新编英语语法教程教案第一章-第1篇.docx

    新编英语语法教程教案第一章    Teaching NotesChapter OneThe Hierarchical Structure of GrammarⅠ Teaching Aims:This chapter aims to:1. help students to know the hierachial structure of Englishgrammar.2. get students to learn morphemes words, phrases and sentencesand their classification.Ⅱ Teaching Procedures1. IntroductionThe grammatical structure of English is a hierarchical one, which can be divided into five levels, i.e. Sentence, Clause, Phrase, Word and Morpheme. A sentence is the largest unit and highest level in a grammatical structure while a morpheme is the smallest and lowest one.2. MorphemesA morpheme is the smallest unit in English grammar, and also the smallest meaningful unit of language.1) Free MorphemesFree morphemes are morphemes which can constitute words by themselves, e.g. boy, girl, work, water.2) Bound MorphemesSome morphemes like de-, dis-, -ness, -ly are never used independently in speech and writing. They are always attached to free morphemes to form new words. These morphemes are called bound morphemes.Bound morphemes are mostly affixes. Affixes are attached to free morphemes either to form new words or to indicate grammatical categories. Affixes can be divided into two types: prefixes and suffixes.3. Words1) Simple Word, Derivative, Compound Worda) simple words (morpheme words):at, far, hand, getb) derivatives:prefixes: dislike, unhappy, pronoun, prewarsuffixes: worker, widen, foolish, manlyc) compound words: handbook, outline, moreover, anybody2) According to grammatical function, English words can be classifiedinto Closed Class and Open Class.a) Closed ClassClosed class refers to all the Function words. The number of this type of words are limited. No new comers will enter into this class.Therefore, this kind of words are called Closed Class. They include:Preposition: in, on, withoutPronoun: you, he, one, thisDeterminer: a, the, his, that, someConjunction: and, or, but, whenAuxiliary: do, can, must, willb) Open ClassOpen class refers to all the Content Words. In this type of words, new words appear continuously. Therefore, they are called Open Class. They included:Noun: Smith, Paris, man, bookAdjective: old, big, cheapAdverb: here, fast, earlyMain Verb: work, make, give4. PhrasesA phrase is a grammatical unit which is formed by one word or more than one word. A phrase is usually a string of words built up around a head word which determines both the class that the phrase belongs to and the way the phrase is structured.Noun Phrase ( N P ):all the college studentsthe tall boy sitting thereVerb Phrase ( V P ):looks palearrived last nightAdjective Phrase ( Adj P ):very difficultcareful enoughAdverb Phrase ( Adv P ):very clearlyso slowlyPreposition Phrase ( P.P ):before the warin the north5. ClausesIn logical terms, a clause is a construction of a subject and a predicate. In view of grammatical relations, clauses are divided into two broad categories, the main clause and the subordinate clause, the latter of which may function as a nominal clause, a relative clause, or an adverbial clause.1) Nominal clausesHe said that he had done his best.What he said was true.2) Relative clausesThis is one of the best films I’ve ever seen.He failed to pass the test, which was a pity.3) Adverbial clausesIf I were you, I would not quit.I was having dinner when he came.6. SentencesIn terms of sentence structure, sentences can be classified into three kinds: (1) simple sentences, (2) compound sentences and (3) complex sentences.(1) You throw a stone at the window.I’ll scream.( two simple sentences)(2) You throw a stone at the window and I’ll scream. ( two coordinatemain clauses in one sentence).(3) If you throw a stone at the window, I’ll scream. ( one main clauseand one subordinate clause within one and the same sentence)  -全文完-。