
国际结算全集合课件.ppt
155页International SettlementWangshu国际结算全集合Chapter One IntroductionvConcept vCategory vEvolutionvPlayers and theirs rolesvFactors in payment decisionsvCharacteristics and developing trendvCorrespondent banking relationship国际结算全集合 the financial activities conducted among different countries in which payments are effected or funds are transferred from one country to another in order to settle claims and debts,emerged in the course of political ,economic or cultural contacts among them. Meaning of International Settlement国际结算全集合qNegotiable intsruments(票据票据): bills of exchange, promissory notes, checksqPayment techniques: remittances,collections, letters of credit, bank guarantees, international factoring and forfaitingqDocuments: bills of lading,insurance policies, certificates of origin, etc国际结算全集合•Trade settlement: payments for visible trades•Non-trade settlement: 1、、invisible trade settlement:: payments for services, technology transfer, patents and copyright contracts, etc 2、、financial transaction settlement:: buying and selling of financial assets, overseas money-raising and investing 3、、payments between governments::aids and grants 4、、others: overseas remittances, inheritances, etcCategory of international settlement国际结算全集合•From cash settlement to non-cash settlement•From goods trading to documents trading•From direct payment between traders to payment effected through a financial intermediary safety, high efficiency, low cost, standardization •Electronic settlement SWIFT CHIPS CHAPS FEDWIRE TARGETEvolution of international settlement国际结算全集合 SWIFT(Society for worldwide interbank financial telecommunication)环球同业银行金融电讯协会环球同业银行金融电讯协会 特点特点:标准化标准化;安全可靠安全可靠,自动加核密押自动加核密押;高速度高速度,低费用低费用. 业务分类业务分类:客户汇款客户汇款(customer transfer);银行头寸调拨银行头寸调拨(bank transfer);外汇业务外汇业务(foreign exchange confirmations);托收业务托收业务(collections);证券业务证券业务(securities);贵金属和银团贷款业务贵金属和银团贷款业务(precious metals and syndication);信用证和保函信用证和保函(documentary credits and guarantees);旅行支票旅行支票(travelers cheques);银行帐单处银行帐单处理业务理业务(statements).国际结算全集合•Exporter to get prompt payment; minimize non-payment risks•Importer to receive goods as ordered; pay as late as possible•Financial intermediary to maximize revenues; credit risks associated with financing extended to buyers or sellersPlayers and their roles国际结算全集合 To exporters:v protection against non-payment risks by the importers, such as: commercial risks, financial risks; political risks; risks in control of title to the goods,etc.v convenience; v cost; v commercial competitivenessFactors in the payment decision国际结算全集合1. the scale and scope of international settlement get greater and greater2. International lending and financing is closely combined with international payments3. On the basis of international customs and practice4. International guarantees applied to international settlement5. More diversified vehicle currencies 6. The proportion of commercial credit in international settlement gets bigger7. A much facilitated international banking network connected with electronic telecommunicationCharacteristics and developing trend国际结算全集合•Correspondent bank 代理行代理行 the basis for cooperation of commercial banks all over the world to fulfill international settlement “a bank having direct connection or friendly service relations with another bank.” •Selecting a correspondent bank: reputation and creditworthiness; size and financial status; location; services offered by it; polices and strength of itCorrespondent banking relationship国际结算全集合 The establishment of a correspondent bankØCorrespondent arrangementØControl documents控制文件控制文件Specimen of authorized signatures授权签字样本授权签字样本Telegraphic test key/SWIFT authentic key密押密押Schedule of terms and conditions费率表费率表国际结算全集合Chapter two Negotiable instruments•General introduction•Bill of Exchange/Draft•Promissory Note•Check国际结算全集合•What is a negotiable instrument? •Forms of circulation•Characteristics of negotiable instruments•Functions of negotiable instruments•Parties to a negotiable instrument•Title to a negotiable instrument•Negotiable instrument lawsGeneral introduction 国际结算全集合• in a broad sense, a negotiable instrument refers to any commercial title ownership. •in a narrow sense, a negotiable instrument is a written document that contains an unconditional promise by the drawer to pay the payee or an unconditional order by the drawer to the drawee to pay the payee a fixed amount of money at a definite time meaning of negotiable instruments 国际结算全集合•过户转让(过户转让(assignmentassignment))非流通非流通 特点:书面形式特点:书面形式 转让通知原债务人或登记过户转让通知原债务人或登记过户 受受让人人权利受前手缺陷利受前手缺陷的影响的影响 当事人:转让人、受让人、原始债务人当事人:转让人、受让人、原始债务人•交付转让交付转让( (transfer) transfer) 准流通或半流通准流通或半流通特点:特点:交付背书转让交付背书转让 不通知原债务人不通知原债务人 受让人的权利受前手权利缺陷的影响受让人的权利受前手权利缺陷的影响 当事人:当事人:转让人,受让人转让人,受让人 •流通转让流通转让( (negotiation)negotiation) 完全流通完全流通特点:特点:正当受让人权利优于前手,不受其缺陷的影响正当受让人权利优于前手,不受其缺陷的影响 forms of circulation国际结算全集合举举例例说说明明::甲甲欠欠乙乙100元元而而出出具具以以乙乙为为债债权权人人的的字字据据给给乙乙,,让让其其凭凭字字据据找找丙丙去去取取,,同同时时乙乙原原来来曾曾欠欠丙丙30元元未未还还,,随随后后乙乙将将此此字字据据又又转转让让给给丁丁。
问问丁丁能能否否从从丙丙处处获得全额款项?获得全额款项?如如是是字字据据,,按按民民法法原原则则,,丙丙可可采采取取将将其其对对乙乙的的30元元债债权转让给丁的办法来冲抵而只需付权转让给丁的办法来冲抵而只需付70如如是是票票据据,,按按票票据据法法原原则则,,必必须须全全额额付付款款,,而而不不能能用用乙的权利缺陷来对抗丁的正当票据权利乙的权利缺陷来对抗丁的正当票据权利国际结算全集合•Negotiability•Non-causative•Requisite in form•Literally determined content•Presenting for payment Characteristics of negotiable instruments国际结算全集合案例分析案例分析 19971997年年8 8月,某市月,某市A A公司与新加坡公司与新加坡B B商签订了一份进口胶合板的合同合同总金商签订了一份进口胶合板的合同合同总金额为额为700700万美元,支付方式为付款交单,允许分批装运第一批价值为万美元,支付方式为付款交单,允许分批装运第一批价值为6060万美元的万美元的胶合板准时到货,质量良好,对双方合作很满意。
就在第二批交货期来临之际,胶合板准时到货,质量良好,对双方合作很满意就在第二批交货期来临之际,B B商向商向A A公司提出:鉴于贵公司资金周转困难,为了帮助贵方,我方允许贵公司采取公司提出:鉴于贵公司资金周转困难,为了帮助贵方,我方允许贵公司采取远期付款远期付款 贵公司作为买方,可以给我方开出一张见票后一年付款贵公司作为买方,可以给我方开出一张见票后一年付款700700万美元的汇万美元的汇票,请中国人民建设银行某市分行承兑承兑后,我方保证将票,请中国人民建设银行某市分行承兑承兑后,我方保证将700700万美元的胶合板万美元的胶合板在一年内交货贵方全部收货后,再付给我方在一年内交货贵方全部收货后,再付给我方700700万美元的货款万美元的货款A A公司以为现在不公司以为现在不付款,只开张远期票据就可得到货物在国内市场销售,于是欣然接受了付款,只开张远期票据就可得到货物在国内市场销售,于是欣然接受了B B商的建议,商的建议,给给B B商签发了一张见票后一年付款商签发了一张见票后一年付款700700万美元的汇票但万美元的汇票但A A公司始料不及的是,公司始料不及的是,B B商将商将这张承兑了的远期票据在新加坡的美国银行贴现这张承兑了的远期票据在新加坡的美国银行贴现600600万美元。
从此却一张胶合板都万美元从此却一张胶合板都不交给不交给A A公司事实上,公司事实上,B B商将这笔巨款骗到手后便无影无踪了商将这笔巨款骗到手后便无影无踪了 一年后,新加坡的美国银行持这张承兑了的远期票据请建行某市分行付款尽 一年后,新加坡的美国银行持这张承兑了的远期票据请建行某市分行付款尽管管B B商没有交货,某市分行却不得以此为理由拒绝向善意持票人美国银行支付票据商没有交货,某市分行却不得以此为理由拒绝向善意持票人美国银行支付票据金额最后,由于本案金额巨大,报请国务院批准,由建行某市分行付给美国银行金额最后,由于本案金额巨大,报请国务院批准,由建行某市分行付给美国银行600600万美元而结案万美元而结案国际结算全集合•对于这张远期票据,对于这张远期票据,A A公司为出票人,公司为出票人,B B商为收款人,建行某市分商为收款人,建行某市分行为付款人行为付款人A A公司与公司与B B商之间的胶合板买卖合同是该票据的原因商之间的胶合板买卖合同是该票据的原因关系,使得关系,使得A A公司愿意向公司愿意向B B商开立这张汇票商开立这张汇票A A公司曾经向建行某市公司曾经向建行某市分行提供了资金,它们之间的这种资金关系使得建行某市分行愿分行提供了资金,它们之间的这种资金关系使得建行某市分行愿意向意向A A公司提供信用,承兑了这张远期汇票。
美国银行与公司提供信用,承兑了这张远期汇票美国银行与B B商之间商之间有对价关系,美国银行善意地付了有对价关系,美国银行善意地付了600600万美元的对价而受让,从而万美元的对价而受让,从而成为这张汇票的善意持票人但票据的最大特点就是,票据法律成为这张汇票的善意持票人但票据的最大特点就是,票据法律关系一经形成,即与基础关系相分离票据基础关系的存在和有关系一经形成,即与基础关系相分离票据基础关系的存在和有效与否并不对善意持票人的票据权利而产生影响所以,效与否并不对善意持票人的票据权利而产生影响所以,B B商实际商实际上没有交货,或者上没有交货,或者A A公司并没有足够的美元存在建行,都不影响美公司并没有足够的美元存在建行,都不影响美国银行对承兑人的付款请求权对美国银行来说,这张票据上并国银行对承兑人的付款请求权对美国银行来说,这张票据上并没有写胶合板,只有一句话:没有写胶合板,只有一句话:““见票后一年付见票后一年付700700万美元万美元””票据法律关系应依票据法的规定加以解决,票据基础关系则应以民法法律关系应依票据法的规定加以解决,票据基础关系则应以民法规定加以解决规定加以解决B B商正是利用了票据的特性才行骗得逞的。
商正是利用了票据的特性才行骗得逞的国际结算全集合举例:举例:甲交给乙一张经付款银行承兑的期票,作为甲交给乙一张经付款银行承兑的期票,作为向乙订货的预付款,乙在票据上背书后转让给丙以向乙订货的预付款,乙在票据上背书后转让给丙以偿还原欠丙的借款,丙于到期日向承兑银行提示取偿还原欠丙的借款,丙于到期日向承兑银行提示取款,恰遇当地法院公告该行于当天起进行破产清理,款,恰遇当地法院公告该行于当天起进行破产清理,因而被退票丙随即向甲追索,甲以乙所交货物质因而被退票丙随即向甲追索,甲以乙所交货物质次为由予以拒绝,并称已于次为由予以拒绝,并称已于10天前通知银行止付,天前通知银行止付,止付通知及止付理由也已通知了乙在此情况下丙止付通知及止付理由也已通知了乙在此情况下丙再向乙追索乙以票据系甲开立为由推诿不理丙再向乙追索乙以票据系甲开立为由推诿不理丙遂向法院起诉,被告为甲、乙与银行三方你认为遂向法院起诉,被告为甲、乙与银行三方你认为法院将如何判决?法院将如何判决? 甲、乙的拒付理由不成立,银行已破产清理,只需甲、乙的拒付理由不成立,银行已破产清理,只需向甲、乙追索即可向甲、乙追索即可 国际结算全集合•支付工具支付工具payment instrument•流通工具流通工具transferable instrument•信用工具信用工具credit instrument•融资工具融资工具financing instrument Functions of negotiable instrument国际结算全集合•出票人出票人drawer •付款人付款人payer/drawee •收款人收款人payee •背书人背书人endorser •承兑人承兑人acceptor •持票人持票人holder Parties to a negotiable instrument国际结算全集合正当持票人正当持票人/善意的持票人(善意的持票人(holder in due course/bona fide holder):):ØThe instrument should be complete and regular on its face;ØThe instrument is before maturity and the holder did not notice its previous dishonor, if any;ØThe holder took it in good faith and for value;ØThe holder did not notice any infirmity in the instrument or defect in the title of the person negotiating it付对价持票人付对价持票人holder for value :a person who possesses an instrument for which value has been given by himself or by some other person prior to him in forms of money, goods,or services.国际结算全集合ACDEBDrew a draft on BEndorsed and lost itPicked it up and transferred it to E for valueAccepted the draftFGave it as a present国际结算全集合§Claim for payment(第一次请求权,主权利第一次请求权,主权利)§Recourse (第二次请求权第二次请求权)§Only when the claim of holder for payment can’t be satisfied, can recourse right be effected. Titles to a negotiable instrument国际结算全集合•British law UK Bills of Exchange Act of 1882 US Uniform Commercial Code of 1962, Article 3•French and German law•Uniform law for Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes of Geneva of 1930 •Convention Providing a Uniform Law for International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes and Convention Providing a Uniform law for International Checks United Nations 1988•Negotiable Instrument Law of People’s Republic of China Negotiable instrument laws国际结算全集合•Concept •Essential items required in a bill of exchange•Acts relating to a bill of exchange •Classification of bills of exchange •Practice of bills of exchange Bill of exchange国际结算全集合•section 3, bill of exchange act, 1882,UK A Bill of exchange is an unconditional order in writing, addressed by one person to another, signed by the person giving it, requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time a sum certain in money to or the order of a specified person or to bearer. definition国际结算全集合v汇票是由一个人(汇票是由一个人(drawer))v向另一个人签发的向另一个人签发的(drawee)/受票人受票人v无条件的无条件的unconditonalv书面命令书面命令order in writingv要要求求其其在在见见票票时时或或在在未未来来某某一一规规定定的的或或可可以以确确定定的的时间时间(tenor)v将一定金额的款项支付给某一特定的人或指定的人,将一定金额的款项支付给某一特定的人或指定的人,或持票人或持票人(payee) 国际结算全集合•Absolutely necessary items•Relatively necessary items•Items at willEssential items required in a bill of exchange国际结算全集合国际结算全集合国际结算全集合国际结算全集合国际结算全集合•出票(出票(Issue))•背书(背书(Endorsement))•提示(提示(Presentation))•承兑(承兑(Acceptance))•保证(保证(Guarantee or Aval))•付款(付款(Payment))•拒付(拒付(Dishonor))•追索(追索(Recourse))•参加承兑和参加付款参加承兑和参加付款((Acceptance/Payment for honor)Acts relating to a bill of exchange国际结算全集合国际结算全集合•According to the drawer: Banker’s draft and trader’s draft•According to the acceptor: Banker’s acceptance and trader’s acceptance•According to the tenor Demand draft/sight draft and time/usance draft•According to whether commercial documents are attached thereto Clean draft and documentary draftClassification of bills of exchange国际结算全集合•Discounting of a bill of exchange•Accommodation bill融通汇票融通汇票Practice of bills of exchange国际结算全集合•Discounting is to sell a time bill already accepted by the drawee but not yet fallen due to a financial institution at a price less than its face value.•Calculating formula:: D=Vххtххd/360 N= V- D D:discount interest V:face value t:tenor d:discounting rate(n% p.a.) N:net proceeds• Creditworthiness:ØStanding of the drawer and the accepterØDrawn clause showing the reason for issuing the draft Discounting of bills of exchange国际结算全集合 被融通人开出融通汇票,没有付给对价,要被融通人开出融通汇票,没有付给对价,要求融通人(高资信的非债务人)承兑汇票(提高求融通人(高资信的非债务人)承兑汇票(提高汇票的信用身价以便贴现),再交给贴现人予以汇票的信用身价以便贴现),再交给贴现人予以贴现,获得票款;等到汇票到期日前,被融通人贴现,获得票款;等到汇票到期日前,被融通人应把足额票款交给承兑人,此时贴现人向承兑人应把足额票款交给承兑人,此时贴现人向承兑人提示要求付款,承兑人使用被融通人交来资金付提示要求付款,承兑人使用被融通人交来资金付款给贴现人,结清这笔融资业务。
款给贴现人,结清这笔融资业务Accommodation bill国际结算全集合图示图示 伦敦出口公司向墨尔本一家公司出口货款为伦敦出口公司向墨尔本一家公司出口货款为6600英镑,由出英镑,由出口商开出远期汇票,出票后口商开出远期汇票,出票后60天付款伦巴第银行为伦敦某承兑公天付款伦巴第银行为伦敦某承兑公司国际结算全集合•1.The issue of a draft A draft for USD 100,000.00 is drawn by The American Exporter Co.,Ltd, Tampa, Florida, U.S.A on the French Issuing Bank, Paris, France payable at 60 days after sight to the order of ourselves dated 15 May., 2006 marked “Drawn under The French Issuing Bank,Paris, France L/C No.12345 dated 25 Feb., 2006.”•2.A draft indicates that “at 10 days from 11 may, 2006 pay to the order of A company…”, the maturity of the draft falls on ______•3.A draft is partly shown as follows: exchange for GBP12,500.00 New York, 23 May 2006 at 60 days after B/L date 23/ May/2006 pay to the order of ourselves the sum of US dollars one thousand only.Suppose the accepted draft was discounted on 23 may, 2006 by the collecting bank, Bank of Asia, London at the rate of 9% per annum. Please calculate discount amount and net proceeds. Exercises国际结算全集合1.Exchange forUSD100,000.00 Tempa, 15 May,2006 2. At 60 days after sight pay to the order of Ourselves the sum of US dollars one hundred thousand only. 3. “Drawn under The French Issuing Bank, Paris, France L/C No.12345 dated 25 Feb., 2006” 4. To The French Issuing Bank. For The American Exporter Co.,5. Paris Ltd , Tempa 6. signature7. 2. When ISBP does not put into force, the maturity falls on 20 May,20068. when ISBP puts into force, the maturity falls on 21May,20063.Discount amount:12500**60/365 **9/100=184.934. Net Proceeds=12500-184.93国际结算全集合•What is a promissory note•Essential items of a promissory note•The difference between a bill and a note•Types of notesPromissory note 国际结算全集合•本票是出票人签发的,承诺自己在见票时无条件支付确定的金额本票是出票人签发的,承诺自己在见票时无条件支付确定的金额给收款人或持票人的票据。
给收款人或持票人的票据 •UK Bills of Exchange Act of 1882, Article 83 A promissory note is an unconditional promise in writing made by one person to another, signed by the maker, engaging to pay on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time a sum certain in money to or to the order of a specified person or to bearer. •Uniform Law for Bills of Exchange and Promissory notes of Geneva of 1930 Meaning of Promissory note 国际结算全集合•The word “promissory note”•An unconditional promise to pay•Name of the payee•Signature of the maker•Place and date of issue•Tenor•A sum certain in money•Place of paymentEssential items of a promissory note 国际结算全集合国际结算全集合国际结算全集合•An order to pay & a promise to pay•Basic parties involved:three-party instrument &two-party instrument •Forms :in a set& one copy•Acts involved: for a promissory note, never accepted•Main obligor: for a draft, the drawer is primarily liable for payment before acceptance, but after acceptance the acceptor becomes primarily liable for payment. for a promissory note, maker is always primarily liable for payment.•When dishonor, protest is needed for foreign bill but not for promissory note. difference between a bill and a note国际结算全集合•Trader’s notes•Banker’s notes•国际小额本票(国际小额本票(International Money Order))• 旅行支票(旅行支票(Traveller’s Cheque))•中央银行本票(中央银行本票(Central Banker's Notes))•Negotiable certificates of deposit •Various bondsTypes 国际结算全集合•Concept and essential items•Difference between a bill and a cheque•Types Cheques 国际结算全集合• 出票人签发的,委托办理支票存款业务的银行或其他出票人签发的,委托办理支票存款业务的银行或其他金融机构在见票时无条件支付确定金额给持票人或收款人金融机构在见票时无条件支付确定金额给持票人或收款人的票据。
的票据 A check is a bill of exchange drawn on a bank payable on demand; A check is an unconditional order in writing, signed by the person giving it, requiring the bank to whom it is addressed to pay on demand a sum certain in money to, or to the order of , a specified person or to bearer. Concept and essential items国际结算全集合国际结算全集合国际结算全集合国际结算全集合•Check-payment instrument&bill-payment and credit instrument•Acts:certified and crossed•Limitations on the drawer and drawee: for a check, the drawee must be the bank with which the drawer opens a checking account•A check can be cancelled before payment while for a bill, the payment is irrevocable after acceptance•in a set& one copy Difference between a bill and a cheque国际结算全集合•划线支票(划线支票(crossed check):a crossing is in effect an instruction by the drawer or holder to the paying bank to pay the fund to bank only instead of over the counter of the paying bank. 现金支票现金支票(open check) • 保付支票(保付支票(certified check)Types 国际结算全集合vA check is certified by the drawee bank. Once a check is certified by the drawee bank, all other obligors on the check will be discharged of the liability of the payment. v保付保付&保证保证::1)保付只是支票的行为,保证是三种票据的共同行为保付只是支票的行为,保证是三种票据的共同行为2)保付只能由支票的付款人作出,保证人则可是除票据债务人以外保付只能由支票的付款人作出,保证人则可是除票据债务人以外的任何人的任何人3)3)保付人成为绝对的债务人,出票人和背书人的责任便免除,保证保付人成为绝对的债务人,出票人和背书人的责任便免除,保证人和被保证人都是汇票的债务人人和被保证人都是汇票的债务人4)4)全额保付全额保付5)5)支票保付人向持票人支付了支票金额,票据关系消灭,保证人支支票保付人向持票人支付了支票金额,票据关系消灭,保证人支付后,还可向被保证人和其前手追索付后,还可向被保证人和其前手追索Certified checks国际结算全集合vThe word “exchange”vAn unconditional order to pay vA fixed amount of moneyvName of the payee 1)1)限限制制性性((Restricted Restricted OrderOrder)) 不不能能流流通通转转让让, ,只只有有汇汇票票上上指指定的收款人才能接受票款定的收款人才能接受票款 e.g.pay to ***only;not e.g.pay to ***only;not tranferrabletranferrable 2)2)指示性指示性((Demonstrative OrderDemonstrative Order)) 可经背书转让可经背书转让 pay to the order of ***/pay to *** (or order) pay to the order of ***/pay to *** (or order) 3)3)来人抬头(我国不允许)来人抬头(我国不允许)pay to bearerpay to bearerAbsolutely necessary items(一)国际结算全集合vDate of issue to determine the expiry date and paying date; make sure whether the drawer has disposing capacity vName of drawee vThe signature of the drawer without the signature of the drawer or forged signature makesan instrument invalid.(二)Absolutely necessary items(二)国际结算全集合vPlace of issue vPlace of payment vTenor §即期付款即期付款(pay on demand/at sight) §远期付款:出票后定期远期付款:出票后定期certain days after date 见票后定期见票后定期certain days after sight 定日付款定日付款fixed date 提单日后定日付款提单日后定日付款certain days after B/L Calculating the due date of a bill 严严格格按按照照汇汇票票的的文文义义推推算算,,月月为为日日历历月月,,半半15天天,,如如遇遇节节假假日日则则顺顺延延 at 30 days after date; at 60 days from ***Relatively necessary items国际结算全集合Ø利息、利率及汇率利息、利率及汇率((interest ,,interest and exchange rate))Ø提示期限(提示期限(Limit of time for presentation))Ø出票依据(出票依据(Drawn Clause))Ø免作退票通知或放弃拒绝证书(免作退票通知或放弃拒绝证书(Notice of Dishonor Excused or Protest Waived)) Ø付一不付二付一不付二Ø预备付款人(预备付款人(Referee in case of need))Items at will国际结算全集合Comprises : 1 1))to draw and sign a bill; 2 2))to deliver it to the payee According to the negotiable instrument law::•The bill should be complete in form stipulated by the negotiable instrument law in the place of issue;;•By drawing a bill,the drawer engages that on due presentment the bill will be accepted and paid and that, if dishonored, he will compensate the holder。
Issue payeepayerdrawer国际结算全集合•The payee or holder signs on the back of the bill and delivers it to the endorseeEndorsementNotes:ØA valid endorsement should be an endorsement of the entire bill;ØBy endorsing an instrument,the endorser guarantee that on due presentment the bill shall be accepted and paid as specified.国际结算全集合Types ::1) Special endorsement 记名背书记名背书/特别背书特别背书/正式背书正式背书/完全背完全背书书 Pay to the order of ABC Co., signed2) Blank endorsement 空白背书空白背书 3) Restrictive endorsement 限制性背书限制性背书 Pay to A only/not transferable/not negotiable/pay to A bank for account of B Co.4) Endorsement for collection 委托取款背书(托收背书)委托取款背书(托收背书) 5) Endorsement for pledge质押背书质押背书国际结算全集合 endorseeendorser date AFirst endorsement C BSecond endorsement CThird endorsement E DFourth endorsement国际结算全集合•The drawee sign on the face of bill, and deliver it to the person presenting for acceptance, by which the drawee shows his assent to the order of drawer•Forms :: the word “accepted”;date;signature of the drawee•Types :: general acceptance: without any qualification qualified acceptance: 1)a conditional acceptance(refuse to accept) e.g. accepted payable providing goods in order; accepted payable at some place(local acceptance);payable at a longer time after date 2)partial acceptanceAcceptance国际结算全集合 •This act is usually performed by a third party called guarantor, who engages to pay on presentment for a sight bill and accept and pay at maturity for a time bill.Guarantee Notes: 1 1))the guarantor stands for a debtor such as drawer, endorser,or acceptor and assumes his indebtedness to the holder2))when the guarantor is compelled to pay, his right of recourse arises against the guaranteed and all the prior parties of the guaranteed.国际结算全集合•In the event of a draft being dishonored, the holder in due course can sue every person who signed the draft prior to him. •Qualifications to exert and preserve the right of recourse:vCompleteness in form of the draftvPresenting for acceptance and payment on the due timevNotice of dishonor拒付通知拒付通知 When dishonored by non-payment or non-acceptance, the holder must give notice to all the parties who remain liable that the draft has been dishonored to preserve their liabilities on the draft.vProtest拒绝证书拒绝证书 A written statement certified by a notary public or other authorized person for the purpose of giving evidence that a bill has been presented for acceptance or for payment but dishonored. 图示图示Recourse 国际结算全集合拒绝证书(拒绝证书(Certificate of Protest):):是在拒付地点证明拒付事是在拒付地点证明拒付事实的要式公证书。
我国则是规定拒绝证明及其等效形式实的要式公证书我国则是规定拒绝证明及其等效形式有:有:§ 承兑人或付款人出具的拒绝承兑书、拒绝付款书及退票承兑人或付款人出具的拒绝承兑书、拒绝付款书及退票理由书;理由书;§ 承兑人、付款人或代理付款银行直接在汇票上记载提示承兑人、付款人或代理付款银行直接在汇票上记载提示日期、拒绝事由及拒绝日期并盖章;日期、拒绝事由及拒绝日期并盖章;§ 承兑人或付款人死亡、逃匿的有关证明(如死亡证明、承兑人或付款人死亡、逃匿的有关证明(如死亡证明、失踪证明等);失踪证明等);§ 人民法院的有关司法文书(如破产裁定书);有关行政人民法院的有关司法文书(如破产裁定书);有关行政主管部门的处罚决定主管部门的处罚决定Protest 国际结算全集合国际结算全集合Acceptance for honor When a draft has been protested for non-acceptance, any person not being a party already liable on the draft may,with the consent of the holder, by writing on the bill, accept the bill for the honor of any party to the draft. Payment for honor When a draft has been protested for non-payment, a party not liable on the draft may intervene and pay it for the honor of a party liable on the draft or even the drawer. any person can act as a payer for honor without the consent of the holder. Acceptance/payment for honor国际结算全集合Chapter three Remittance•International exchange国际汇兑国际汇兑•Reimbursement of remittance cover汇汇款头寸的偿付款头寸的偿付•The concept of remittance•Parties of remittance•Methods and procedures of remittance•Application of remittance 国际结算全集合• International exchange refers to operational activities related with the currency conversion and transfer of funds between countries in order to settle the claims and debts by payment instruments through banks. In broad sense--the international settlement In narrow sense--international bank remittance•Types: International exchangepayerpayeeBank ABank BpayerpayeeBank ABank BcontractcontractRemittance:Reverse remittance:国际结算全集合•If the paying bank maintains a current account with the remitting bank(1) or the remitting bank has a a/c with the paying bank(2) Reimbursement of remittance cover Remitting bankPaying bankVostro a/c(1)in cover,we have credited you’re a/c with usNostro a/c(2)in cover,please debit our a/c with you If there is no vostro or nostro account with each other,but the remitting bank can find a third bank,with which both the paying bank and the remitting bank maintain current account. Remitting bankPaying bank Reimbursing bank AIn cover, we have authorized A to debit our a/c and credit your a/c with them debit our a/c and credit paying bank a/c with you Credit advice 国际结算全集合Exercises: please write “cover instruction” for each remittance below.a.The paying bank has maintained an USD account with the remitting bank. Suppose an outward remittance in USD is made, how do you write “cover instruction” for this remittance?b. In cover, we have credited your account with usb.Both remitting bank and paying bank have maintained USD account with XYZ Bank, New York. Suppose an outward in USD is made, then “cover instruction” ?c. In cover, we have authorized XYZ Bank, New York to debit our account and credit your account with them国际结算全集合• A bank, at request of its customer, transfer a certain sum of money to its overseas branch or correspondent bank, instructing it to pay a named person domiciled in that country.•Based on commercial credit the concept of remittancepayeeremitterPaying bankRemitting bank②② instructiongoods①①Application③③ paying国际结算全集合•汇款人(汇款人(remitter/importer)): ØRemittance applicationØSubmit the same amount of funds and commissionØFor our country, submit documents required by SAFE •收款人或受益人(收款人或受益人(payee/exporter))•汇出行汇出行(remitting bank)::Ø payment order/P.O. (支付授权书(支付授权书)should be made out as instructed in the application and indicate the reimbursement of remittance cover ; Ø outward remittance •汇入行或解付行(汇入行或解付行(paying bank):):Ø paying in strict compliance with the P.O. and authenticate the relevant signature or test key ;Ø usually paying after its receipt of the funds from the remitting bank;Ø clean payment;Ø inward remittanceparties and their obligations国际结算全集合 Based on the means of transferring funds,•电汇(电汇(telegraphic transfer, T/T)) the remitting bank sends the P.O. to the paying bank by cable, telex, or SWIFT, authorizing the paying bank to make payment to the payee. fast ; safe ; limited time for banks to keep the funds the contents of T/T•信汇(信汇(mail transfer,,M/T)) the remitting bank transfers the funds by mailing a P.O. cheap but slow procedures for M/T and T/T •票汇票汇((remittance by banker’s demand draft, D/D)) On the request of the remitter, the remitting bank draws a demand draft on its overseas branch or correspondent bank ordering the latter to pay on demand to the payee upon presentation. convenient and transferable draft on center中心汇票中心汇票 procedures for D/DMethods and procedures of remittance国际结算全集合FM:汇出行汇出行TO:汇入行汇入行DATE:发电日期发电日期TEST密押密押OUR REF NO.汇款编号汇款编号NO CHARGES FOR US 我行不负担费用我行不负担费用PAY(AMT) 金额金额VALUE (DATE)起息日起息日 TO(BENEFICIARY)收款人收款人MESSAGE附言附言ORDER/BY ORDER OF (B/O)汇款人汇款人COVER头寸拨付头寸拨付The contents of T/T收款人:收款人:PAY TO BANK (收款人的帐户行)(收款人的帐户行)FOR CREDITING A/C NO. OF 收款人收款人 国际结算全集合Remitting bank: bank of Asia, TianjinPaying bank::bank of Asia, LuxemburgDate of cable: 9 June Test:2563Ref No.208TT0219Amount:USD 1,660.00Payee:Marie Clauda Dumont,Luxemburg account No.0-164/7295/550 with Banque International du LuxemburgMessage:payrollRemitter:Crystal Palace Hotel,TianjinCover:Debit our H.O. accountFM: bank of Asia, Tianjin TO: bank of Asia, LuxemburgDATE: 9 June TEST 2563 OUR REF208TT0219NO ANY CHARGES FOR USPAY USD 1,660.00TO Banque International du LuxemburgFOR CREDITING A/C NO. 0-164/7295/550 OF Marie Clauda Dumont,LuxemburgMESSAGE payrollORDER Crystal Palace Hotel,TianjinCOVER Debit our H.O. account国际结算全集合payeeremitterPaying bankRemitting bank(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(1)Remittance application with funds and commission;(2)receipt(3)sends P.O. /telex/SWIFT instructing paying bank to make payment (4)after authenticating, notifies the payee (5)upon receipt, the payee provides the paying bank a receipt(6)the paying bank debited the remitting bank’s a/c and make payment(7)sends the debit advice and payment receipt from payee to the remitting bank(8)the debt is discharged(8)国际结算全集合remitterpayeeRemitting bankPaying bank1) D/D application2)Bank demand draft3)bank demand draft4)Presenting 5)payment6)Debit adviceCollecting bank国际结算全集合•银行开出的以票面货币清算中心城市的银行为付款行银行开出的以票面货币清算中心城市的银行为付款行的汇票。
的汇票•出票行:汇出行出票行:汇出行 付款行:清算中心的代理行付款行:清算中心的代理行•特点:特点: 购票人将中心汇票交收款人,收款人可委托当地银行购票人将中心汇票交收款人,收款人可委托当地银行托收或买入,还可转让托收或买入,还可转让 汇出行不寄票根,不拨头寸,当中心汇票提交付款行汇出行不寄票根,不拨头寸,当中心汇票提交付款行时,借记出票行的帐户以付款并向其寄送借记报单时,借记出票行的帐户以付款并向其寄送借记报单从出票到付款前不占用出票行的资金从出票到付款前不占用出票行的资金 Draft on center国际结算全集合•According to the time of shipment and of payment :Ø预付货款预付货款(payment in advance) :pay at the time of order(cash with order) or prior to shipment of the goods, commonly used in specialized and capital intensive goods.Ø货到付款(货到付款(payment after arrival of goods :also called open account, say, cash on delivery/交货付现。
交货付现 goods sold(售定)(售定) sold on consignment(寄售)(寄售)Ø凭单付汇凭单付汇(remittance against documents) •Characteristics of remittanceØriskyØUnbalanced capital burdenØSimple procedures and cost-efficient Application of remittance国际结算全集合 出口合同规定的支付条款为装运月前出口合同规定的支付条款为装运月前1515天电汇付款,买方天电汇付款,买方延至装运中始从邮局寄来银行汇票一纸,为保证按期交货,出口延至装运中始从邮局寄来银行汇票一纸,为保证按期交货,出口企业于收到该汇票次日即将货物托运,同时委托银行代收票款企业于收到该汇票次日即将货物托运,同时委托银行代收票款一个月后,接银行通知,因该汇票系伪造,已被退票此时,货一个月后,接银行通知,因该汇票系伪造,已被退票此时,货已抵达目的港,并已被买方凭出口企业自行寄去的单据提走事已抵达目的港,并已被买方凭出口企业自行寄去的单据提走。
事后追偿,对方早已人去楼空后追偿,对方早已人去楼空 结论:结论:1 1、、进口方改变了付款方式进口方改变了付款方式 2 2、收到汇票并不等于收到钱,当企业无法辨别其真伪时,、收到汇票并不等于收到钱,当企业无法辨别其真伪时,应交银行代为审核应交银行代为审核 Case study国际结算全集合•委托人委托人 principal--seller(drawer) collection application•托收行托收行 remitting bank/寄单行寄单行 collection instruction •代收行代收行 collecting bank •提示行提示行 presenting bank •付款人付款人 payer - buyer (drawee) •需要时的代理需要时的代理 principal’s representative in case of need Basic parties to a collection国际结算全集合Chapter five Letter of credit•The concept and characteristics of a L/C•Contents of a L/C•Parties to a L/C•Procedures of a documentary credit operation•Types of credit•Examination of a L/C国际结算全集合• A L/c is a written undertaking by the issuing bank to the beneficiary, under which the bank will pay a sum certain in money to the beneficiary if the beneficiary of the L/C provides the bank with specified documents within a prescribed time period, which all comply with the terms and conditions of the credit.The concept of a L/C国际结算全集合UCP500 Art.2 an arrangement, however named or described, whereby a bank(the issuing bank) acting at the request and on the instructions of a customer (the applicant) or on its own behalf, 1)is to make a payment to the order of a third party(the beneficiary), or is to accept and pay bills of exchange(drawn by the beneficiary); or 2)authorizes another bank to effect such payment, or to accept and pay such bills of exchange; or 3) authorizes another bank to negotiate, against stipulated documents, provided that the terms and conditions of the credit are complied with.国际结算全集合•A written undertaking on the part of the issuing bank•Independent of the sales contract•Exclusively dealing with documents•High level of protection and security to both buyers and sellers•Abide byUCP500, Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, ICC Publication No.500 1929/74,,1933/82,,1951/151,,1962/222,,1974/290,,1983/400,,1993/500, 2006/600 全文共全文共4949条,包括:总则与定义、信用证的格式与通条,包括:总则与定义、信用证的格式与通知、责任与义务、单据、杂项规定、可转让信用证和知、责任与义务、单据、杂项规定、可转让信用证和款项让渡七个部分。
款项让渡七个部分Characteristics of a L/C国际结算全集合•the ICC Banking Commission on 25 October, 2006 approved UCP 600, and it enters into force on July 1, 2007 and contains substantive changes to the existing rules •New ProvisionsØa leaner set of rules, with 39 articles rather than 49 articles of UCP 500; Øa new section of “Definitions,” containing terms such as “honour” and “negotiation”; Øa replacement of the term “reasonable time” with a definite number of days for examining and determining compliance of documents; Øa new provision concerning addresses of the beneficiary and the applicant; Øan expanded discussion of “original documents”; Øre-drafted transport articles aimed at resolving confusion over the identification of carriers and agents. ØThe new UCP 600 also contains within the text the 12 Articles of the eUCP, ICC’s supplement to the UCP governing presentation of documents in electronic or part-electronic form.UCP 600 2007 Revision 国际结算全集合Contents of a L/C•Items on the credit itself•Basic parties•Items on draft•Settlement conditions兑付的方式兑付的方式•Items on goods,shipping documents , transport and insurance•L/C amount and currency•Additional conditions•Reimbursement of the paying, accepting and negotiating bank•The notation of the credit subject to UCP500国际结算全集合•开证申请人(开证申请人(Applicant/buyer))Ø Liable for payment to the issuing bank provided no discrepancy between documents and the credit;Ø right to examine the documents and refuse payment;Ø any requirement of the applicant should be satisfied by certain documents and clearly indicated when making credit application ØIssuing application form•开证行(开证行(Issuing bank/the buyer’s bank)) By issuing a credit the issuing bank undertakes full responsibility for paymentParties to a L/C国际结算全集合受益人(受益人(Beneficiary/seller)) The right to examine a credit upon receipt of it according to the sales contract; whether be paid or not solely depends on the fulfillment of terms and conditions of the credit.applicantbeneficiaryissuing bankSales contractapplicantL/C通知行(通知行(Advising bank)) Accurately transmit the terms of credit and check the apparent authenticity of the credit国际结算全集合保兑行(保兑行(Confirming bank))ØUndertake the same obligations assumed by the issuing bank;ØResponsible for a credit independently and pay without recourse议付行(议付行(Negotiating bank))ØIn a negotiation credit, purchases the drafts and documents;ØWhen dishonored by the issuing bank, it has the right of recourse to the beneficiary;ØObtain the reimbursement from the issuing bank付款行(付款行(Paying/accepting bank))ØDesignated by issuing bank to effect payment or acceptance, in most cases to be the advising bank;ØOnce it has made payment to the beneficiary, it will lose the right of recourse to the beneficiary;ØEntitled to obtain reimbursement from the issuing bankClaim-ing bank国际结算全集合偿付行(偿付行(Reimbursing bank)) A bank named in credit from which the paying bank, accepting bank or negotiating bank may request cover after paying or negotiating the documents. the reimbursing bank shall not examine the documents国际结算全集合开证申请书开证申请书 是申请人对开证行详尽的开证指示,有两部分即是申请人对开证行详尽的开证指示,有两部分即对开证行的开证申请和对开证行的声明和保证。
对开证行的开证申请和对开证行的声明和保证§申明赎单付款前货物所有权归银行;申明赎单付款前货物所有权归银行;§开证行及其代理行只付单据表面是否合格之责;开证行及其代理行只付单据表面是否合格之责;§开证行对单据传递中的差错不负责;开证行对单据传递中的差错不负责;§“不可抗力不可抗力”不负责;不负责;§保证到期付款赎单;保证到期付款赎单;§保证支付各项费用;保证支付各项费用;§开证行有权随时追加押金开证行有权随时追加押金国际结算全集合Procedures of a L/CSeller/beneficiaryBuyer/applicantAdvising bankdesignated bankIssuing bankShipping company1)contract2)application and cash deposits3)opens a L/C4)advise L/c5)examine and prepare documents6)payment5)7)Forwards documents and claiming reimbursement8)examine documents and ask the buyer to redeem 9)pick up goods国际结算全集合进口人申请开证:选择开证行,谈妥保证金比例,填写开证申请书,进口人申请开证:选择开证行,谈妥保证金比例,填写开证申请书,备妥有关文件;备妥有关文件;开证行开立开证行开立L/C,,并交通知行:开证行审核申请人、业务的贸易背并交通知行:开证行审核申请人、业务的贸易背景和开证申请书,选择开证方式,选择通知行;景和开证申请书,选择开证方式,选择通知行;通知行通知受益人:核验通知行通知受益人:核验L/C真伪,审核信用证(完整性、政策性真伪,审核信用证(完整性、政策性条款、可否撤销、是否生效、索汇路线和方式、信用证责任条款、费条款、可否撤销、是否生效、索汇路线和方式、信用证责任条款、费用问题等)缮制通知面函;用问题等)缮制通知面函;受益人交单议付:受益人审证(与合同一致性、信用证条款的可接受益人交单议付:受益人审证(与合同一致性、信用证条款的可接受性、价格条款、受性、价格条款、“三期三期”、货物控制权等)发货,缮制单据,交单、货物控制权等)发货,缮制单据,交单议付;议付;议付行议付单据索偿议付行议付单据索偿开证行审单并付款:审单原则、偿付或拒付、偿付行偿付(偿付授开证行审单并付款:审单原则、偿付或拒付、偿付行偿付(偿付授权书)权书)申请人付款、放单申请人付款、放单国际结算全集合出口信用证出口信用证国际结算全集合 进口信用证进口信用证国际结算全集合•按用途及是否随附单据,分为光票信用证和单信用证按用途及是否随附单据,分为光票信用证和单信用证•按性质分为可撤销信用证和不可撤销信用证(按性质分为可撤销信用证和不可撤销信用证(irrevocable L/C)irrevocable L/C)•按信用证是否有另一银行加以保证兑付,分为保兑信用证按信用证是否有另一银行加以保证兑付,分为保兑信用证(confirmed L/C)(confirmed L/C)和不保兑信用证和不保兑信用证 缄默保兑缄默保兑silent confirmationsilent confirmation •根据受益人对信用证的权利是否可转让,可分为根据受益人对信用证的权利是否可转让,可分为可转让信用证可转让信用证(transferable L/C)(transferable L/C)和不可转让信用证和不可转让信用证•背对背信用证背对背信用证(back to back L/C)(back to back L/C)•循环信用证循环信用证(revolving L/C) (revolving L/C) •按信用证的兑付方式,可分为预支信用证、即期付款信用证、延按信用证的兑付方式,可分为预支信用证、即期付款信用证、延期付款信用证、承兑信用证和议付信用证期付款信用证、承兑信用证和议付信用证•对开(对开(reciprocal L/Creciprocal L/C)信用证和伊士克罗()信用证和伊士克罗(escrow L/C)escrow L/C)信用证信用证Types of a L/C国际结算全集合According to whether it can be revoked or not•Revocable creditØMay be amended or cancelled or revoked by the issuing bank without the beneficiary’s consent or even without prior notice ;ØThe issuing bank is bound to notice nominated bank not to accept the documents delivered by the beneficiary and reimburse the nominated bank which has made payment/accept/negotiation prior to the receipt of notice of cancellation or amendment.•Irrevocable credit Definite undertaking Types of a L/C国际结算全集合Confirmed L/cAccording to the adding of confirmationConfirmed irrevocable creditØgives the beneficiary a double assurance of paymentØAccording to the UCP500,confirmation can be only added at the request of the issuing bank.ØUsed when the seller does not have confidence that the issuing bank can effectively guarantee payment .&Silent confirmationØBased on a separate arrangement between the beneficiary and the “confirming” bankØThe bank will not be considered the confirming bank by the issuing bank and acquiring no right of claiming reimbursement from the issuing bank. 国际结算全集合Sight payment creditAccording to the mode of availabilitySight payment credit---available by sight payment to beneficiary with a named bankØThe paying bank may be the issuing bank, the advising bank, or a third bank;ØWith or without draft;ØPayment without recourse;ØUsually marked in L//C as : “this credit is to expire on or before(date) at place and is available with issuing bank or advising bank/other bank by payment at sight against the beneficiary’s draft at sight drawn on nominated paying bank and the documents detailed herein”•Straight creditTwo party involved only—the issuing bank and beneficiaryDraft and documents are honored by issuing bank ,L/C expires at the counter of the issuing bank and advised to beneficiary by the issuing bank directly.国际结算全集合Acceptance credit and deferred credit----Available by acceptance with a named drawee bank, be it the issuing bank or other nominated bank. the accepted draft can be discounted by the beneficiary;&buyer’s acceptance credit买方承兑信用证、假远期信用证买方承兑信用证、假远期信用证----according to the contract,payment to the seller at sight; time draft discounting charges and acceptance commission are for the buyer’s account----available by deferred payment with a nominated bank at a fixed time after the date of the B/L or after the presentation of documents. Usually without a draft国际结算全集合Negotiation credit•Negotiation means the giving value for draft and /or documents•Negotiating bank becomes holder in due course of a draft•Types: Restricted negotiation credit Free negotiation credit•Draft : for negotiation at sight,no necessary for negotiation at certain days sight,necessary &discounting 国际结算全集合Comparison of the five kindsSight l/cDeferred l/cAcceptance l/cRestricted negotiationFree negotiationdraftWith/ withoutwithoutwithSight-withoutTime-withSight-withoutTime-withTenor of draftsighttimeSight/timeSight/timedraweePaying bankAccepting bankIssuing bankIssuing bankTime of paymentsightdeferredDue dateSight minus interestSight minus interestRestricted or freeRRRRFRight of recourseWithout Without Without With with国际结算全集合A credit under which the beneficiary (first beneficiary) may request the bank authorized to pay, incur a deferred payment undertaking,accept or negotiate(the “transferring bank”), or in the case of a freely negotiable credit, the bank specifically authorised in the credit as a transferring bank, to make the credit available in whole or in part to one or more other beneficiary(second beneficiary) application::enables a middleman who is receiving payment from a buyer to transfer his claim under the credit to his own supplier. funtion::Ø provides a bank undertaking to manufacturer and will not tie up the funds of middleman;Ø simplifies the payment procedures;Ø keeps the commercial secrets Transferable L/C国际结算全集合Seller/first beneficiaryTransferring bankBuyer/applicantIssuing bankmanufacturerAdvising bank1)application2)documentary L/c3)advice of L/C4)request to transfer L/C5)advice of transferred L/C6)presentation of documents7)remitting documents 8)payment9)payment9)pay the balance国际结算全集合Ø The issuing bank must expressly designate “transferable”;Ø the transferable credit can only be transferred once Ø Contents of request to transfer: 1)whether some clauses being changed or not是否变更信用证条款是否变更信用证条款§Unit price and the amount of credit can be reduced§The expire date,final shipment date and the final date for presentation can be shortened§the percentage of insurance cover may be increased§The name and address of the first beneficiary can be substitute for that of the original buyer 2)retainment of beneficiary’s right on amendment保留修改权利保留修改权利Ø Partial transfer and total transfer:related with partial shipment;Ø Transfer with substitution of invoice and draft;Ø Payment will be effected by the transferring bank only when cover has been received under the original transferable credit ;国际结算全集合 The beneficiary of an irrevocable credit(primary credit) may use the credit as security to open a separate credit(back-to-back credit /subsidiary credit). back-to-back credit transferable creditBack to back L/COriginal beneficiary/new applicantBuyer/Original applicantIssuing bankAdvising bankReal supplierNew beneficiaryIssuing bankAdvising bankBuyer/Original applicantIssuing bankAdvising bank /transferring bankFirst beneficiaryManufacturerReal supplier国际结算全集合§ 背对背背对背L/C使两个独立的信用证,有两个开证行分别对自己使两个独立的信用证,有两个开证行分别对自己的受益人负责,而可转让信用证是一笔信用证业务的延伸,开的受益人负责,而可转让信用证是一笔信用证业务的延伸,开证行只有一个,同时对两个受益人负责;证行只有一个,同时对两个受益人负责;§ 背对信用证的开立并非原始信用证申请人和开证行的意旨,背对信用证的开立并非原始信用证申请人和开证行的意旨,而可转让而可转让L/C的开出则是在开证行和开证申请人允许下;的开出则是在开证行和开证申请人允许下; § 背对背背对背L/C中的中间商可自选新证的开证行,而可转让中的中间商可自选新证的开证行,而可转让L/C中间商不能自选转让行;中间商不能自选转让行;§ 在存在多个中间商时,中间商可依次开立背对背在存在多个中间商时,中间商可依次开立背对背L/C,,而可而可转让转让L/C只能转让一次;只能转让一次;§ 背对背背对背L/C比可转让比可转让L/C对实际供货商更有保障,而可转让对实际供货商更有保障,而可转让L/C在转开时,会加入限制性的条款,如只有开证行付款后,在转开时,会加入限制性的条款,如只有开证行付款后,才对实际供货商付款。
才对实际供货商付款Back to back &transferable Credit国际结算全集合•The amount of the credit can be renewed or reinstated without specific amendments to the credit•适用于需要在较长时间内分批供货的贸易合同,如包销或专卖,以适用于需要在较长时间内分批供货的贸易合同,如包销或专卖,以避免资金占压和重复的办理手续避免资金占压和重复的办理手续•循环条款,说明循环方法、循环次数和总金额循环条款,说明循环方法、循环次数和总金额 按时间循环按时间循环 “This is a monthly revolving credit which is available for up to the amount of USD15000 per month, and the full credit amount will be automatically renewed on the 1st day of each succeeding calendar month. Our maximum liability under this revolving credit does not exceed USD90000 being aggregate value of six months. ” 按金额循环按金额循环 “This credit is revolving for three shipments only.Each shipment should be effected at one month interval. The amount of each shipment is not exceeding USD50000. The total value of this revolving credit does not exceed USD150000.” Revolving L/C国际结算全集合上次未用完金额能否移到下期使用:上次未用完金额能否移到下期使用:cumulative revolving 积累循环积累循环non-cumulative revolving非积累循环非积累循环金额恢复方式:金额恢复方式:automatic revolving periodic revolving (semi-automatic revolving) notice revolving (non-automatic revolving)国际结算全集合•It is a credit with a special clause added that authorizes the advising bank or any other nominated banks to make advances to the beneficiary before the submission of document. •Issued at the request of the applicant•Places the burden of final repayment on the applicant who could be liable for repayment of advances and all costs if the beneficiary failed to present the documents required under the credit. •Application•&T/TAnticipatory L/C国际结算全集合 是以交易双方互为开证申请人和受益人、金额大致相等的信是以交易双方互为开证申请人和受益人、金额大致相等的信用证。
对开信用证广泛用于易货贸易、来料加工贸易、补偿贸易用证对开信用证广泛用于易货贸易、来料加工贸易、补偿贸易等 对开信用证中,第一份信用证的开证申请人就是第二份信用对开信用证中,第一份信用证的开证申请人就是第二份信用证的受益人;反之,第二份信用证的开证申请人就是第一份信用证的受益人;反之,第二份信用证的开证申请人就是第一份信用证的受益人第二份信用证也被称作回头证第一份信用证的通证的受益人第二份信用证也被称作回头证第一份信用证的通知行一般就是第二份信用证的开证行知行一般就是第二份信用证的开证行 注意:注意: 1 1、规定两证的生效时间很重要、规定两证的生效时间很重要 2 2、我国的来料加工贸易中,对原料、配件的进口一般开远、我国的来料加工贸易中,对原料、配件的进口一般开远期期L/C,L/C,对成品的出口要求对方开即期付款的对成品的出口要求对方开即期付款的L/CL/C远期汇票的期远期汇票的期限与加工周期吻合限与加工周期吻合对开信用证(对开信用证(Reciprocal L/C)Reciprocal L/C)国际结算全集合 伊士克罗信用证(伊士克罗信用证(Escrow L/C)Escrow L/C) 是指在对销贸易中,一国开立的是指在对销贸易中,一国开立的L/CL/C中规定,该信用证下申中规定,该信用证下申请人所付的款项,将以受益人的名义存放开证银行,用于支付受请人所付的款项,将以受益人的名义存放开证银行,用于支付受益人从开证行所在国的进口货款,也称为有条件支付。
开证行为益人从开证行所在国的进口货款,也称为有条件支付开证行为受益人开立的帐户叫受益人开立的帐户叫““P.I.E”P.I.E”账户 特点:特点: 1 1、、““付款付款””只是以受益人的名义存在只是以受益人的名义存在P.I.EP.I.E账户中,不能支账户中,不能支取现金,类似与记帐贸易;取现金,类似与记帐贸易; 2 2、平衡进出口贸易收支;、平衡进出口贸易收支; 3 3、实际的交易方涉及三方,而不像对开、实际的交易方涉及三方,而不像对开L/CL/C中仅涉及两方中仅涉及两方国际结算全集合Importer AExporter B/Applicant of N(importer)Exporter NIssuing bank CP.I.E account of B Advising bank/Issuing bank of B1)appli-cation2)advise3)advise 4)docu-ments5)documents6)pay and redeem documents7)credit B’s accountgoodsgoodsAdvising bank1)application2)advise3)documents4)docu-ments5)Asking C to pay7)payment from B’s account国际结算全集合 Examination of L/C受益人审证:受益人审证:依据:买卖合同;收证时的政策法令;有无我方办不到依据:买卖合同;收证时的政策法令;有无我方办不到或影响安全收汇和增加费用开支的地方或影响安全收汇和增加费用开支的地方内容:内容:ü信用证的性质和是否生效;信用证的性质和是否生效;ü货物描述;货物描述;ü信用证的金额;信用证的金额;ü货物的数量重量;货物的数量重量;ü价格条件;价格条件;ü装运港和目的港;装运港和目的港;ü装期、交单期和有效期装期、交单期和有效期;;ü分批装运;分批装运;ü单据要求单据要求国际结算全集合装期、交单期和有效期装期、交单期和有效期: :Ø双到期(装效同期)--无装运期视有效期为双到期(装效同期)--无装运期视有效期为装运期;装运期;Ø最迟交单期--提单日期后最迟交单期--提单日期后2121天内;天内;Ø修改中只展装期未展效期,可理解为装效同展,修改中只展装期未展效期,可理解为装效同展,只展效期未展装期,不能认为装效同展只展效期未展装期,不能认为装效同展国际结算全集合 从出口商的角度从出口商的角度•伪造信用证伪造信用证•信用证的信用证的软条款软条款识别:识别:§L/CL/C开出后暂不生效,另加生效条款开出后暂不生效,另加生效条款§需凭开证申请人或其代理出具某些单据议付需凭开证申请人或其代理出具某些单据议付§有关货物运输的限制有关货物运输的限制§似是而非的条款似是而非的条款•““提单径寄开证申请人提单径寄开证申请人””条款条款 从进口商的角度从进口商的角度提货担保中的风险;成组化运输的风险;提单的真伪提货担保中的风险;成组化运输的风险;提单的真伪 从银行的角度从银行的角度提单径寄开证申请人;提货担保提单径寄开证申请人;提货担保Protection and risks国际结算全集合For example: Shipment can only be effected upon receipt of applicant’s shipping instruction through L/C opening bank nominated the name of carrying vessel by means of subsequent credit amendment. Cargo receipt issued and signed by authorized signatures of the applicant, whose signature must be in conformity with our records,, certifying that the goods have been received in good order, showing the quantity, value of goods, date of delivery and letter of credit number. Documents must be negotiated within 15 days from B/L date.Trapped clause国际结算全集合案例:案例: 某制造商缔结了一项安特卫普船边交货某制造商缔结了一项安特卫普船边交货(FAS)(FAS)为贸为贸易术语的提供重型机械的合同,由不可撤销的保兑跟单易术语的提供重型机械的合同,由不可撤销的保兑跟单信用证付款,证中规定须提供商业发票及买方签发的已信用证付款,证中规定须提供商业发票及买方签发的已在安特卫普提货的证明。
在安特卫普提货的证明 货物及时备妥装运,但到达安特卫普后买方却不提货物及时备妥装运,但到达安特卫普后买方却不提货,由于卖方未收到买方的证明,无法根据信用证收到货,由于卖方未收到买方的证明,无法根据信用证收到货款经过长达一年的交涉,卖方虽然得到赔偿但仍遭货款经过长达一年的交涉,卖方虽然得到赔偿但仍遭受巨大损失受巨大损失国际结算全集合 第六节第六节 常见不符点及其处理常见不符点及其处理 不符点(不符点(DiscrepancyDiscrepancy)是指信用证项下受益人所提交的单据表面)是指信用证项下受益人所提交的单据表面出现的一处或多处不符合信用证的条款或条件的错误当单据出现不出现的一处或多处不符合信用证的条款或条件的错误当单据出现不符点后,信用证的开证行就可以免除付款的责任符点后,信用证的开证行就可以免除付款的责任•出口商无法更改的错误出口商无法更改的错误•出单人疏忽造成的差错出单人疏忽造成的差错•技术错误:技术错误: 对票据抬头的理解错误,如对票据抬头的理解错误,如L/C规定规定 INVOICE MADE OUT IN THE NAME OF …;; 检验证日期迟于提单日;检验证日期迟于提单日; 有关提单的规定;有关提单的规定; 短溢装问题;短溢装问题; 保单的日期迟于提单日。
保单的日期迟于提单日国际结算全集合单据不符的通知及处理方法单据不符的通知及处理方法不符点单据的通知:不符点单据的通知:•银行应在不迟于收到单据后的银行应在不迟于收到单据后的7个工作日内,发出拒收个工作日内,发出拒收单据的通知,并一次说明全部不符点单据的通知,并一次说明全部不符点处理办法:处理办法:•将单据退给受益人更改,在有效期内再交单将单据退给受益人更改,在有效期内再交单•受益人授权寄单行电告开证行不符点,请开证行授权受益人授权寄单行电告开证行不符点,请开证行授权付款、承兑、议付付款、承兑、议付•在受益人同意下办理保留追索权的付款、承兑或议付在受益人同意下办理保留追索权的付款、承兑或议付•凭担保(凭担保(Indemnity)付款、承兑或议付付款、承兑或议付•寄单托收寄单托收国际结算全集合 案例:案例: 我某出口企业收到国外开来不可撤销信用我某出口企业收到国外开来不可撤销信用证证1 1份,由设在我国境内的某外资银行通知并加以份,由设在我国境内的某外资银行通知并加以保兑我出口企业在货物装运后,正拟将有关单保兑我出口企业在货物装运后,正拟将有关单据交银行议付时,忽接该外资银行通知,由于开据交银行议付时,忽接该外资银行通知,由于开证银行已宣布破产,该行不承担对该信用证的议证银行已宣布破产,该行不承担对该信用证的议付或付款责任,但可接受我出口公司委托向买方付或付款责任,但可接受我出口公司委托向买方直接收取货款的业务。
对此,你认为我方应如何直接收取货款的业务对此,你认为我方应如何处理为好?处理为好? 国际结算全集合Chapter seven L/G and standby L/C•L/G•Standby L/C国际结算全集合•Introduction to L/G•Contents •Basic parties to a bank guarantee•Procedures •Types of guaranteesLetter of guarantee国际结算全集合 是指担保人应某交易(贸易项下、合约关系、经济关是指担保人应某交易(贸易项下、合约关系、经济关系)的一方当事人之要求,而向交易的另一方担保该交系)的一方当事人之要求,而向交易的另一方担保该交易项下某种责任或义务的履行所做出的在一定期限内承易项下某种责任或义务的履行所做出的在一定期限内承担一定金额支付责任或经济赔偿责任的书面付款保证担一定金额支付责任或经济赔偿责任的书面付款保证 作用:作用:v 结算工具:独立的支付手段结算工具:独立的支付手段v 信用工具:履约的信用保证和支付的信用保证信用工具:履约的信用保证和支付的信用保证 性质:性质: 独立性保函(独立性保函(Independent L/G)) 从属性保函(从属性保函(Accessory L/G)) 管辖的公约:管辖的公约: Uniform rules for demand guarantees 1978 ICC325 Uniform rules for contract guarantees 1992 ICC458Introduction to a L/G国际结算全集合•Both based on bank credit•Differences: 适用范围不同;适用范围不同; 银行责任不同;银行责任不同; 对结算单据的要求不同;对结算单据的要求不同; 银行承担的风险大小不同;银行承担的风险大小不同; 保函不可转让;保函不可转让; 到期地点和有效期不同到期地点和有效期不同Comparison with a L/C国际结算全集合Basic contents •Number and issuing date;•The name and address of basic parties ;•The type and purpose of the guarantee;•The description of background of opening the guarantee and the relative reference number;•The value and currency of the guarantee;•The duration and expiry date of the guarantee;•Obligations and rights of basic parties;•The undertaking clause;•Arbitration clause国际结算全集合Additional clauses •The validity clause •The reduction of the value clause•The automatic extension clause•Interest clause•No change or addition clause•Return clause•Non-negotiable clause国际结算全集合•申请人(申请人(Applicant))•受益人(受益人(Beneficiary))•担保人(担保人(Guarantor))•通知行通知行/转递行(转递行(Advising/Transmitting Bank))•转开行(转开行(Reissuing Bank))•保兑行(保兑行(Conforming Bank))•反担保人反担保人/指示方(指示方(Counter-Guarantor/Instructing Party))Parties to a L/G 国际结算全集合•The applicant applies for the opening of an L/G:: application or agreement;;evaluation of related transaction or project;;collateral or counter guarantee •The guarantor bank issues a L/G::direct /indirect•Claims and payments•The guarantor bank claims for reimbursement from the applicant and the counter guarantor•Cancellation of a L/GProcedures 国际结算全集合Direct guaranteeApplicant Guarantor Beneficiary TransmittingbankapplicationissuenotifyClaims for paymentClaims for reimbursementUnderlying contract国际结算全集合Indirect guarantee国际结算全集合1 1.. 投标保函(投标保函(Tender Guarantee/Bid Bond)Tender Guarantee/Bid Bond) 在以招标方式成交的工程建造和物资采购等项目中,银行应招在以招标方式成交的工程建造和物资采购等项目中,银行应招标方的要求具的、保证投标人在招标有效期内不撤标、不改标、标方的要求具的、保证投标人在招标有效期内不撤标、不改标、中标后在规定时间内签定合同或提交履约保函的书面文件。
中标后在规定时间内签定合同或提交履约保函的书面文件 适用范围适用范围 所有公开招标、议标时,业主要求投标人缴纳投标保证金,避所有公开招标、议标时,业主要求投标人缴纳投标保证金,避免投标人在评标过程中改标、撤标,或中标后拒签合同而给自身免投标人在评标过程中改标、撤标,或中标后拒签合同而给自身造成损失,以制约对方行为投标保函是现金保证金的一种良好造成损失,以制约对方行为投标保函是现金保证金的一种良好的替代形式的替代形式 利益:利益: 对投标人:减少缴纳现金保证金引起的资金占用对投标人:减少缴纳现金保证金引起的资金占用 对招标人:维护自身利益;避免收取、退回保证金程序的烦琐对招标人:维护自身利益;避免收取、退回保证金程序的烦琐 保函金额多为投标报价的保函金额多为投标报价的2 2%-%-5 5%;开立即生效,直至开标%;开立即生效,直至开标日后一段时间,若投标人中标,保函的有效期自动延长至提交履日后一段时间,若投标人中标,保函的有效期自动延长至提交履约保函为止约保函为止Types 国际结算全集合2 2. 履约保函履约保函(Performance Guarantee)(Performance Guarantee) 担保银行应工程承包方或商品供货方的申请而向业主或担保银行应工程承包方或商品供货方的申请而向业主或买方出具的、保证承包方或供货方严格履行合同义务的书面买方出具的、保证承包方或供货方严格履行合同义务的书面文件。
文件 适用范围适用范围 非常广泛,可用于任何项目中对当事人履行合同义务提非常广泛,可用于任何项目中对当事人履行合同义务提供担保的情况,常见用于工程承包、物资采购等项目供担保的情况,常见用于工程承包、物资采购等项目 业主或买方为避免承包方或供货方不履行合同义务而给业主或买方为避免承包方或供货方不履行合同义务而给自身造成损失,通常都要求承包方或供货方缴纳履约保证金,自身造成损失,通常都要求承包方或供货方缴纳履约保证金,以制约对方行为履约保函是现金保证金的一种良好的替代以制约对方行为履约保函是现金保证金的一种良好的替代形式 担保金额多为合同金额的担保金额多为合同金额的5 5%-%-1010%,有效期从开立日至%,有效期从开立日至按合同规定完成工程或供货义务时止按合同规定完成工程或供货义务时止国际结算全集合3 3. 预付款保函预付款保函(Advance Payment Guarantee)(Advance Payment Guarantee) 担保银行应工程承包方或商品供货方的申请向业主或买方出具担保银行应工程承包方或商品供货方的申请向业主或买方出具的、保证承包方或供货方在业主或买方支付预付款后履行合同义务的、保证承包方或供货方在业主或买方支付预付款后履行合同义务的书面文件。
的书面文件 适用范围:适用范围: 所有支付方式中包含预付款的项目,常见用于工程承包、物资所有支付方式中包含预付款的项目,常见用于工程承包、物资采购等项目采购等项目 业主或买方为避免承包方或供货方拿到预付款后不履行合同义业主或买方为避免承包方或供货方拿到预付款后不履行合同义务而损失预付款,要求承包方或供货方银行对承包方或供货方偿还务而损失预付款,要求承包方或供货方银行对承包方或供货方偿还预付款做出担保预付款做出担保 利益:利益:对业主或买方:保障了预付款顺利收回;加强了对承包人或供货对业主或买方:保障了预付款顺利收回;加强了对承包人或供货方按规定履行合同的制约方按规定履行合同的制约对承包人或供货方:便利了预付款资金的及时到位;有利于加快对承包人或供货方:便利了预付款资金的及时到位;有利于加快工程建设或备货等环节的资金周转工程建设或备货等环节的资金周转 保函金额为预付款金额,有效期至合同执行完毕或预付款项扣保函金额为预付款金额,有效期至合同执行完毕或预付款项扣完为止国际结算全集合4 4.. 质量保函质量保函(Quality Guarantee)(Quality Guarantee) 担保银行工程承包方、供货方的申请而向业主或买方出担保银行工程承包方、供货方的申请而向业主或买方出具的、保证承包方、供货方履行在保修期或维修期内的合同具的、保证承包方、供货方履行在保修期或维修期内的合同义务的书面文件,也称为义务的书面文件,也称为““维修保函维修保函””。
适用范围适用范围 工程承包、供货安装等合同执行进入保修期或维修期、工程承包、供货安装等合同执行进入保修期或维修期、业主或买方要求承包方、供货方良好履行保修义务的情况业主或买方要求承包方、供货方良好履行保修义务的情况 业主、买方为避免工程、货物的质量与合同规定不符,业主、买方为避免工程、货物的质量与合同规定不符,而承包方、供货方不愿或不予进行修理、更换和维修,要求而承包方、供货方不愿或不予进行修理、更换和维修,要求承包方或供货方在履约保函期限届满前提供质量保函,对其承包方或供货方在履约保函期限届满前提供质量保函,对其在保修期内的行为进行约束在保修期内的行为进行约束 保函金额为合同金额的保函金额为合同金额的5 5%-%-1010%,有效期至维修期满为%,有效期至维修期满为止国际结算全集合5. 关税保函(关税保函(Customs Guarantee) 担保银行应进口商(含加工贸易企业)的申请而向海关出具担保银行应进口商(含加工贸易企业)的申请而向海关出具的、保证进口商履行缴纳关税义务的书面文件的、保证进口商履行缴纳关税义务的书面文件。
关税保函业务主要包括两种类型,即关税保付保函、加工贸关税保函业务主要包括两种类型,即关税保付保函、加工贸易税款保付保函易税款保付保函 适用范围:适用范围: 国家相关进口商品减免税政策未明了前的相关商品货物进口;国家相关进口商品减免税政策未明了前的相关商品货物进口;境外工程承包建设、境外展览、展销等过程中有关设备、器械等境外工程承包建设、境外展览、展销等过程中有关设备、器械等物品临时进入他国关境;加工贸易企业进口料件;海关对某些货物品临时进入他国关境;加工贸易企业进口料件;海关对某些货物实行先放后征的情况物实行先放后征的情况 利益:利益: 减少了企业因缴纳关说保证金引起的资金占压,提高了资金减少了企业因缴纳关说保证金引起的资金占压,提高了资金周转效率;周转效率;““先放后征先放后征””的方式加快了货物通关速度,避免货物的方式加快了货物通关速度,避免货物滞留港口加大成本;避免重复办理通关手续;对临时进入他国关滞留港口加大成本;避免重复办理通关手续;对临时进入他国关境的物品,减少了办理退税手续的烦琐境的物品,减少了办理退税手续的烦琐。
保函金额为海关规定的税金,有效期为合同规定施工机械或保函金额为海关规定的税金,有效期为合同规定施工机械或展品等撤离该国日加半个月展品等撤离该国日加半个月 国际结算全集合6 6.预留金保函(.预留金保函(Retention Money Guarantee)Retention Money Guarantee) 担保银行应工程承包方、供货方的申请而向业主或买方出具的、担保银行应工程承包方、供货方的申请而向业主或买方出具的、保证承包方、供货方在提前支取合同价款中的尾款部分后履行合同保证承包方、供货方在提前支取合同价款中的尾款部分后履行合同义务的书面文件,也称为义务的书面文件,也称为““留置金保函留置金保函””、、““尾款保函尾款保函””等 适用范围适用范围 合同执行后期业主或买方滞留尾款、而承包方、供货方欲提前合同执行后期业主或买方滞留尾款、而承包方、供货方欲提前支取尾款的情况支取尾款的情况在工程承包、物资采购等项目中,业主通常在主要款项支付完毕在工程承包、物资采购等项目中,业主通常在主要款项支付完毕后,滞留尾款直到质保期过后、工程、货物质量符合标准,承包方、后,滞留尾款直到质保期过后、工程、货物质量符合标准,承包方、供货方需凭银行出具保函提前支取尾款。
供货方需凭银行出具保函提前支取尾款 利益:利益: 对承包方、供货方:提前收回尾款资金,解决了流动资金不足对承包方、供货方:提前收回尾款资金,解决了流动资金不足的问题,加快资金周转、获得资金收益的问题,加快资金周转、获得资金收益 对业主、买方:获得了合同后续义务得到履行的保障;达到了对业主、买方:获得了合同后续义务得到履行的保障;达到了与滞留尾款相同的目的与滞留尾款相同的目的 保函金额为合同金额的保函金额为合同金额的5 5%-%-1010%国际结算全集合7 7.. 付款保函付款保函(Payment Guarantee) (Payment Guarantee) 担保银行应买方的申请而向卖方出具的,保证买方履行因购买担保银行应买方的申请而向卖方出具的,保证买方履行因购买商品、技术、专利或劳务合同项下的付款义务而出具的书面文件商品、技术、专利或劳务合同项下的付款义务而出具的书面文件 适用范围适用范围 一切存在付款行为的商品贸易、技术劳务贸易、工程项目等一切存在付款行为的商品贸易、技术劳务贸易、工程项目等 商品贸易中,作为买方在卖方按照合同约定发货后及时支付货商品贸易中,作为买方在卖方按照合同约定发货后及时支付货款的付款保证。
款的付款保证 工程项目中,作为工程承包项下业主向承包方按期足额支付工工程项目中,作为工程承包项下业主向承包方按期足额支付工程进度款的付款保证程进度款的付款保证 特点:特点: 在商品贸易中,与信用证作用相似,但办理手续简便;在商品贸易中,与信用证作用相似,但办理手续简便; 格式灵活多样,适应不同需求(信用证遵循固定的格式、惯例,格式灵活多样,适应不同需求(信用证遵循固定的格式、惯例,而付款保函格式则因项目而异,可为客户度身定做);而付款保函格式则因项目而异,可为客户度身定做); 适用范围广(付款保函不仅可以用于商品贸易,还可以用于工适用范围广(付款保函不仅可以用于商品贸易,还可以用于工程项目等,范围相对信用证来说更为广泛)程项目等,范围相对信用证来说更为广泛) 国际结算全集合8 8.. 租赁保函租赁保函 (Leasing Guarantee)(Leasing Guarantee) 担保银行应承租人的申请而向出租人出具的,保证承租人担保银行应承租人的申请而向出租人出具的,保证承租人按期支付租金的书面文件按期支付租金的书面文件 租赁保函根据租赁方式不同分为融资租赁保函、经营租赁租赁保函根据租赁方式不同分为融资租赁保函、经营租赁保函。
保函 适用范围适用范围 在租赁项目中,出租方为避免承租人无法按期偿还租金,在租赁项目中,出租方为避免承租人无法按期偿还租金,特别是在融资租赁情况下,租期长、租赁对象的特定性等使出特别是在融资租赁情况下,租期长、租赁对象的特定性等使出租方承担较大的风险,往往要求银行对承租人按期偿还租金进租方承担较大的风险,往往要求银行对承租人按期偿还租金进行担保 利益:利益:————对出租方对出租方便利了租赁合约的执行;便利了租赁合约的执行;获得了及时收回租金的保障获得了及时收回租金的保障————对承租方对承租方有利于承租方取得设备使用权;有利于承租方取得设备使用权;获得资金融通、促进资金周转获得资金融通、促进资金周转 国际结算全集合9 9.. 融资保函融资保函(Financial Guarantee)(Financial Guarantee) 担保银行应借款人的申请而向贷款人出具的,保证借款人履行借担保银行应借款人的申请而向贷款人出具的,保证借款人履行借贷资金偿还义务的书面文件贷资金偿还义务的书面文件 中国银行办理的融资保函业务主要包括:借款保函中国银行办理的融资保函业务主要包括:借款保函(Loan (Loan Guarantee)Guarantee)、透支保函、透支保函(Overdraft Guarantee)(Overdraft Guarantee)、有价证券发行担保、、有价证券发行担保、银行授信额度保函等。
银行授信额度保函等 适用范围:适用范围: 借款人向银行等金融机构取得各种形式的融资;借款人向银行等金融机构取得各种形式的融资; 借款人在金融市场上发行有价证券融资;借款人在金融市场上发行有价证券融资; 利益:利益:————对借款人对借款人提高借款人的信用评价,有利于借款人取得融资;提高借款人的信用评价,有利于借款人取得融资;在有价证券发行中,降低有价证券无力偿还的风险,利于有价证券在有价证券发行中,降低有价证券无力偿还的风险,利于有价证券销售————对贷款人或有价证券购买方对贷款人或有价证券购买方分散融资风险,提高了贷款资金的安全;分散融资风险,提高了贷款资金的安全;获得有价证券偿付的充分保障获得有价证券偿付的充分保障国际结算全集合1010.. 海事保函(海事保函(Maritime Accident Guarantee)Maritime Accident Guarantee) 担保银行应申请人(通常为船东或船公司)的要求向海事法院担保银行应申请人(通常为船东或船公司)的要求向海事法院或海事仲裁机构出具的、担保申请人将被扣留的属于申请人的船只或海事仲裁机构出具的、担保申请人将被扣留的属于申请人的船只或财产取回后,能够按照法院的判决书或仲裁结果上列明的赔款金或财产取回后,能够按照法院的判决书或仲裁结果上列明的赔款金额赔付而出具的书面文件。
是最常见的一种保释金保函额赔付而出具的书面文件是最常见的一种保释金保函 适用范围适用范围 适用于船舶运输项下因发生船舶之间碰撞或海事纠纷而造成的适用于船舶运输项下因发生船舶之间碰撞或海事纠纷而造成的船舶和财产被海事法院或海事仲裁机构扣押的情况船舶和财产被海事法院或海事仲裁机构扣押的情况 利益:利益:————对船公司、船东对船公司、船东避免支付因船舶或财产被扣押而产生各种损失和费用避免支付因船舶或财产被扣押而产生各种损失和费用————对海事法院或海事仲裁机构对海事法院或海事仲裁机构 避免了判决无法执行的风险保障了当事方的权益避免了判决无法执行的风险保障了当事方的权益国际结算全集合•Concept and characteristics •Contents of a standby L/C•Types •Comparison with commercial L/C and L/GStandby L/C 国际结算全集合•Standby letter of credit means an issuer on behalf of an applicant that represents an obligation to the beneficiary, pursuant to a complying presentation:• to repay money borrowed by, advanced to, for the account of the applicant; or• to make payment on account of any indebtedness undertaken by the applicant;;or• to make payment on account of any default by the applicant in the performance of an obligation.•Irrevocable form•independent•documentary•StandbyConcept and characteristics国际结算全集合§索款要求索款要求 demand for payment demand for payment 可以是汇票或可以是汇票或其它指示、命令或付款要求其它指示、命令或付款要求§违约或其它提款事由的声明违约或其它提款事由的声明 Statement of Statement of Default or Other Drawing Event Default or Other Drawing Event 适用规则适用规则 《《国际备用证惯例国际备用证惯例 》》ISP98, International ISP98, International Standby Practices, ICC Publication No.590Standby Practices, ICC Publication No.590Documents required under a standby L/C:国际结算全集合•开开证证行行的的名名称称•开开证证日日期期•开开证证申申请请人人的的名名称称、、地地址址•受受益益人人的的名名称称、、地地址址•不不可可撤撤销销的的性性质质•金金额额、、使使用用的的货货币币•对对单单据据的的要要求求•到到期期日日•保保证证文文句句•表表明明适适用用的的惯惯例例Basic contents 国际结算全集合 •履约备用证履约备用证 Performance Standby Performance Standby •预付款备用证预付款备用证Advance PaymentAdvance Payment Standby Standby •投标备用证投标备用证 Bid Bond/Tender Bond Standby Bid Bond/Tender Bond Standby •反担保备用证反担保备用证 Counter Standby Counter Standby •融资备用证融资备用证 Financial Standby Financial Standby •直接付款备用证直接付款备用证 Direct Pay StandbyDirect Pay Standby•保险备用证保险备用证 InsuranceInsurance Standby Standby •商业备用证商业备用证 Commercial StandbyCommercial Standby Types 国际结算全集合•similarities::§ based on bank credit;;§ independence;;§ payable by required documents. •differences::§ UCP600 & ISP98;;§ different documents required:the beneficiary only presents a document stating that the applicant has not fulfilled his obligations towards the beneficiary;§ 作用和用途不同;作用和用途不同;§ 议付的做法不同:备用证的开证行尽量避免授权第三者议付议付的做法不同:备用证的开证行尽量避免授权第三者议付§ 业务处理不同:备用证是备而不用,而跟单信用证是进出口交业务处理不同:备用证是备而不用,而跟单信用证是进出口交易中必用的结算工具易中必用的结算工具Comparison with a commercial L/C 国际结算全集合。
