担任成分，本身没有词义）， ②连词whether（意思是“是否”） ③连接代词what，whatever，who，whoever，which等引导， ④连接副词when，where，how，why等引导2.表语从句： 跟在系动词后面的句子成分就是表语 eg:(1)Thatiswhat I want to say.（what在从句中充当 ，不能省略） (2)Myopinionisthat we should make a decision right now. (that只引导，本身无词义，在从句中也不充当任何句子成分，可以省略) (3)Theproblemiswho should be responsible for this car accident. (who在从句中当 ，不能省略） (4)What I want to know（ 从句）iswho is in charge of the work（ 从句）. (用于引导 从句的what和引导 从句的who都不能省略) (5)Itlooksas if it’s going to rain.（looks是系动词）3.宾语从句： ，在动词或介词的后面通常都跟有宾语。

引导宾语从句的连接词与主语从句和表语从句一样，是that,whether(if),who，whoever，which，when，where,how,why，what，whatever等例如本文中出现的几个宾语从句： (1)Istoodthereandthought③that I would have to phone to the meeting to eGplain④that I was not able to arrive there on time.第③句是thought的宾语从句，第④句是eGplain的宾语从句 (2)Isuppose⑤you are lost.(这是suppose的宾语从句，省略了that). (3)AfterwardItoldhim⑦where I wanted to go,tookhisarm,andwestarted. （这是told的宾语从句，充当间接宾语，引导词where在从句中充当状语） (4)Iwondered⑨why he found his way so easily.(wondered的宾从，why在从句中充当状语）另外：宾语从句除了可以跟在及物动词之后外，还可以跟在介词的后面，充当介词的宾语。

Eg：YourcompositionisquitegoodeGceptthat there are some spelling mistakes. （充当介词eGcept的宾语） What we should take with us（主语从句）dependsonwhere we’ll stay. （充当介词on的宾语）在使用宾语从句时，要注意：1）宾语从句的时态 ①当主句是过去时的某种时态时，从句的时态也要用相应的过去时的时态 Eg：Theteacheraskedhimwhetherhe had studied Englishfor6years. ②但如果主句是现在的时态，则从句的时态根据从句本身的实际情况而定 Eg：IamgladthatyoupassedtheeGam.2）that在引导宾语从句通常都省略，如上文中的第⑤句3）如果主句中it做形式宾语，而that引导宾语从句是真正的宾语时，that不能省略 Eg：Manystudentstake itforgranted that their parents should do everything for them. （it是形式宾语，that引导的宾语从句是真正的宾语，不能省略that）形容词性从句5.定语从句： 。

在全句中相当于形容词，用来修饰先行词（即被定语从句修饰的词）——名词或代词，或修饰整个主句定语从句属于非独立性从句，本身不能独立存在，应该紧跟在它的先行词之后根据与先行词之间关系的密切程度，定语从句分为两类：限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句由关系代词(who,whom,whose,which,that,as)或关系副词(when,where,why)引导的从句，限制性定语从句：与先行词的关系密切，如果将定语从句删掉，那么剩下的主句部分就会含混不清，另外，限制性定语从句之前不用标点符号如上文中：Theplace①where the meeting was going to be held wasontheothersideofthetown. Iwasverygladtohaveaman⑥who could take me to the meeting.非限制性定语从句：对先行词做进一步的解释或说明，如果删除掉，不影响整个句子的基本意思，通常用逗号与主句部分分开例如： (1)Astudent,whose name I don’t know,comestoseeyou. (2)TheywillflytoLondon,where they plan to stay for a week. (3)Tomdidn’tpassthemathseGam,which made his parents angry. (4)OneofthemostsenicareasistheLoireValley,where you can visit the old castlesinwhichthekingsandqueensofFranceusedtolive.分析：在上文第①句Theplace①where the meeting was going to be held wasontheothersideofthetown.中，主句部分是The place was on the other side of the town.由关系副词where引导的从句wherethemeetingwasgoingtobeheld是表示地点的先行词the place的定语，引导词where在从句中充当地点状语,相当于in the place。

注1：需要注意的是，当先行词是表示地点的名词时，引导词可以是关系代词that或which，但有时也用关系副词where例如： (1)Thisistheplacewhich/thatwevisitedlastyear. (2)ThisistheplacewhereIonceworked.具体区别在于：引导词that或which是关系代词，在从句中要充当主语或宾语在第(1)句中，which/that在定语从句中相当于 做 的 语；而引导词where是关系副词，在定语从句中只能担当状语，如第(2)句中，where做 的 语，相当于 ，从句可以理解为： 。