
研究生英语UNIT4-课件.ppt
82页高等院校研究生英语系列教材高等院校研究生英语系列教材综合教程(上)综合教程(上)INTEGRATED COURSE2021/3/1112Unit 4 Love and Marriage 2021/3/112 Content Starting out Reading Focus Reading More Practical Translation Focused Writing Final Project2021/3/113Task 1Work in groups to list the possible relationships a normal human being will encounter in his lifetime. Also list the words and activities related to a certain relationship.Starting outStarting out————Task 1Task 12021/3/114e.g. Friendship, work, peer, love, parental, marriage…Words for reference:•Friendship: care, association友谊;伙伴, esteem 尊重,empathy, friendliness, attachment依恋, affinity密切关系;姻亲关系 , bond, harmony, intimacy, affection喜爱; going to movies, heart-to-heart率直的 talk, playing sports togetherStarting outStarting out————Task 1Task 12021/3/115•Work: co-worker, managers, team leaders, business talk, business lunch工作午餐, team work, promotion…•Love: affection, attraction, romantic dating, candlelit dinner, hug, kiss, courtship求爱;求婚…•Parental: unconditional love, deep care…Starting outStarting out————Task 1Task 12021/3/116•Son’s feeling for his father–Worried, care, love, •Father’s feeling for his son–Love, affection•Father’s feeling for his late wife 亡妻–Love, memoryStarting outStarting out————Task 2Task 22021/3/117Task 3 Read the following paragraph and discuss with your partner what makes a happy marriage and why.–The Beatles sang, “All you need is love.” Your friends might tell you, “Good communication is all you really need.” Your parents advise you, “The key is to marry someone with the same values.”–What do you think is essential for对…必不可少的a happy marriage?Starting outStarting out————Task 3Task 32021/3/118Love and Loving RelationshipsReading FocusReading Focus2021/3/119 Global Understanding 2Detailed Information3Critical Thinking4Text andLanguage Points5Reading FocusReading FocusVocabulary in Action6Background Information12021/3/1110Reading FocusReading Focus – – Global Understanding1(Paras. 1-3)2(Paras. 4-7)3(Paras. 8-12)Love is essential for human survival.What is love?What brings people together? Text Exploration 2021/3/1111Discuss in groups to identify the missing information.Reading More——Global UnderstandingPart I((1-3))Main idea: Love is essential for human survival.Arguments:A.___________________________________________ ___________________________________________B.___________________________________________ ___________________________________________C.___________________________________________ ___________________________________________The family is the earliest and most important source of love and emotional support.Children deprived of love have been known to develop a variety of problems.Research shows the quality of care infants received affects how they later get along with friends.2021/3/1112Reading More——Global UnderstandingPart ID.___________________________________________ ___________________________________________E.___________________________________________ ___________________________________________F.___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________Love for oneself, or self-love自爱;自恋自爱;自恋 , is also essential for our social and emotional development.Social scientists describe self-love as important for self-esteem自尊;自负自尊;自负 .People who don’t like themselves may not be able to return love but may constantly seek love relationships to bolster支持;支撑支持;支撑 their own poor self-images.2021/3/1113Reading More——Global UnderstandingPart II((4-7))Main idea: What is love?Arguments: A. Love is an _____________________Supporting evidence: a. ______________________________________ _______________________________________ b. _______________________________________ c. _______________________________________ ________________________________________ ________________________________________ d. ________________________________________ ________________________________________elusive难懂的;易忘的难懂的;易忘的 concept People give a variety of answers when asked what love is. Love has many dimensions规模;程度;范围规模;程度;范围 ,重要性,重要性.It can be romantic, exciting, obsessive着迷的着迷的, and irrational, platonic不切实际的不切实际的 , calming, altruistic利利他的;无私心的他的;无私心的 , and sensible.It varies in degree等级等级 and intensity强度强度 and across social contexts.2021/3/1114Reading More——Global UnderstandingPart IIB. Three elements are necessary for a love relationship:Supporting evidence: a. _________________________________________ b. _________________________________________ _________________________________________ c. _________________________________________ _________________________________________C. ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ ____________________________________________ Supporting evidence: ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________a willingness to please and accommodate容纳容纳 the other.an acceptance of the other person’s faults and shortcomings.as much concern about the loved one’s welfare 幸福,福利幸福,福利as one’s own.Love, especially long-term love, has nothing in common毫无共同点毫无共同点with the images of love or frenzied 疯狂的疯狂的sex that we get from Hollywood, television, and romance novels. “Real” love is closer to what one author called “stirring-the-oatmeal燕麦粥燕麦粥 love”.2021/3/1115Reading More——Global UnderstandingPart III((8-12))Main idea: __________________________________________________________________________________________Arguments:A.___________________________________________ ___________________________________________B.___________________________________________ ___________________________________________C.___________________________________________ ___________________________________________What brings people together? And is there a person out there that one is meant for?Empirical studies show that cultural norms and values, not fate, bring people together.Criticism and approval teach us what is acceptable romantic behavior and with whom.Lust性欲;强烈的欲望性欲;强烈的欲望 and desire are different from love—especially romantic love.2021/3/1116Reading More——Global UnderstandingPart IIID. ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________E. __________________________________________ __________________________________________ ___________________________________________One should not conclude that desire always culminates in physical intimacy or that desire is the same as romantic love.Healthy love relationships, whether physical or not (such as love for family members), reflect a balance of caring, intimacy, and commitment承诺承诺.2021/3/1117Task 2Choose the sentence that best expresses the meaning of the sentence from the text. (P105)Key:1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10BABCDBCDCBReading FocusReading Focus – – – – Detailed Information2021/3/1118Critical ThinkingReading Focus2021/3/11192021/3/1120•By introducing the themes of “Changes, Choices and Constraints” when presenting the basic concepts, theory, research and statistics about marriages and families, Benokraitis discusses how contemporary changes in families and their structure impact the choices student’s actually have, and how society can constrain束缚束缚 their marriages, families and relationships. Through this approach, students are better able to understand what the research and statistics mean for themselves!2021/3/1121•Seeing that there was a need for a text that reflected the issues— like race and ethnicity种族划种族划分分 , remarriage and stepfamilies再婚家庭再婚家庭, and sexuality, that face students and their families, Professor Benokraitis wrote Marriage and Families as a way to show students both the choices and constraints that families face in modern society. 2021/3/1122Step One Read the following sentences from the text and decide whether you agree with the author. Work in groups to provide examples to support your opinions.1. Love—as both an emotion and a behavior— is essential for human survival.2. Love for oneself, or self-love, is also essential for our social and emotional development.3. Love is an elusive难捉摸难捉摸、难懂的、难懂的 concept.4. Love has many dimensions.Reading Focus——Critical Thinking2021/3/1123Step TwoDiscuss in groups the following questions.1. What do you think is the ideal relationship?2. What is essential for a long-term relationship?3. People say it’s difficult to maintain long-term relationship nowadays. Do you agree and why?Reading Focus——Critical Thinking2021/3/1124Reading Focus•The following text is extracted from Marriages and Families by Nijole V. Benokraitis. The book has been used as a textbook for sociology courses and women's studies in a number of universities in the United States. It highlights突出,强调突出,强调 important contemporary changes in society and the family 2021/3/1125 and explores the choices that are available to family members, as well as the constraints that many of us do not recognize. It examines the diversity of American families today, using cross-cultural and multicultural多种文化的多种文化的 comparisons to encourage creative thinking about the many critical issues关键关键问题;重要的问题问题;重要的问题 that confront the family of the twenty-first century.2021/3/1126LOVE AND LOVING RELATIONSHIPS1. Love — as both an emotion and a behavior — is essential for human survival. The family is usually our earliest and most important source of love and emotional support. Babies and children deprived of love have been known to develop a wide variety of problems- for example, 2021/3/1127 depression, headaches, physiological impairments, and neurotic and psychosomatic difficulties- that sometimes last a lifetime. In contrast, infants who are loved and cuddled typically gain more weight, cry less, and smile more. By five years of age, they have been found to have significantly higher IQs and to score higher on language tests. 2021/3/11282. Much research shows that the quality of care infants receive affects how they later get along with friends, how well they do in school, how they react to new and possibly stressful situations, and how they form and maintain loving relationships as adults. 2021/3/1129 It is for these reasons that people's early intimate relationships within their family of origin1 are so critical. Children who are raised in impersonal environments (orphanage, some foster homes, or unloving families) show emotional and social underdevelopment, language and motor skills retardation, and mental health problems.2021/3/11303. Love for oneself, or self-love, is also essential for our social and emotional development. Actress Mae West once said, "I never loved another person the way I loved myself." Although such a statement may seem self-centered, it's actually quite insightful Social scientists describe self-love as an important oasis for self- esteem. Among other things, people who like themselves are more open to criticism and less demanding of others. 2021/3/1131 Fromm (1956) saw self-love as a necessary prerequisite for loving others. People who don't like themselves may not be able to return love but may constancy seek love relationships to bolster their own poor self-images. But just what is love? What brings people together? 2021/3/1132•4. Love is an elusive concept. We have all experienced love and feel we know what it is; however, when asked what love is, people give a variety of answers. According to a nine-year-old boy, for example, "Love is like an avalanche where you have to run for your life." What we mean by love depends on whether we are talking about love for family members, friends, or lovers. Love has been a source of inspiration, wry witticisms, and even political action for many centuries.2021/3/1133•5. Love has many dimensions. It can be romantic, exciting, obsessive, and irrational- It can also be platonic, calming, altruistic, and sensible? Many researchers feel that love defies a single definition because it varies in degree and intensity and across social contexts. At the very least, three elements are necessary for a loving relationship: 2021/3/1134 (1) a willingness to please and accommodate the other person, even if this involves compromise and sacrifice; (2) an acceptance of the other person's faults and shortcomings; and (3) as much concern about the loved one's welfare as one's own. And, people who say they are "in love" emphasize caring, intimacy, and commitment.2021/3/1135 6. In any type of love, caring about the other person is essential. Although love may, involve passionate yearning, respect is a more important quality. Respect is inherent固固有有的的,,内内在在的的 in all love: “I want the loved person to grow and unfold发发展展 for his own sake, and in his own ways, and not for the purpose of serving me." 2021/3/1136 If respect and caring are missing, the relationship is not based on love. Instead, it is an unhealthy or possessive dependency that limits the lovers' social, emotional, and intellectual growth.2021/3/11377. Love, especially long-term love, has nothing in common with the images of love or .frenzied sex that we get from Hollywood, television, and romance novels. Because of these images, many people believe a variety of myths about love. These misconceptions often lead to unrealistic expectations, stereotypes, and disillusionment. 2021/3/1138 In fact, "real" love is closer to what one author called "stirring-the-oatmeal love" (Johnson 1985). This type of love is neither exciting nor thrilling but is relatively mundane and unromantic. It means paying bills, putting out the garbage, scrubbing toilet bowls, being up all night with a sick baby, and performing myriad other “oatmeal” tasks that are not very sexy.2021/3/11398. Some partners take turns stirring the oatmeal. Other people seek relationships that offer candlelit gourmet meals in a romantic setting. Whether we decide to enter a serious relationship or not, what type of love brings people together? 2021/3/11409. What attracts individuals to each other in the first place? Many people believe that “there‘s one person out there that one is meant for” and that destiny will bring them together. Such beliefs are romantic but unrealistic. Empirical(经经验验的的) studies show that cultural norms and values, not fate, bring people together. 2021/3/1141 We will never meet millions of potential lovers because they are “filtered out” by formal or informal rules on partner eligibility(适适任任,,合合格格) due to factors such as age, race, distance, social class, religion, sexual orientation, health, or physical appearance. 2021/3/114210. Beginning in childhood, parents encourage or limit future romantic liaisons by selecting certain neighborhoods and schools. In early adolescence, peer norms influence the adolescent's decisions about acceptable romantic involvements ("You want to date who?!"). Even during the preteen years, romantic experiences are cultured in the sense that societal and group practices and expectations shape romantic experience. 2021/3/1143 Although romance may cross cultural or ethnic borders, criticism and approval teach us what is acceptable romantic behavior and with whom. One might "lust" for someone, but these yearnings will not lead most of us to "fall in love" if there are strong cultural or group bans.2021/3/114411. Regan and Berscheid (1999) differentiate between lust, desire, and romantic love. They describe lust as primarily physical rather than emotional, a condition that may be conscious or unconscious. Desire, in contrast, is a psychological in which one wants a relationship that one doesn‘t now have, or to engage in an activity in which one is not presently engaged. Desire may or may not lead to romantic love (which the authors equate with passionate or erotic性爱的性爱的 love). 2021/3/1145 Regan and Berscheid suggest that desire is an essential ingredient for initiating and maintaining romantic love. If desire disappears, a person is no longer said to be in a state of romantic love. Once desire diminishes, disappointed lovers may wonder where the "spark" in their relationship has gone and may reminisce regretfully (and longingly) about "the good old days".2021/3/114612. One should not conclude, however, that desire always culminates in physical intimacy or that desire is the same as romantic love. Married partners may love each other even though they rarely, or never, engage in physical intimacy. 2021/3/1147 In addition, there are some notable differences between love- especially long-term love- and romantic love. Healthy loving relationships, whether physical or not (such as love for family members), reflect a balance of caring, intimacy, and commitment.2021/3/11481.Babies and children deprived of love have known to develop a wide variety of problem—for example, depression, headaches, physiological impairments, and neurotic and psychosomatic difficulties—that sometimes last a lifetime. (Para. 1)Reading FocusReading Focus – – Language Point Ødeprived of: 剥夺;使丧失剥夺;使丧失e.g. He was deprived of his rights to education. More to learn2021/3/1149Øimpairment: the fact that a part of your body is unable to do something fully (身体机能的)受损 e.g. a hearing impairment 听力受损 Øneurotic: extremely worried about something in an unreasonable way 极端焦虑的;神经质的 Øpsychosomatic: of or relating to a physical disorder or illness that is caused or seems to be influenced by emotional factors(疾病)由身心失调引起的;由精神压力引起的2021/3/11502.Among other things, people who like themselves are more open to criticism and less demanding of others. (Para. 3)Reading FocusReading Focus – – Language Point Øamong other things: 除了别的以外,此外除了别的以外,此外e.g. 1) She’s very keen on喜爱喜爱 sport: among other things, she plays tennis twice a week. Ødemanding: (指人指人)对他人要求高的对他人要求高的, 苛求的苛求的 e.g. Children are so demanding: they need constant attention. 2021/3/11513. Love has many dimensions. (Para. 5)Ødimension: an aspect of a situation that influences the way that you think about the situation 方面;部分;规模;程度;范围 e.g. 1) There is a dimension to the problem that we have not discussed. 2) There is a political dimension to the accusations 控告,指控 . Reading FocusReading Focus – – Language Point 2021/3/11524. Although love may involve passionate yearning, respect is a more important quality. (Para. 6)Reading FocusReading Focus – – Language Point Øyearning: n. a strong desire or feeling of wanting something 向往,思慕,向往,思慕, 渴望渴望 e.g. 1) He had a deep yearning to return to his home town. 2) I suppose it's because I live in a crowded city that I have this yearning for open spaces空地;露天场所空地;露天场所. 2021/3/11535. Even during the preteen years, romantic experiences are cultured in the sense that societal and group practices and expectations shape romantic experience. (Para. 10)Øpreteen: of, relating to, characteristic of, or designed for preteens 13岁以下儿童的,接近青春期的 e.g. preteen fashions 青春期前儿童时装Øsocietal: relating to a particular society, or the way society is organized 社会的社会的 e.g. societal changes 社会变革 societal forces 社会势力 Reading FocusReading Focus – – Language Point 2021/3/11546. Regan and Berscheid (1999) differentiate between lust, desire, and romantic love. (Para. 11)Ødifferentiate: to see or show a difference between things= distinguish 识别;看出识别;看出······的差别的差别e.g. 1) Neil is color-blind色盲的 and cannot differentiate between red and green. 2) It's sometimes hard to differentiate one sample from another. Reading FocusReading Focus – – Language Point 2021/3/11557. Once desire diminishes, disappointed lovers may wonder where the “spark” in their relationship has gone and may reminisce regretfully (and longingly) about “the good old days”. (Para. 11)Reading FocusReading Focus – – Language Point Ødiminish: to become less, or to make something become less (使)变小;(使)减少(使)变小;(使)减少 e.g. Suddenly the wind diminished and the seas grew calm again. 突然风变小了,大海突然风变小了,大海又平静了下来。
又平静了下来More to learn2021/3/1156Exercise: Choose the appropriate word to fill in the blank, change the form when necessary. Reading FocusReading Focus – – Language Point diminish decrease reduce1) Our water supply __________________ as a result of the drought 干旱干旱 . 2) There has been a steady _____________ in population in this city. 3) The helmet law安全帽法案安全帽法案 should _____________ injuries in motorcycle accidents.has diminisheddecreasereduceMore to learndiminish :指因为不断消耗,在数量方面缓慢减少,:指因为不断消耗,在数量方面缓慢减少,也指在素质或者价值的下降也指在素质或者价值的下降,, 表示减少损失。
表示减少损失decrease:强调数目或使人不快之物的逐渐减少强调数目或使人不快之物的逐渐减少 reduce :指人为地使某物在数量或重量方面的减少:指人为地使某物在数量或重量方面的减少或降低,也可以表示尺寸、程度或强度的减少,或降低,也可以表示尺寸、程度或强度的减少,词义引伸之后,可以表示地位、处境、状况的降低词义引伸之后,可以表示地位、处境、状况的降低 2021/3/1157Øreminisce: v. to recall or talk about past experiences, events, etc. 追忆往事,缅怀往事;追忆往事,缅怀往事;回忆,话旧回忆,话旧e.g. We spent the evening reminiscing about our university days. 我们整晚都在追忆我们我们整晚都在追忆我们的大学时光的大学时光2021/3/1158•Key 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10-Task 1Choose the answer that is closest in meaning to the underlined word or phrase in the sentence. (P107)AACBBCDCReading FocusReading Focus – – Vocabulary in Action AC2021/3/1159Task 21. The two countries have always ___________ close relations.2. When we’re together, all he talks about is business. I wish he were more __________.3. The museum is closed while _________ repairs are being carried out.4. She had packed two cases with clothes, towels and other __________.5. His coaching has added another __________ to my game.Read the words and their explanations in the box. Choose a word to complete each of the sentences below and explain its meaning. Change the form if necessary. (P107)maintained (a)romantic (a)Reading FocusReading Focus – – Vocabulary in Action maintain, intimate, essential, defy, dimension, romanticessential (a)essentials (c)dimension (c)2021/3/11606. We’re not on _________ terms with our neighbours.7. He __________ that the money was donated for international purposes.8. The beauty of the scene ___________ description.9. He ___________ his wishes with a slight nod of his head.10. Computers design tools that work in three ____________.intimate (a)maintains (c)defies (b)intimated (d)Reading FocusReading Focus – – Vocabulary in Action dimensions (a)2021/3/116111. This was the first time that I dared to ________ my mother.12. The castle is set in one of England’s most ___________ landscapes.13. I did not realize the ____________ of the problem.14. Her income was barely enough to ___________ one child, let alone three.15. He surprised me with his ___________ knowledge of Kierkegaard and Schopenhauer.defy (a)romantic (b)dimensions (b)Reading FocusReading Focus – – Vocabulary in Action maintain (d)intimate (c)2021/3/1162Reading FocusReading Focus – – Vocabulary in Action Task 3Fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate word from the box. Change the form if necessary.1) 2)3) 4)5) 6)7) 8)9) 10)prerequisitedaterespectimportantwhomevercandidateshighlyessentialsuitablesufficient2021/3/1163Critical ThinkingCritical ThinkingReading MoreReading More2021/3/1164Step OneWork together with your partner to answer the following questions based on the text you’ve just read.1. What caused the problems in the marriage of the old couple when they were young?2. What was the cause for the changes that occurred later when they got old?3. If you were a marriage consultant, what suggestions would you give to couples who have the same problems as the old couple had in the passage?Reading More——Critical Thinking2021/3/1165Step TwoDiscuss in groups the following questions.1. Why do we need marriage today? Is it loneliness? Is it teamwork? Share with your classmates your ideas about why people get married.2. “You do not marry someone you can live with; you marry the person you cannot live without.” Do you agree with the saying? Give your reasons.Reading More——Critical Thinking2021/3/1166Practical TranslationPractical Translation2021/3/1167 被动语态是一种表明句子的谓语和主语间关系的语法手被动语态是一种表明句子的谓语和主语间关系的语法手段。
在翻译时要根据英汉语言的特点,从句式和辅助词语两段在翻译时要根据英汉语言的特点,从句式和辅助词语两个方面进行语态转换个方面进行语态转换被动句的翻译被动句的翻译1.按原句式翻译.按原句式翻译英语被动句是由英语被动句是由““助动词助动词 be+过去分词过去分词””构成,在译成构成,在译成汉语时,可以用汉语时,可以用““被被””、、““受受””、、 ““遭遭””、、““让让””、、““给给””、、““由由””、、““把把””、、““为为⋯⋯⋯⋯所所””、、““加以加以””、、““予以予以””等词来表达等词来表达2021/3/11682 2.译成主动句.译成主动句 英译汉时,不少英语的被动句被译成汉语的主动句,使句子更符合汉语的习惯3 3.译成判断句.译成判断句 有些英语被动句并不突出强调被动动作,而着重对事物的状态、过程和性质加以描述,其作用与系表结构类似此类句式可翻译成中文的判断句4 4..It + be +past participle + that It + be +past participle + that 引导的从句的翻译英语中这样的句子在汉语中可以译成不带主语或带主语的句。
5 5.某些表示被动含义的句型的翻译.某些表示被动含义的句型的翻译2021/3/1169e.g. 1) The house needed painting.译文:房子需要油漆一下了2) The possibility of employing more staff is still under discussion.译文:是否雇用更多的员工还在研究中解析:英语句子虽然看上去是主动语态,含义却是被动解析:英语句子虽然看上去是主动语态,含义却是被动的,翻译成中文通常也用主动形式的,翻译成中文通常也用主动形式2021/3/1170Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese. Pay particular attention to the adverbial clauses.Paragraph OneMuch research shows that the quality of care infants receive affects how they later get along with friends, how well they do in school, how they react to new and possibly stressful situations, and how they form and maintain loving relationships as adults. It is for these reasons that people’s early intimate relationships within their family of origin are so critical. Children who are raised in impersonal environments (orphanages, some foster homes, or unloving families) show emotional and social underdevelopment, language and motor skills retardation, and mental health problems.2021/3/1171Translation for Reference:Paragraph One很多研究发现婴儿获得关爱的质量会影响到他们以后的交友,在学校的表现,如何应对陌生的或可能充满压力的情况,以及他们成年后如何建立并且维系情感连系。
正是因为这些原因,人们与家庭成员的早期亲密关系才如此至关重要在人情冷漠的环境中(如孤儿院,某些寄养家庭,缺乏关爱的家庭)长大的孩子会出现情感和社会性发育不良,语言和运动技能迟缓,以及精神健康问题2021/3/1172Paragraph Two What attracts individuals to each other in the first place? Many people believe that “there’s one person out there that one is meant for” and that destiny will bring them together. Such beliefs are romantic but unrealistic. Empirical studies show that cultural norms and values, not fate, bring people together. We will never meet millions of potential lovers because they are “filtered out” by formal or informal rules on partner eligibility due to factors such as age, race, distance, social class, religion, sexual orientation, health, or physical appearance.2021/3/1173Translation for Reference: 一开始让人相互吸引的是什么?许多人相信“世上有一个人是你为之而生的”,而且命运会将你俩带到一起。
这样的想法很浪漫却不现实实证研究发现,是文化标准和价值观而非命运,将人们连系在一起我们错过了成千上万的可能的爱人,因为他们早就被正式的或非正式的挑选理想爱人的准则筛选出局,这些准则包括年龄、种族、地域、社会阶层、宗教、性倾向、健康状况或外表2021/3/1174Expository Essays (1)Focused WritingFocused Writing2021/3/1175Expository [ɪks'pɒzɪtrɪ] Essays An expository essay is an explanatory essay. It explains the topic to the reader and shows that the writer understands the topic. It explains complicated ideas through reasoning, examples, description, statistics and definition. That is, it “posits” information by supporting an idea or argument with clear evidence. It should be well-structured with a clearly stated thesis. The thesis should be clearly and objectively analyzed and states the writer’s main argument. The rest of the essay then supports or substantiates the thesis with clear reasoning.Focused Writing — Focused Writing — Writing SkillWriting Skill2021/3/1176Strategies to develop an expository essay: exemplification, definition, classification, comparison and contrast, and cause-and-effect.Focused Writing — Focused Writing — Writing SkillWriting Skill 1. Exemplification Examples in an essay function to support, clarify, interest, and persuade. 2. Definition To write a successful definition you must share all the knowledge you have obtained on the subject.2021/3/1177 3. Classification A classification has three principles: consistency, exclusiveness and completeness.Focused Writing — Focused Writing — Writing SkillWriting Skill•Consistency means the parts or members of the classification must be based on the same principle of division.•Exclusiveness requires that the parts or members should not overlap. •Completeness in classification lays emphasis on the fact that no part or member can be omitted in a classification. However, this does not mean that a complete list of all members is necessary in an essay. 2021/3/1178Final Project2021/3/1179Final ProjectRole-playWork together with two partners. Imagine you are the parents and the daughter. The parents are planning a vacation and they are trying to figure out who’s going to pay for what. The discussion eventually leads to a listing of each other’s faults. The daughter tries to help the parents to solve their problem. Role-play a conversation of the three people. 2021/3/1180The following words and expressions are for your reference:Final Project•I always thought we’d...•selfish,•not considerate,•mean,•That’s just your opinion!•whatever,•you never know what I want2021/3/1181Thank You!2021/3/1182。












