比较高等教育学(学制).doc

1第二章第二章 高等教育学制述要高等教育学制述要 概念：第六学级、公学、罗宾斯高等教育原则、高等教育双重制、 赠地学院、威斯康星思想、 教学要求： 1． 了解五国高等教育学制发展的历史进程 2． 了解并分析五国高等教育学制的特点 第一节 英国学制一、学制演变 1．19 世纪初及之前教育制度的发展 (1)高等教育：英格兰英格兰：牛津和剑桥 苏格兰苏格兰：圣•安德鲁斯（1413） ，格拉斯哥（1451） ，阿伯丁（1495） ，爱丁堡（1582）TheThe UniversityUniversity ofof StSt AndrewsAndrews ，founded in 1413, is the oldest university in Scotland. By the middle of the sixteenth century the University had three colleges - St Salvator's (1450), St Leonard's (1511), and St Mary's (1538): the buildings of St Mary's College and St Salvator's Chapel both date from this period. The 16th to 18th centuries saw a period of mixed fortunes for the University. During this time St Salvator's and St Leonard's Colleges joined to form the United College which still survives in a greatly enlarged form.In the 19th century the University made considerable progress in developing teaching and research in the Arts, Divinity and the Biological and Physical Sciences. In 1897 the University was joined by a new academic centre in Dundee and with it gained notable achievements in Medical and Applied Science. This association ended in 1967 with the foundation of a separate University of Dundee.The University history, its personalities and its teaching practices can be traced through the collections of documents, art works, furniture, laboratory equipment and specimens that it has accumulated in its Museum TheThe UniversityUniversity ofof GlasgowGlasgow is the fourth oldest university in the English- speaking world. It dates from 1451 when King James II of Scotland persuaded Pope Nicholas V to grant a lead seal, or bull, authorising Bishop William Turnbull of Glasgow to set up a university. For its first nine years, the fledgling university was based at Glasgow Cathedral. In 1460, the University moved to High Street, where, over the next 400 years, it continued to expand both in its scope and size. It was a centre of the both the industrial revolution and the Scottish Enlightenment. As it grew however, the University was restricted by the encroaching overcrowding and squalor of the city and the expanding factories and railways, fruits of the industrial expansion it had helped to shape. As a result, in 1870, it moved to its current familiar west end location at Gilmorehill, then a greenfield site enclosed by a large loop of the River Kelvin.TheThe UniversityUniversity ofof AberdeenAberdeen， founded in 1495 by William Elphinstone, Bishop of Aberdeen and Chancellor of Scotland, The University of Aberdeen is Scotland's 2third oldest and the UK's fifth oldest University. William Elphinstone established King's College to train doctors, teachers and clergy for the communities of northern Scotland, and lawyers and administrators to serve the Scottish Crown. Much of the King's College still remains today, as do the proud traditions, which the Bishop began. The university opened with 36 staff and students and, in 1497, boasted the first chair of medicine in the English- speaking world. But the college also looked outward to the wider world of Europe and beyond, taking the great European universities of Paris and Bologna as its model, Elphinstone's college embraced all the known branches of learning Arts, Theology, and Canon and Civil Law. TheThe UniversityUniversity ofof EdinburghEdinburgh was established by a Royal Charter granted by James VI in 1582. This was an unusual move at the time, as most universities were established through Papal Charters. What makes the University of Edinburgh even more unusual is the fact that its funding came the following year from the Town Council, making it in many ways the first civic university, known as the 'Tounis College'. It became the fourth Scottish university in a period when the much more populous and richer England had only two - a position which continued until the early 19th Century when Durham and the London Colleges began to be founded.（2）中等教育：公学(public school)：特点 九大公学：温彻斯特（1387） ，伊顿（１４４０） 、圣•保罗（１５０９） 、威斯特敏斯特 （１５４０） 、什鲁斯伯里（１５５２） 、泰勒商会学校（１５６０） 、拉格比（１５６７） 哈罗（１５７１） 、查特豪斯（１６１１） 。

（１９７４年时，全国共有２５０所公学） 2．19 世纪初至２０世纪初教育制度的发展 (1)高等教育： ●大学推广运动和伦敦大学的建立 ●红砖学院（城市学院，civic college） (2)1870 年《初等教育法》 3．2０世纪高等教育教育的发展 ●《１９４４年教育法》： ●罗宾斯高等教育报告和罗宾斯高等教育原则 ●高等教育双重制二、现行高等学校学制： ●中等教育： 第六学级（six form ） 考试与证书:中等教育证书 CSE(Certificate of secondary education),高级水平普通教 育证书 GCE A LEVEL(General Certificate of Education A Level) ●高等教育 大学类型：老大学：古典大学、近代大学（伦敦大学） 、城市大学 新大学：战后新建大学（包括多科技术学院） 层次：本科（3）年：第一级学位：荣誉学位和 通过学位，前者要求高研究生：宽进严出，硕士分课程和研究硕士两种，博士论文要求高第二节第二节 美国学制美国学制3美国历史进程：1492 年哥伦布发现新大陆，殖民地时期（1607－1776， ，1607 年 英国移民初到佛吉利亚，1620 年 102 名英国移民（农民、工匠、契约奴，清教徒乘五 月花号在普利茅斯登陆） ，独立战争（1775－1883,独立宣言 1776.7.4，建国，南北战争 （1861－1866； 一、学制演变 (一)移植欧洲教育模式时期（1607-18 世纪中叶 ） 1.背景：对欧洲的眷恋：地名（ Birmingham ,Plymouth Cambridge, London,;York—New York、England—New England）习俗和传统;2.特点：教育是宗主国英国教育的翻版；教育与宗教密切相关3.教育情况（还不能称为教育制度） ●高等教育：哈佛学院（1636）等殖民地时期九所学院：“海外的英国学校” 此外：威廉·玛丽学院（1700 King William III and Queen Mary II） ，耶鲁学 院（1701） ，新泽西学院（。