网络分析仪原理

1、Network Analyzer Basics,Copyright 2000,Network Analyzer Basics,Network Analyzer Basics,Copyright 2000,Network Analysis is NOT.,Network Analyzer Basics,Copyright 2000,What Types of Devices are Tested?,Device type,Active,Passive,Integration,High,Low,AntennasSwitches Multiplexers Mixers Samplers MultipliersDiodes,Duplexers Diplexers Filters Couplers Bridges Splitters, dividers Combiners Isolators Circulators Attenuators Adapters Opens, shorts, loads Delay lines Cables Transmission lines Waveguide R

2、esonatorsDielectrics R, L, Cs,RFICs MMICs T/R modules TransceiversReceivers Tuners ConvertersVCAs AmplifiersVCOs VTFs Oscillators Modulators VCAttensTransistors,Network Analyzer Basics,Copyright 2000,Device Test Measurement Model,NF,Stimulus type,Complex,Simple,Complex,Response tool,Simple,DC CW Swept Swept Noise 2-tone Multi- Complex Pulsed- Protocol,freq power tone modulation RF,Det/Scope,Param. An.,NF Mtr.,Imped. An.,Power Mtr.,SNA,VNA,SA,VSA,84000,TG/SA,Ded. Testers,I-V,Absol. Power,Gain/Fla

3、tness,LCR/Z,Harm. Dist. LO stability Image Rej.,Gain/Flat. Phase/GD Isolation Rtn Ls/VSWR Impedance S-parameters,Comprn AM-PM,RFIC test,Full call sequence,Pulsed S-parm. Pulse profiling,BER EVM ACP Regrowth Constell. Eye,IntermodulationDistortion,NF,Measurement plane,Network Analyzer Basics,Copyright 2000,Lightwave Analogy to RF Energy,RF,Incident,Reflected,Transmitted,Lightwave,DUT,Network Analyzer Basics,Copyright 2000,Verify specifications of “building blocks” for more complex RF systems Ensu

4、re distortionless transmission of communications signals linear: constant amplitude, linear phase / constant group delay nonlinear: harmonics, intermodulation, compression, AM-to-PM conversion Ensure good match when absorbing power (e.g., an antenna),Why Do We Need to Test Components?,Network Analyzer Basics,Copyright 2000,The Need for Both Magnitude and Phase,4. Time-domain characterization,5. Vector-error correction,2. Complex impedance needed to design matching circuits,3. Complex values need

5、ed for device modeling,1. Complete characterization of linear networks,Network Analyzer Basics,Copyright 2000,Agenda,What measurements do we make? Transmission-line basics Reflection and transmission parameters S-parameter definition Network analyzer hardware Signal separation devices Detection types Dynamic range T/R versus S-parameter test sets Error models and calibration Types of measurement error One- and two-port models Error-correction choices Basic uncertainty calculations Example measur

6、ements Appendix,Network Analyzer Basics,Copyright 2000,Transmission Line Basics,Low frequencies wavelengths wire length current (I) travels down wires easily for efficient power transmission measured voltage and current not dependent on position along wire,High frequencies wavelength or length of transmission medium need transmission lines for efficient power transmission matching to characteristic impedance (Zo) is very important for low reflection and maximum power transfer measured envelope v

7、oltage dependent on position along line,I,+,-,Network Analyzer Basics,Copyright 2000,Transmission line Zo,Zo determines relationship between voltage and current waves Zo is a function of physical dimensions and r Zo is usually a real impedance (e.g. 50 or 75 ohms),Network Analyzer Basics,Copyright 2000,Power Transfer Efficiency,For complex impedances, maximum power transfer occurs when ZL = ZS* (conjugate match),Maximum power is transferred when RL = RS,RL / RS,Network Analyzer Basics,Copyright

8、2000,Transmission Line Terminated with Zo,For reflection, a transmission line terminated in Zo behaves like an infinitely long transmission line,Zs = Zo,Zo,Vrefl = 0! (all the incident power is absorbed in the load),Zo = characteristic impedance of transmission line,Network Analyzer Basics,Copyright 2000,Transmission Line Terminated with Short, Open,Zs = Zo,Vrefl,For reflection, a transmission line terminated in a short or open reflects all power back to source,In-phase (0o) for open, out-of-pha

9、se (180o) for short,Network Analyzer Basics,Copyright 2000,Transmission Line Terminated with 25 W,Vrefl,Standing wave pattern does not go to zero as with short or open,Zs = Zo,ZL = 25 W,Network Analyzer Basics,Copyright 2000,High-Frequency Device Characterization,Transmitted,Incident,TRANSMISSION,Gain / Loss,S-Parameters,S21, S12,Group,Delay,Transmission,Coefficient,Insertion,Phase,REFLECTION,SWR,S-Parameters,S11, S22,Reflection,Coefficient,Impedance, Admittance,R+jX, G+jB,Return,Loss,G, r,T,t,Incident,Reflected,Transmitted,R,B,A,B,R,=,Network Analyzer Basics,Copyright 2000,Reflection Parameters, dB,No reflection (ZL = Zo),0,1,Full reflection (ZL = open, short),0 dB,1,Voltage Standing Wave Ratio,Network Analyzer Basics,Copyright 2000,Smith Chart Review, ,Smith Chart maps rectilinear impedance plane onto polar plane,

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