考研英语2007阅读翻译.docx

目录Section I Use of English 1Section II Reading Comprehension 1 3Section II Reading Comprehension 2 6Section II Reading Comprehension 3 9Section II Reading Comprehension 4 11Section I Use of Englishparagraph 1到1830年为止，西班牙和葡萄牙的前殖民地都成为了独立的国家这些国家的大约2000万居民满怀信心地展望未来许多独立斗争的领导人出生于旧政权和伊比利亚殖民主义的危急时刻，他们怀有共同的治国理念：创建代议制政府、职业对人才开放、实行商业和贸易自由和私有财产权，并且相信个体是社会的基础当时普遍存在这样的信念：新国家应该是拥有主权的、独立的国家，应该足以在经济上养活国民，并且通过一套共同的法律使国家统一在一起paragraph 2然而，在宗教自由和教会地位的问题上，领导阶层之间的意见就不那么一致了罗马天主教过去是西班牙国教，并且是西班牙国王允许的唯一宗教虽然大多数领导人试图继续将天主教作为新国家的官方宗教，但是一些领导人却试图结束将其他信仰排斥在外的局面。

保护教会成为保守势力的战斗口号paragraph 3早期的独立领导人的理想通常是平等主义，重视一切平等玻利瓦尔曾从海地获得了援助，作为回报，他承诺在他解放的地区废除奴隶制到1854 年，除了西班牙残存的殖民地以外，其他地方的奴隶制都已经被废除先前做出的结束印第安人进贡和停止向混血人种征税的承诺实现起来就缓慢得多，因为新国家仍然需要这些政策产生的财政收入平等主义思想经常会被一些担忧所冲淡，这些担忧就是普通大众还没有为自治和民主做好准备paragraph 1By 1830,the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations.The roughly 20 million inhabitants of these nations looked hopefully to the future.Born in the crisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism,many of the leaders of independence shared the ideas of representative government, careers open to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the right to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basis of society.Generally there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a common set of laws.paragraph 2On the issue of freedom of religion and the position of the Church, however there was less agreement among the leadership.Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and the only one allowed by the Spanish crown. while most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism as the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the exclusion of other faiths.The defense of the Church became a rallying cry for the conservative forces.paragraph 3The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything.Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had promised in return to abolish slavery in the areas he liberated.By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere except Spain’s remaining colonies.Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixed origin came much slower because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies produced.Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was unprepared for self-rule and democracy.Section II Reading Comprehension 1paragraph 1如果你查一下2006年世界杯足球锦标赛所有参赛队员的出生证明，你很可能会发现一个值得注意的奇怪现象：出色的足球运动员往往在一年的前几个月出生。

如果再关注一下为世界杯和职业球队输送人才的欧洲国家青年队，你会发现这一现象更加突出paragraph 2是什么原因导致了这种奇怪现象的发生呢？人们有如下猜测：a) 某些星座的人更具有足球天赋；b)冬天出生的孩子往往具有较大的氧容量，这增强了他们在足球运动中的耐力；c)对足球狂热的夫妇更可能在春季怀孕，因为那是一年中足球赛事的高峰期；d)以上观点都不对paragraph 358岁的安德斯·埃里克森是弗罗里达州立大学的心理学教授，他坚信“以上推测都不正确”埃里克森生长于瑞典,开始时学习核工程,后来他意识到如果转学心理学，会获得更多进行专业研究的机会大约30年前他进行了第一次实验，与记忆力相关：训练一个人听一串随机数字，然后重复出来埃里克森回忆说：第一个被测试对象经过20个小时的训练后，他所记住的数字跨度从7位增加到20位他不断进步，在200 个小时的训练后，他能记住的数字增加到80位paragraph 4这次实验的成功以及后来的研究工作表明，记忆本身并不是由遗传所决定的埃里克森得出结论：记忆是与其是一种直觉活动，不如说是一种认知活动换句话说，无论两个人在记忆能力方面表现出什么先天性差异，它们都将被个人的信息编码能力所掩盖。

埃里克森认为：学习对信息进行有意义的编码的最佳方式是有意识地练习有意识地练习不仅仅是简单地重复某一任务，它涉及指定具体目标、获得即时反馈、方法和结果并重paragraph 5埃里克森和他的同事们由此开始对众多领域（包括足球领域）的佼佼者进行研究他们竭尽所能搜集到的数据中，不仅仅包括工作绩效统计数字、成长细节，还包括他们实验对象中表现优秀者的测试结果他们的实验得出了令人惊讶的结论：我们通常称之为“天赋”的遗传特征被过分看重了换句话说，不管是在记忆力、外科领域、芭蕾舞，还是计算机编程方面表现出色的人几乎都是后天培养的，而不是天生的paragraph 1If you were to examine the birth certificates of every soccer player in 2006’s World Cup tournament,you would most likely find a noteworthy quirk:elite soccer players are more likely to have been born in the earlier months of the year than in the later months. If you then examined the European national youth teams that feed the World Cup and professional ranks,you would find this strange phenomenon to be even more pronounced. paragraph 2What might account for this strange phenomenon? Here are a few guesses：a)certain astrological signs confer superior soccer skills;b)winter-born babies tend to have higher oxygen capacity, which increases soccer stamina;c) soccer-mad parents are more likely to conceive children in springtime,at the annual peak of soccer mania;d)none of the above.paragraph 3Anders Ericsson,a 58-year-old psychology professor at Florida State University, says he believes strongly in “none of the above.”Ericsson grew up in Sweden,and studied nuclear engineering until he realized he would have more opportunity to conduct his own research if he switched to psychology.His first experiment,nearly 30 years ago,involved memory：training a person to hear and then repeat a random series of numbers.”With the first subject,after about 20 hours of training,his digit span had risen from 7 to 20,” Ericsson recalls.”He kept improving,and after about 200 hours of training he had risen to over 80 numbers.” paragraph 4This success,c。