世界几大著名图书馆英文介绍.ppt

libraries•World Top Ten Library  Spain‘s “fun” magazine in July 2001 Report No.: ranking the world’s largest libraryLibrary of Congress (Washington DC) 26  million volumes  Russian Library (Moscow) 17.6 million  Chinese Library (Beijing) 15.9 million  Russian Library (St. Petersburg) 13.62 million  British Library (London) 13 million  Harvard Library (Massachusetts) 11 million  National Library of France (Paris) 11 million  Library of Leipzig(德国莱比锡)  9 million  The Japanese Diet Library (Tokyo) 7.27 million  Library in Frankfort (法兰克福) 7 million   The Library of Congress The Library of Congress ( (美国国立图书馆美国国立图书馆美国国立图书馆美国国立图书馆) )Located in Located in three buildings in Washington DCthree buildings in Washington DC. ,it is . ,it is the the largest library in the world by library in the world by shelf space shelf space and number of books.and number of books. The head of the Library is the Librarian of The head of the Library is the Librarian of Congress, currently James H. BillingtonCongress, currently James H. Billington The The Library Library of Congressof Congress is the is the research libraryresearch library of the of the United United States CongressStates Congress and the oldest and the oldest federalfederal cultural cultural institution in the United States.. institution in the United States.. vThe Library of Congress was built by Congress in 1800, and was housed in the United States capital for most of the 19th century. After much of the original collection had been destroyed during the War of 1812, Thomas Jefferson sold 6,487 books, his entire personal collection, to the library in™1815.After a period of decline during the mid-19th century the Library of Congress began to grow rapidly in both size and importance after the American Civil War, culminating in the construction of a separate library building and the transference of all copyright deposit holdings to the Library. •During the rapid expansion of the 20th century the Library of Congress assumed a preeminent（卓越的、杰出的） public role, becoming a "library of last resort" and expanding its mission for the benefit scholars and the American people. §The Library's primary mission is researching inquiries made by members of Congress through the Congressional Research Service. Although it is open to the public, only Members of Congress, Supreme Court justices and other high-ranking government officials may check out books. §As the national library, the Library of Congress promotes literacy（精通文学） and American literature through projects such as the American Folklife Center, American Memory, Center for the Book and Poet Laureate.Using the Library•The library is open to the general public for academic research and tourists. Only those who are issued a Reader Identification Card may enter the reading rooms and access the collection. The Reader Identification Card is available in the Madison building to persons who are at least 16 years of age upon presentation of a government issued picture Holdings•The collections of the Library of Congress include more than 32 million cataloged books and other print materials in 470 languages; more than 61 million manuscripts; the largest rare book collection in north America, including the rough draft of the Declaration of Independence, a Gutenberg Bible (one of only four perfect vellum copies known to exist); over 1 million us government publications; 1 million issues of world newspapers spanning the past three centuries; 33,000 bound newspaper volumes; 500,000 microfilm reels;.•over 6,000 comic book titles; films; 5.3 million maps; 6 million works of sheet music; 3 million sound recordings; more than 14.7 million prints and photographic images including fine and popular art pieces and architectural drawings; The Library developed a system of book classification called Library of Congress Classification (LCC), which is used by most US research and university libraries•The Library serves as a legal repository for copyright protection and copyright registration, and as the base for the United States Copyright Office. Regardless of whether they register their copyright, all publishers are required to submit （提交）two complete copies of their published works to the Library if requested—this requirement is known as mandatory （强制的义务的）deposit（寄存物）. Parties wishing not to publish, need only submit one copy of their work. •Nearly 22,000 new items published in the U.S. arrive every business day at the Library. Contrary to popular belief, however, the Library does not retain all of these works in its permanent （持久的）collection, although it does add an average of 10,000 items per day. Rejected items are used in trades with other libraries around the world, distributed to federal agencies, or donated to schools, communities,•and other organizations within the United States. As is true of many similar libraries, the Library of Congress retains copies of every publication in the English language that is deemed significant.•The Library of Congress states that its collection fills about 838 miles (1,349 km) ofbookshelves, while the British Library reports about 625 kilometers (388 mi) of shelves. The Library of Congress holds about 147 million items with 33 million books against approximately 150 million items with 25 million books for the British Library•The Library makes millions of digital objects, comprising tens of petabytes（10的15次方字节）, available at its American Memory site. American Memory is a source for public domain image resources, as well as audio, video, and archived Web content. Nearly all of the lists of holdings, the catalogs of the library, can be consulted directly on its web site. •Librarians all over the world consult these catalogs, through the Web or through other media better suited to their needs, when they need to catalog for their collection a book published in the United States. They use the Library of Congress Control Number to make sure of the exact identity of the book.•The Library of Congress also provides an online archive （档案室）of the proceedings of the U.S. Congress at THOMAS, including bill text, Congressional Record text, bill summary and status, the Congressional Record Index, and the United States Constitution.•The Library also administers the National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped, a talking and braille library program provided to more than 766,000 Americans.BuildingsThe Russian State Library俄国国立图书馆•Foundation and function of the library •The Russian State Library was founded on 1 July 1862 as Moscow‘s first free public library named The Library of the MoscowPublic Museum and Rumiantsev Museum（鲁缅采夫博物馆） , or The Rumiantsev Library. Its original stock consisted mostly of Count Nicolai P. Rumiantsev's rich book and manuscript collection bestowed to the Russian State by his heirs. Its holdings grew intensively and increased 40 times as much as initially by 1917 thanks to generous private donations, 135 times by 1921 , and 1445 times by now (purchase, exchange, gifts) in addition to the legal deposit granted to the Library on the day of its foundation. •. •. •According to The Federal Law “On Librarianship”(图书馆管理业务) passed on 23 November 1994 the RSL is a national library of Russia. It is the country‘s largest and the world’s second largest depository（储藏室） of national and foreign materials - values of domestic and global culture. It is a major educational and information centre for culture, Russia’s leading research institution in the field of library and book science, bibliography and publishing history issuing 150-200 professional publications a year. Cooperating with the national bibliographic agency - The Russian Book Chamber - RSL is responsible for the retrospective part of the Russian National Bibliogpaphy(书目,文献学)•The Library's first priority is to collect, to retain, and to make available to users, nationally and internationally, a copy of everything published in Russia. The RSL offers a variety of reference, information and lending services. All the items housed by the Library are available for research and reference purposes in its 19 reading rooms giving work place to 2 ths readers simultaneously, serving about 4.5 ths visitors and delivering more than 30 ths items a day. Users have free access to RSL card catalogues, consultations, interlibrary loan, exhibitions. One has to pay for photo- and microcopying, using CD-ROM databases, ordering thematic bibliographic reference lists•With its over 3 ths partners in Russia and abroad the Library remains one of the world‘s leading centres for international book exchange and interlibrary loan. Only severe financial crisis of 1996 temporarily paralysed （使瘫痪、使失去功能）these crucial （关键的）activities being now revitalized（使恢复元气）. The Library actively collaborates with its peers in Russia (first of all with the second national library of Russia in Saint Petersburg) and abroad, as well as with quite a number of adjacent （邻近的毗邻的）institutions and professional organizations, especially to mention IFLA, Russian Library Association, Library Assembley of EuroAsia•According to its new modernization strategy officially adopted in 1996 the Library‘s general mission（使命、任务） is to contribute to the development of science and culture, to the dissemination(传播、宣传) of information, to strengthening mutual understanding between peoples and cultures, to solution of main social, economic and cultural problems to secure prosperity of Russia. Such a formulation endorsed by the State has marked a transition from the deeply rooted ideological（意识形态上的） function to the information and enlightening （有启迪的）one which must mean a fundamental change of mentality and technology. This way is•leaded by The Modernization Program of the Russian State Library developed and being implemented (贯彻、执行)with the assistance of a special international commission of experts represented by UNESCO, Commission of the European Union, The Library of Congress (US), The British Library, La Bibliotheque Nationale de France, Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin "Preussischer Kulturbesitz"(Germany). CollectionsThe stocks of the Library are unique and extremely varied; they comprise 41.7 million items, including 17.6 mln books and serial volumes, 13 mln journals, more than 650 ths newspapers (volumes), 540 ths single manuscripts and volumes, 645 ths other non-published materials, 150 maps, 350 music scores and sound records, about 1.5 mln printed graphics, 1.3 mln single sheet texts, 2.2. mln items of technical documentation, 28 ths audio-visual materials, 3.6 mln items in microfilm, microfiche and machine readable format. The foreign part of the entire collection counts more than 12 mln items (29 per cent). •The RSL collects foreign serials of research interest, European and oriental language books of research, historical and cultural importance wherever and whenever published. In its manuscript collections it focuses on its traditional strengths and coordinates with other state archives. It maintains extensive coverage（广泛的覆盖） of the world's major national newspapers, government publications and official information, scientific conference literature, UN and its specialized agencies publications•The Library collection is arranged as a system of separate stocks serving special categories of users. In such a way it singles out: main stacks, rare books, manuscripts, reference materials, current periodicals, old newspapers, domestic theses, sheet music, sound records, cartographic items, printed graphic, ephemera, military science literature, oriental books, library science literature, Russian emigration literature, classified items, microfilms.The National Library of China 中国国家图书馆•The National Library of China, founded in 1909, is a cultural institution under the Ministry of Culture. Its construction area is 170.000square meters. The National Library of China collects, processes, stores and spreads knowledge and information. Concretely, its tasks are: accept Major duties and tasks: as a national library and China‘s general stack publications （堆刊物）delivered by Chinese press houses, and collect, collate（校对） and store domestic（国内的家务的） and foreign books, magazines, information data and historical documents, making the library into a final base of books and information in China by means of new technologies such as epitome (节录)and computer; •edit and publish national booklists（书目） (including review ones), lists of the United Nations, list of the library storage, cards, micro leaflets （微传单）and disc tapes （圆盘胶带）of unified national booklists, and do the work of the China branch of the ISDS（政府新闻处）making the library into a national booklist center; provide document research and specialized consultants（顾问） for Party and government organizations and readers by means of its storage and information searching technology; exchange scientific research experiences and spread scientific and cultural knowledge by means of book exhibitions and academic lectures; •do document research, release and report its storage and improve the academic level of its work in all aspect; do theoretic and technological research of the library science and publish books on library and in formation sciences, making itself into a national data center of library science; research and apply modern technologies and play the role of center and hub in the construction of China‘s modernization and standardization of libraries and library networks; coordinate work of libraries and serve the development of libraries in the country; carry out provisions（规定） in Sino-foreign （中外）cultural agreements, bear the duty of international book exchanges and borrowing and lending among libraries, strengthen exchanges and cooperation with the international library community and participate in the library information activities of related international organizations; •Establishment of institutions: Under the library, there is department of Chinese books, department of foreign books, department of book purchase, electronics information section, reading section, circulations department of ancient codes and books, rare-book collection department, newspaper, magazine and data department, China National Center of ISDS, technological service department, reference and tutor department(参考和导师部门), automatic development department, document copying department, national epitome(概括，节录) and copy center of library documents, scientific research department, international exchange department, and management and administrative department. In addition, there is also a branch library, an education center and a press house.•Major achievements: The following books: Book Categorizing Method of Chinese Libraries, Major Chinese Words and Property Dictionary of Chinese Characters, and the technology of killing worms by means of freezing have won state- and provincial-level prizes.British library•British Library, national library of Great Britain, located in London; one of the world's great libraries. Long a part of the British Museum, the library collection originated in 1753 when the government purchased the Harleian Library, which belonged to Sir Robert Bruce Cotton, and groups of manuscripts.•The collection grew four years later when George II donated his royal library, and was considerably enlarged with the addition of George III’s library in 1823. It flourished in the 19th cent. under the leadership of Sir Anthony Panizzi. The library remained a part of the museum until 1973 when it was made a separate entity by act of Parliament. The museum complex was famous for its large, copper-domed (铜制的)Round Reading Room, for 140 years (1857-1997) the haunt of an array of scholars, authors, and other luminaries. （大量的出没学者，作者和其他名人）• In 1997 the library was moved to vast new quarters at London‘s King’s Cross. Designed by British architect Colin St. John Wilson, the new library is spacious and multileveled（广阔且多层次）, with four large reading rooms and several exhibition areas. By the beginning of the 21st cent. it housed some 150 million items, including books, magazines, newspapers, manuscripts（原稿）, maps, prints, drawings, musical scores, patents, various kinds of sound recordings, and stamps. •The library also maintains an online catalog. Outstanding works in its collection include a unique （纸草上的古文献） of Aristotle, four original Magna Cartas（基本宪法、大宪章）,Beowulf,the 4th-century Greek Codex Sinaiticus Bible, a Gutenberg Bible, Froissart's Chronicles,the Lindisfarne Gospels, Leonardo da Vinci's notebooks, and the Diamond Sutra (868), probably the oldest surviving printed book.Bibliothèque nationale de france 法国国家图书馆•The Bibliothèque nationale de France (BnF, IPA: [bi. bli. jɔ. Tɛk na .sjɔ.nal də fʁɑ̃s]) is the National Library of France, located in Paris. It is intended to be the repository （贮藏室）of all that is published in France. The current president of the library is Bruno Racine. •The National Library of France is a public establishment under the supervision of the Ministry of Culture. Its mission（使命） is to constitute collections, especially the copies of works published in France that must, by law, be deposited（存放、寄存） there, conserve （保存、保藏）them, and make them available to the public. It produces a reference catalogue, cooperates with other national and international establishments, and participates in research programs. •The National Library of France traces its origin to the royal library founded at the Louvre by Charles V in 1368. It expanded under Louis XIV and opened to the public in 1692. The library’s collections swelled(增强、壮大) to over 300,000 volumes during the radical phase of the French Revolution when the private libraries of aristocrats（贵族派头的人） and clergy （牧师、教士）were seized. After the establishment of the French First Republic in September 1792. Following a series of regime（政权，政治制度） changes in France, it became the Imperial National Library and in 1868 was moved to newly constructed buildings •on the Rue de Richelieu designed by Henri Labrouste. Upon Labrouste‘s death in 1875 the library was further expanded, including the grand staircase（楼梯、楼梯间） and the Oval（卵形的） Room, by academic architect Jean-Louis Pascal. By 1896, the library had become the largest repository （贮藏室）of books in the world, although it has since been surpassed by other libraries for that title.•On 14 July 1988, President François Mitterrand announced the construction and the expansion of one of the largest and most modern libraries in the world, intended to cover all fields of knowledge, and designed to be accessible to all, using the most modern data transfer technologies, which could be consulted from a distance, and which would collaborate（文艺、科学等方面的协作、合作） with other European libraries. Surprisingly, the library does not maintain a wireless network.  •In July 1989, the services of the architectural firm of Dominique Perrault were retained（保留）. The construction was carried out by Bouygues.Construction of the library ran into huge cost overruns and technical difficulties related to its high-rise design, so much so that it is commonly referred to as the “TGB” or “Très Grande Bibliothèque” (i.e. “Very Large Library,” a sarcastic（讽刺的挖苦的） allusion（映射、暗指） to France‘s successful high-speed rail system, the TGV). After the move of the major collections from the rue de Richelieu, the National Library of France was inaugurated(开展、为···举行开幕仪式) on 15 December 1996.It contains more than ten million volumes. •Greek manuscripts•The library holds about 5,000 Greek manuscripts, which are divided into three fonds: Ancien fonds grec, fonds Coislin, and Fonds du Supplément grec.•Gallica（法国蔷薇（法国蔷薇)•Gallic, the digital library for online users, was established in 1997. As of August 2009, Gallica made available on the Web about: 120,000 scanned volumes, 65,000 full-text volumes, 1,000 audio documents, and 110,000 images.Thant’s all•Thank you。