专四词汇语法.ppt
86页
英语专业四级语法词汇精讲英语专业四级语法词汇精讲姚晓东 北京大学英语系yaoxdd@2021/3/111 o个人n追求o环球n学术：方法；规律，智慧n做人：个人成长，一种经历、体验， 人生态度o英语学习n勤奋n方法2021/3/112 整体框架o1.特殊结构o2.基本类别n主谓一致n冠词n代词；代词n时态，语态，体n非谓语n情态动词、助动词n虚拟语气；倒装，比较结构；强调句型o3.词汇:n同根异义/词形近似n近义词辨析n词组，固定搭配，小品词2021/3/113 1.特殊结构特殊结构oIt is (high) time sb did sthoIt is essential/necessary…sb (should) do sthoA is B what C is Do表示比较的：no more/less…than; no better than；not more than, not less than; not so much as 与其…不如oNo other than 除…之外没有；Other than 除了2021/3/114 oBe he rich or pooroSomething of/ much of a+职业;有点天赋nHe will make a first-class singerocannot/can never…too…越…越好ocannot but do 禁不住oAnn never dreams of _____ for her to be sent abroad very soon.nA there being a chance B there to be a chance C there be a chance D being a chanceIt’s uncommon for there to be …2021/3/115 oKnow better than to do, be wise enough not to do oWould rather +从句：宁愿…oWithout, But for, had it not been for, only that:要不是, 若非oAll but=almost，几乎，差一点nThe old man is all but blind.2021/3/116 onothing but 只; anything but 决非; none but只有onothing else than 只不过oNone other than；no one else but正是，不是别的oas such就本身而言，以这种身份；同样地oFor all＝in spite ofoSuch as to do 如此…以致于2021/3/117 osave=exceptomuch as=although; hard as he tried; clever as he is 表示让步oIt is uncommon/ rare/strange… for there to be sth.oBut=who don’t nThere are few but understand his new ideas.2021/3/118 oLest; in case; for fear (of/that), for fear lest (should)万一，以防，生怕oIn that：由于，因为；既然；（不强调因果关系，只是理由之一）onow that 既然（由于…，既然…）,obvious reason. 突出事件性，表突发情况，用now that，that可省略. 一般句首，婉转。
nNow that you are busy, let me do it for you. 既然你忙，就让我给你做吧 2021/3/119 oIf only：nas long as只要 ：oIf only it clears up, we'll go. n要是…该多好：If only I had another chance.oOnly if 只有当(只是在...时) n可倒可不倒nOnly if I get a job will I have enough money to go to school. 2021/3/1110 much oso much as 甚至, 连...也...(一般用于否定句):与其，不如omuch as: 非常象, 和...几乎一样; 尽管，虽然oas much 同样地; 这样地;同等数量/程度的othat much＝so much 这[那]么多, 这[那]么些oas much as 多达..., 达到....程度; 几乎等于, 和..差不多oas much ... as ... 同...一样多的, 跟...达到同一程度oby much 大大地, ...得多oever so much 非常ofor as much as 由于, 既然2021/3/1111 2.基本类别n主谓一致n冠词n代词；代词n时态，语态，体n非谓语n情态动词、助动词n虚拟语气；倒装，比较结构；强调句型2021/3/1112 o3.词汇:n同根异义/词形近似n近义词辨析n词组，固定搭配，小品词2021/3/1113 1. 主谓一致o主谓一致的三原则主谓一致的三原则 n语法一致语法一致：大多数谓语劢词的单复数形式叏决亍主语的人称。
n意义一致意义一致：当主语强调整体时用单数；当主语强调构成集吅的各个成员时用复数 n就近一致就近一致：往往采用就近原则 2021/3/1114 单数的几种情况单数的几种情况 o1.不定式、动名词、主语从句作主语时用单数形式 o2. 事件、国名、机构名称、书籍及其他作品的名称作主语时用单数形式 o3、时间、距离、重量、长度、价值等名词，不论单复数，都用单数形式 o4、each, every, one, either, neither, many a, more than one, not only one等作主语戒者修饰主语时，一般使用单数形式 o5、the number of…作主语时，用单数形式 2021/3/1115 o6. a portion/ series/ species/ swarm/ kind… + of + n.作主语时，用单数形式 注意：quantities后面的名词无论是可数名词复数，还是不可数名词，都用复数形式o7. 由and连接的短语作主语：n用and连接两个以上的名词戒代词作主语时，谓语一般用复数Eg.nJack and Jill; 2021/3/1116 注意：注意：n① 连接的名词或代词前后都有every, each, no, many a等修饰。
Every hour and every minute is precious to me. n② 连接的名词戒代词表示单一概念——指同一个人或一整体，须用单数形式 nEarly to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. n其他：friend and foe; butter and bread, opart and parcel(重要的部分),oneedle and thread; the ebb and flow 2021/3/1117 复数的几种情况复数的几种情况o1.a number of…作主语，用复数形式；o2.由and, both…and…连接的短语作主语，用复数； o3. people, police, clergy（牧师）, cattle, poultry, vermin（害虫，寄生虫）, militia（民兵）等等作主语时，用复数；o4.常以复数形式出现的名词作主语时， 如：remains, riches, scissors（剪刀）, shears（大剪刀）, clothes, pants, leavings（残余）, annals（年报，编年史）… o5.不可数名词前有表示数量的复数名词时，用复数形式。
e.g. Five thousand square meters of housing have been built. 2021/3/1118 根据语意根据语意o① 抽象、具体均可：naudience, class, club, committee, family, firm, government, public, jury, school, staff, team, union, police…nThe television public is increasing rapidly.电视观众正急速增长nThe public are tired of demonstrations. 公众对示威感到厌烦 nThe police are on his track. 警察在跟踪他o② 单复同形nChinese, Japanese, deer, sheep, swine, series, species, means 等，这些名词要根据起数量概念决定谓语单复数 2021/3/1119 othe minority / majority of + n., plenty/ part/ half/ rest/ x percent of + n. 作主语时，谓语形式与名词一致。
oform(s)/ kind(s)/ type(s) of + n. 作主语时，谓语单复数与form(s)等的单复数一致 o注意：注意：即使名词是不可数名词，谓语劢词也要用复数形式 ne.g. Two kinds of salt have been proved to be harmful to human body. 2021/3/1120 o④ the + adj. 作主语时，若指一个人或抽象概念用单数；若指一类人用复数nThe dead was his mother. 死者是他的母亲nThe homeless in Haiti are reported to be more than 50,000. o⑤ 在强调句中，强调主语时，that/ who引导的谓语动词形式取决于被强调的主语 ne.g. It was the driver who was to blame for the accident. 是司机对应该对这件事事故负责 2021/3/1121 就近原则就近原则o① or, either…or, neither…nor, not only…(but) also等作主语时：n e.g. Neither you nor I am wrong. o② as well as应理解为插入语，不影响谓语形式。
accompanied with, as much as, besides, except, including, in addition to, instead of, no less than, rather than, together with, along with, with, but, like, more than, no less than, except for…o③ there be 句型中，谓语使用就近原则2021/3/1122 oMany a +单名＋谓单oOne and a half+复名＋谓单（复）oOne +N and a half+谓单oMore than one +单名+谓单oMore +复名 than one+谓复oA great/good many (of) students have …2021/3/1123 2.代词nAll, someone, none, onenAlmost, most, many, much, morenWhat，whatever，whichevernNothing but, anything but,nof oneself 自动的，属于自己的nin oneself 从本质上说 oOne cannot make a silk purse out of a sow's ear. 巧妇难为无米之炊.2021/3/1124 单复数的概念oeach和every都是单数概念，但every只能作形容词，each能作代词和形容词。
n两者修饰名词时，都表示“每一个”，但each强调个体，every强调整体 oall指代两个以上人时用复数；当all指代东西时为单数onone作代词，谓语单复数两可o三者之间的相互关系不用among, 而是用between2021/3/1125 肯定与否定o完全肯定：nBoth of the two books are good .nAll of the books are good. o完全否定：nNeither of the two books is/ are good. None of the books is good. o部分否定：nBoth of the two books are not good. nNot all of us like English. 2021/3/1126 其它要点其它要点 o在表示时间、金钱、距离等的短语前，another可用于有数词修饰的复数名词前nanother 3 miles; 3 miles moreoother与some, any, no, every, 数词连用时，置于这些词的后面 oother与名词连用，置于名词前面，但other不能单独使用。
oevery other day/while/week 每隔othree: one, the other, anotherotwo: the bigger one is red. 2021/3/1127 反义疑问句o祈使句；Let’s…, shall we? Let us …, will you? oI wish后的反义疑问句后的反义疑问句 e.g. I wish to have another try, may I? 陈述句谓语劢词为wish时，表示征求意见，附加问句用may o否定性的；(un-, dis-, im, in-, ir-除外)2021/3/1128 o当陈述部分是I (We) think (believe, suppose, consider) + that从句时，疑问句应和从句的人称时态保持一致nI think that he has done his best, hasn’t he? nI don’t think that you can do it, can you? nWe don’t believe that the news is true, is it?nI believe he can find her nowhere, can he? o非第一人称：按照正常来变化nHe didn’t think that the news was true, did he? 2021/3/1129 o陈述部分主语是everything, nothing, anything或something 时，反意疑问句的主语应用代词it。
o陈述部分的主语是 everybody, everyone, anybody, anyone, somebody, someone, nobody, no one, none, neither时，－－they；偶见：nEveryone likes the book, doesn’t he? (don’t they?) oI am a student, aren’t I? 2021/3/1130 o祈使句时一般用will you表示请求，用won’t you表示委婉请求或邀请如： nDo sit down, won’t you?/ will you?nPlease open the window, will you? (won’t you?) nDon’t make any noise, will you? oYou’d better tell him about the matter, hadn’t you? oThere are two cakes on the plate, aren’t there? oHe used to live in the country, didn’t he?/usedn’t he? 2021/3/1131 o陈述部分must (may, might)+ have + V-ed表推测时，若有明显的过去时间状语，问句用过去时形式。
nHe might have forgotten his pen in the classroom yesterday, didn’t he? nYou must have got up late this morning, didn’t you?o若句中没有明显过去时间状语，用现在完成时形式如： nEveryone must have known the death of the waitress, haven’t they？2021/3/1132 o陈述部分主语为动名词或不定式时，问句主语用it代替nTo do one good deed is easy for a person, isn't it? nSkating is your favorite sport, isn't it?o陈述部分的主语为从句时，问句部分的主语一般用it代替，如： nWhat he said is true, isn't it? (不用didn’t he?) nWhere we will build the dam has not been decided yet, has it? (不用won’t we?) 2021/3/1133 3.冠词oA, an, the, /,o所有格o固定搭配nNone the less 依然，还是oHe is a poet and singeroby the hour/…oA house of palace oThe instant/moment=as soon as2021/3/1134 不定冠词不定冠词o1.表示任何一个，或第一次提起某事物时用 a, an.o2.表示人或事物的某一种类，强调整体，即 以其中的一个代表一类要用a/an。
o3.不定冠词用于“单位”前，表示 “每一”n2 times a day. o4.be + of + a (an) + n.，表示不……相同的nTom and his sister are of a height. 2021/3/1135 定冠词定冠词theo1.谈话双方都清楚谈论对象是何物时要用the o2.表示独一无二独一无二的事物前要用theo3.在江、河、湖、海、海峡、海湾、半岛、运河、山脉、沙漠等词前要用the o4.形容词转化为名词时，用示表示一类人，在前面要用theo5.在组织、团体前要用the o6.姓＋the＋职位，表示一种称谓方法 o7.Festival表示的节日前要用the；Day表示的节日前不用the 2021/3/1136 o8.在季节、月份、日期、星期等名称前，一般不用the有修饰语时要用the） o9.在街道、公园、大学、刊物等名称前，一般不用the o10.在表示官衔、头衔、职务或职称的名词之后跟名词时，不用theChairman Mao） o11. 泛指玩某种游戏，不用 o12.语言、交通工具等名词前，不用the o13. 动词turn 后面的名词前不用the。
有修饰语时要用the） （His mother turned engineer.） o14、疾病前不用the 2021/3/1137 o15. 地名、人名、国名等与有名词前一般不用the注意：注意： n专有名词前有修饰性的句子成分时，要用thethe old China） n在一个姓氏的复数形式前加the，表示一家人the Smiths） n当由普通名词构成的专有名词词组，一般要用thethe United Nations） 2021/3/1138 零冠词零冠词o1.专有名词、抽象名词和物质名词前一般不用冠词 o2.日常餐食之前不用冠词 o3.球类、棋类运动之前不用冠词 o4. 在自家人或熟人间谈到家庭成员时，不用冠词，要大写ounder fire遭到进攻；受到攻击或责难：nBe under fire for mismanagement. nHe who plays with fire gets burned. 玩火者必自焚2021/3/1139 其它要点其它要点 oby day 在白天； at table 吃饭 obehind time 误点 oon hand 可用的oat hand 邻近，在近旁；迫在眉睫；即将发生oin hand＝under control: 在控制之中；在准备中oin future 今后, 往后；从现在起oin the future 将来, 未来2021/3/1140 4.介词oby ·n表相差概念 by 3 inchesn表单位：by the + 单位 oagainst 反对；映衬着 ne.g. The mountain looks great against the sky. otime nat times = from time to time 不时的 nat a time = every time 每一次 ·nat one time = once 曾经 nat no time = by no means 不可能 2021/3/1141 oin return (for)作为报答oall nabove all 最重要的 ·nafter all 毕竟nin all 总共 nfor all = despite 尽管 nall in all 总而言之2021/3/1142 5.名词Wordoat a word 立即oShe put in a good word for me.她替我说好话ohave no words for 无法描述或谈论oin a word＝In short; in summary:oof (one‘s) word 说话算数ohave a word with与...商谈ohave words with和...争吵2021/3/1143 mindoGreat minds think alike 英雄所见略同obody and mind 身心; 肉体和精神oafter/against one's mind 合...的心意obe in no mood for sth.[to do sth.]不想做某事, 无意做某事obe in the [a] mood for sth. [to do sth.]2021/3/1144 N+No名词可以作定语修饰名词，作定语的名词往往是说明其中名词的材料、用途、时间、地点、内容、类别等。
n⒈ 材料 a diamond necklace；a bamboo pole paper money；a stone bridge n⒉ 用途 a meeting room ; the telephone poles trade union ; welcome speech 2021/3/1145 o⒊ 时间 a day bed ; the dinner party evening suit; midday lunch o⒋ 地点 London hotels ; body temperature the spaceship floor ; the kitchen window 2021/3/1146 o⒌ 内容 a story book； piano lessons the sports meet； oxygen supply the air pressure； the grammar ruleso⒍ 类别 children education ; enemy soldiers a bus driver 2021/3/1147 名词修饰名词一般用单数，但以下例外o1) 用复数作定语。
如：nsports meeting 运动会 ；students reading-room；ntalks table 谈判桌 nthe foreign languages department 外语系 o2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定 如：men workers; women teachers; gentlemen officials；nBoy, girl 单数2021/3/1148 o3) 有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留 如：ngoods train (货车)； arms produce 武器生产 ncustoms papers 海关文件； clothes brush衣刷 o4) 数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式 如：ntwo-dozen eggs 两打鸡蛋na ten-mile walk 十里路n two-hundred trees 两百棵树n a five-year plan 一个五年计划 2021/3/1149 too much与much toootoo much: “太多”，充当形容词用时，too是副词，修饰much。
如：I have too much work to do.n副词，如： Watching TV too much is bad for your health.n代词用时，后面不接名词如： You gave me too much.你给我的太多了omuch too意为“太”，much(副词)用来修饰too，以加强语气，只可起副词作用，在句中修饰形容词或副词如：nIt’s much too expensive.太贵了nYou walk (much) too far yesterday.2021/3/1150 倍数表达o1. The river is longer than that one by three times. o2. The river is three times longer than that one. o3. The river is four times as long as that one. o4. The river is four times the length of that one. o5. The length of the railway is three times what it was ten years ago. 2021/3/1151 6.非谓语 nSb be seen to do sthnSee sb do sthnSee sb doing sthnSee sth donenSee oneself done(被动）nMake oneself donen（看宾语和宾补的关系）2021/3/1152 o不定式做表语：His wish was to become a lawyer. n当主语含有do的结构时，表语的to可以省略。
nThe thing to do is (to) do. nAll /what we can do is (to) do. o考点：v. + it + adj. + to do sth find, think, feel, believe, consider nThey found it impossible to get everything ready in time. ncannot…too… 表示再……也不为过 nListening practice cannot be stressed too strongly. 2021/3/1153 omake, have, let表示“使、让” （注意：get, want 不能省略） n被动时加上:nbe made to, be said to o不定式和疑问词 who, what, which, whether, when, how, where等的连用：nHow to get the permission is a question. nI wonder who to follow. 2021/3/1154 固定句型owould rather do sth. than do sth.owould sooner do sth. than do sth. ocannot but do sth. 只有干某事只有干某事 ocannot help but do sth. 只有干某事只有干某事 owould as soon do sth. 尽快尽快 owould as soon do sth. as do sth. 一一……就就 2021/3/1155 omay/ might as well do sth. 还是还是……样吧样吧(建议）；建议）；也会也会……吧吧omay/ might well do sth. 很可能很可能 osb. should know better than to do sth. 不该做某不该做某事事 oother than + 名词/ 动名词： 除除……以外以外 omore than + 名词/ 动名词： 不仅仅不仅仅orather than + 名词/ 动名词：是什么而不是什么是什么而不是什么2021/3/1156 动名词考点oIt is + no + n. + doing 这样的名词有：use, good, fun, luck,n注意：There is no + n. + to do oonly to do 想不到、反而 oonly doing 结果指示 2021/3/1157 7. 时和体o1. 不用will/shall表达将来时的形式：o(1)be going to表示现在的打算和意图；o(2)arrive, come, drive, go, leave, retire, return, set off, start, take off等表示移位的动词的进行体表示按计划肯定要发生的将来动作；2021/3/1158 o(3)be to (do)表示安排、计划、决定、命令或注定要发生的事，如： Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortage is to be avoided.o(4)be about to (do)表示将要(做)，如： Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about to pay compliments to his political leaders.o(5)be on the point /verge of (doing)表示“马上就要”，一般不与表示将来的时间状语连用。
2021/3/1159 o2.以下几类动词一般不用进行时，不用于完成进行时：o(1)表感知：hear, feel, notice, recognize, see, taste；o(2)表意愿、情感：desire, dislike, forgive, hate, like, love, prefer, refuse, want, wish, fear, love, hate；o(3)表思考、看法：believe, doubt, expect, forget, hope, feel, mean, know, agree, realize, mind, recall, recollect, remember, trust, suppose；o(4)所有、占有：belong to, owe, own, possess；o(5)其他：cost, appear, concern, contain, consist, deserve, matter, seem2021/3/1160 o(3)在It is the +序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时如：nIt isn’t the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation.o(4)by now、since +过去时间、in/during/ for/ over/the past/last few(或具体数字) years/ days/months，主句用现在完成时, 但在it is +具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。
如：nIt is four years since John left school.2021/3/1161 o(5).完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去如：nThe company has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened.o(6). by +将来时间、by the time/ when +谓语 动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时如：nBy the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.nI hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.2021/3/1162 oOnce environmental damage ______, it takes many years for the system to recover. nA) has done B) is to do nC) does D) is doneoOnce/unless (p. 76,77)2021/3/1163 6. 被动语态oMake n对…合适： Oak makes strong furniture 橡木合适做耐用家具n发展成为oShe will make a fine doctor.她将会成为一个好医生 n估计是；估算：oI make the height 20 feet.nMake up整理；构成；弥补；捏造nmake out:辨明；理解；写下，列出；进展nMake good:实现，弥补2021/3/1164 oYour hair wants _________. You’d better have it done tomorrow. nA) cut B）to cut nC) cutting D) being cut oWrite well, wash well, wear comfortable 2021/3/1165 osight non sight=at the sight of 一看见就nout of sight【俚】remarkable; incrediblenIn sight; keep in sight; nknow by sight 见过面; 面熟; 仅熟悉nOut of sight, out of mind. [谚]去者日以疏; 人别则情疏; 眼不见, 心不烦。
2021/3/1166 7. 虚拟语气oShould, were , had +主语＋oBut for/without oIt’s time…oIn only 该多好oFor fear; least, in case （should）2021/3/1167 o含蓄条件句 n句型标志：Without / But for / Otherwise / Or nWithout your help, we wouldn’t have made such big progress. →（If we hadn’t got your help） oin order that / so that, 引导从句——may/ might，can/ could ＋dooleast, for fear that, in cast, 引导从句——should do oIt’s (high) time, 引导从句——didoWould rather, 引导从句——did 2021/3/1168 oproposal, suggestion, order, … (should) + dooIt’s necessary/important/essential/desirable…that .. sth / sb (should) + do oInsist，oIt’s suggested/ required/ ordered…that sb. (should) do sthoIt’s a pity… that sb. (should) do sth. 2021/3/1169 8. 情态动词oDare 作情态动词主要用亍否定或疑问句中。
oought to/ should have done，指过去的动作，表示一件事情该做而未做 nought to/ should not have done，表示不该做的却做了 nNeedn’t have donenCouldn’t have donenMust have done; might have done2021/3/1170 o表示“意愿戒习惯”（will/ would, shall/ should） owill/ would表示主语的意愿或习惯 owould和used to都可以表示一种过去的习惯 would 主要用于回忆过去；used to主要用于和现在对比，表示已经不存在的状态oWhen I was studying in the middle school in Shanghai, I would go to the library every weekend. oI used to smoke, but I quit it now. 2021/3/1171 oshall/ should表示主语以外其他人的意愿，强调一种要求 o注意注意：shall用亍第二、第三人称，表示强烈愿望，表示命令，警告，允诺。
含有一定要他人做某事乊意 nYou shall do what I tell you to do. 你必须告诉做我告诉你去做的事 2021/3/1172 用法类似情态动词的短语oused to + do（过去经常干某事）；be used to + doing（习惯于干某事） omay/ might (just) as well：“还不如……”，表示推荐更佳方案≈had better) n You may as well tell the truth. ocannot but + do表示不得不同意 e.g. He cannot but go home on foot. 他不得不步行回家 oShould：表示竟然，吃惊2021/3/1173 9.从句(比较，时间，让步）ootherwise 在口语中常常可以用or (else)来代替nWe must be early or (else) we won’t get a seat. o方式状语从句 as引导的方式状语从句 nas…as…可以用于表示两个人或物不同性质的比较，指程度相当或相等，意为“…而…” oOne is as fat as the other is thin. 一个胖，而另一个瘦。
n句型“A is to B what C is to D”，意为：A之于B就像C之于D一样 oWater is to fish what air is to man. 水对鱼的关系就好比空气对人一样 2021/3/1174 让步状语从句 oas, though, much as引导的让步状语从句 oas 引导的让步状语从句必须倒装 nHard as he tried, he failed the exam. o注意：1如果是动词或现在分词放在句首，谓语要补加助动词：do, does, did, will等 nFail as he did, he would never give up. o单数名词提前置于句首时，该名词前不加任何冠词nChild as he is, he ….2021/3/1175 o在正式文体中，though引导的状语从句也要倒装，结构与as类似注意：n当though不倒装时，可与although互换 n当从句表示某种假设的情况时，通常用though，不用although oThough everyone deserts you, I will not. 哪怕人人都离你而去，我也不会。
2021/3/1176 时间状从o表示“一…就”：as soon as, the moment, the instant, the second, the minute immediately, instantly, directly oAt the news; upon hearing the news…2021/3/1177 条件owhether不能被if替代的4种情况：n出现whether…or的结构时 e.g. I asked whether you would like to go or not. ·n出现“介词 + whether从句”时 e.g. They are talking about whether they will go to see a film. ·nwhether + to do时 e.g. Please let me know whether nWhether 解释为“是否”时 2021/3/1178 10. 倒装o1. 完全倒装：o状语为方位介词的前置，结构为：提前成分＋谓语动词＋主语 nhere, there, up, down, in, out, away, ahead. oThere goes the bell. n注意: 当主语为人称代词时不倒装 ！（Here you are.） 2021/3/1179 o状语为地点、时间介词词组的前提，结构为：状语＋谓语动词＋主语 nIn the center of the square stands a high monument.o表语为形容词、副词、现在分词、过去分词的提前，结构为：表语＋系动词＋主语 nSeated on the grass are a group of nice girls.nGone are the days when we are young and gay.2021/3/1180 o2. 部分倒装o结构为：提前成分＋情态动词 / 助动词＋主语＋主语动词 oOnly＋状语或状语从句置亍句首的倒装nOnly then did I realize the trouble he was in. n注意：n1. only 作为主语的一部分不倒装。
n2. only 后跟状语从句时，状语从句不倒装，倒装发生在后面的句子上 2021/3/1181 o句首为带有否定意义副词的倒装 nnever, little,, seldom, rarely, not, hardly, nowhere, scarcely, in no circumstances, in no way; in no case, in no event;oNo sooner……than, hardly (scarcely)…… when 倒装时主句用过去完成时；nNo sooner had I reached home than it began to rain. oNot until 倒装时用一般过去时n这三者倒装都发生在主句.2021/3/1182 oso…that结果状语从句，so位于句首的倒装 结构为：so＋adj. (adv.)＋助动词（情态动词）＋主语，用于加强语气：nSo excited was she that she couldn’t say a word.oso 表示与上文提到的情况一样：So did I. n1.当答句表示对上文的同，意为“确实如此”时不倒装（So he can） n2.表示与上文提到的两种情况都一样，用So it is with…的结构 2021/3/1183 onot only…but also：not only位于句首倒装，but also部分不倒装；n当not only…but also连接的并列主语不倒装 oas与than在比较句子中的部分倒装 nI’m surprised at the news, as is my brother. nHe loves music better than does his sister. 2021/3/1184 o虚拟条件句的倒装：即省略if，将省略词had、should、were提前置于句首。
o让步状语从句as的倒装结构为：名词（副词、形容词）＋as＋主语＋谓语倒装的本质：省略though，用as替代（old as Mr. Green is……）o注意：若句首为名词，则在此名词前不加任何冠词 2021/3/1185 致谢 Many Thanks to my buddy!2021/3/1186 。
