《翻译语法讲解》PPT课件

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,,第二级,,第三级,,第四级,,第五级,,,*,C E T - 4,按一下以編輯母片標題樣式,,按一下以編輯母片,,第二層,,第三層,,第四層,,第五層,,,p,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,,第二级,,第三级,,第四级,,第五级,,,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,,第二级,,第三级,,第四级,,第五级,,,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,,第二级,,第三级,,第四级,,第五级,,,,*,单击此处编辑标题样式,,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,,第二级,,第三级,,第四级,,第五级,,Translation,,题 型 分 析,首先，一定要明确新四级中翻译考什么？核心考点是什么？通过对样题以及实考试题的分析，翻译题型有三大考点：,,1. 固定搭配考点：,这是翻译中的最为核心的考点，也是近几次命题密度最高的知识点，应该引起考生的高度重视比如说名词与动词搭配，形容词与名词搭配，动词与副词的修饰关系，名词与介词搭配，更为重要的是常见的固定词组以及固定表达，这些都可能成为本次考试的命题重点。

例1：By contrast, American mothers were more likely ______________________________,(把孩子的成功归因于),natural talent.,,【考点剖析】这个题目就非常典型有两个固定搭配考点：,1)be likely to do sth ; 2) owe…to /attribute…to,(把…归因于),,,2. 核心语法考点：,这部分语法考点大多数是以前词汇语法考题考点的重现和转移，核心语法考点最重要的虚拟语气，其次是倒装结构、从句知识、倒装结构、非谓语动词等例1：The professor required that,___________(我们交研究报告),by Wednesday .,,【考点剖析】本题是典型的语法题目重点考查考生对虚拟语气的掌握Require后面接从句的时候，一定会虚拟语气，语法结构为,require that +sb+should+动词原形,例2：Not only _____________________,(他向我收费过高),,but he didn’t do a good repair job either (大纲样题),,【考点剖析】本题同样为典型的语法考点。

考查了考生对倒装结构这个特殊语法现象的掌握情况句首的Not only决定了倒装连接，下文用了过去时态，因此，这里需在he之前加did所以答案应该为,did he overcharge me3. 核心动词以及动词短语的考查例1：Though a skilled worker,,____________________(他被公司解雇了),last week because of the economic crisis .,,【考点剖析】本题的重要考点就是考生对“解雇”这个核心动词的翻译可以表示解雇的有,dismiss, discharge, fire,等从新四级考试开始，由考查英译汉转变为考查汉译英汉译英试题占总分的5%，属于考生应该争取拿分的基础题因为这一题型说为翻译，实为补全句子，考查的是,语法结构和词组运用知识,较其他可能出现的主观题而言，汉译英题目相对简单，无非是五个难度中等的词组或从句的英语表达汉译英命题涉及四级水平学生应当掌握的,句型、语法、词组知识点,对考生而言，,选择正确的词形和句型,将会是更大的挑战汉译英主要考查学生以下能力“：,,形容词比较级,/,最高级,,,倍数,,虚拟语气,,非谓语,,名词性从句,,句型,,倒装句,,短语搭配,,形容词比较级/最高级,倍数,,1. Since my childhood I have found that _____________________________________,,____________________________________(没有什么比读书对我更有吸引力).,,2. The more you explain, ______________________________ (我愈糊涂),,3. Because of the rising cost, we spent _______________________________________(两倍的钱) on the project as had been planned.,,nothing is more attractive,,/appealing to me than reading,,the more confused I get/ become/ am,twice as much money,,形容词比较级/最高级,倍数,,It is reported that traffic __________________________________(,造成的死亡是战争的,4,倍,) and far more people commit suicide than are murdered. .,,The research concludes that the more time children spend watching television, ______________________________________________________________________________,,(,他们的学习成绩就越差,).,,kills 4 times as many people as wars,the poorer they perform academically /,,The worse their academic performances are,,,考点,,1. 比较级 + than,,2. the + 比较级+主谓结构， the + 比较级+主谓结构,,3.倍数的表示方法：,,1). 倍数 ＋ as adj./adv.(+n.) as,,2). 倍数 ＋ adj./adv.比较级(+n.) than,,3). 倍数 ＋the width, length, size of,,Eg. The earth is 49 times as large as the moon.,,The earth is 49 times larger than the moon.,,The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.,,虚拟语气,,The victim ___________________________________ (,本来会有机会活下来,) if he had been taken to hospital in time.,,The professor required that _____________________________________ (,我们交研究报告,),,A more careful secretary _______________________________________(,就不会犯这样明显的错误,).,,They__________________________________ _______________________________________(,一定是赶不上火车,), otherwise they should have arrived here two hours ago.,would have had a chance to survive,we hand in our research reports,could not have caught the train/,,must have missed the train,wouldn’t have made such an obvious mistake,,虚拟语气,,If we had set out earlier, we _______________________________________(,就不会在雨中行走,).,,_______________________________________(,要不是因为我生病了,), I would have lent him a helping hand.,,But for his wife’s help, he _______________________________________(,是不会成功的,).,would not have succeeded,Had it not been for my illness (But for my illness),wouldn’t have walked in the rain,,虚 拟 语 气,,定义,,虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)这一语法项目是各类英语考试中心测试的重点之一。

虚拟语气在英语里主要用来表达：,,,a. 非真实的情景，不可能发生的事，即某种与事实相反或难以实现的情况，或说话人主观愿望b. 与客观事实相反地情景， 即强制性虚拟语气，表示建议、命令、劝告这一类的意思上，表示强烈的要求做到、必须做到这样的含义虚拟语气的表达形式是通过动词的变化形式表达的， 其特点是主从句时态的不一致， 而且一般有明显得标志具体考点如下：,,（一）：if 句型 (共有三种句型),,分类,条件从句,主句,1.表示与过去事实相反的假设,过去完成时,should(would) have+ 过去分词,2.同现在事实相反的假设,一般过去时,should( would) +动词原形,3.表示对将来的假想,一般过去时,,were+ 不定式,,should+ 动词原形,should( would) +动词原形,,,1. 与现在的事实相反：,,If I,were,Bill Gates, I,would not work,so hard every day.,,2. 与过去的事实相反,,If it,had not rained,so hard yesterday we,could have played,tennis.,,3. 与将来的事实相反：,,If it,should rain,, the crops,would(could, might)be saved.,,,,虚拟条件句的倒装,,虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有,were, should, 或had,, 可将,if,省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。

Eg.,,,Were,they here now, they could help us.,,=,If,they,were,here now, they could help us.,,,Had,you come earlier, you would have met him.,,=,If,you,had come,earlier, you would have met him.,,,Should,it rain, the crops would be saved.,,=,if,it,should,rain, the crops would be saved.,,含蓄虚拟条件句,,含蓄虚拟条件句是指没有出现由if引导的条件句，而条件句的意思是用其他方式表达的如：,without, but for, otherwise，or, but that, given, provided, supposing, were it not for,等等Eg.,,Without,your help, we,couldn’t have finished,the work on time.,,But for,the English examination I,would have gone,to the concert last night.,,We didn’t know his telephone number;,otherwise,we,would have telephoned,him,,I,would have hung,you but the telephone was out of order.,,完成句子,,1.真想不到我们俩会在这里见面.,,It's strange that we _________________ here.,,2.如果没有参加玛丽的生日聚会的话,我们彼此就不会认识了.,,If we hadn't taken part in Mary's birthday party, we____________ each other.,,3.—这么近的路,我们应该步行到车站来.,,—是啊,根本没必要乘出租车.,,—We ________________ to the station, it was so near.,,—Yes. A taxi wasn't at all necessary.,,4.万一明天下雨的话,我们将不得不推迟参观颐和园。

it rain tomorrow, we ________ to put off the visit to the Summer Palace.,,Keys: 1.meet　 2.wouldn't have known,,3.should have walked　 4.Should; would have,,(二)： wish , if only, would rather, as if ,as though句型,其谓语部分有时态变化：,,1. 表示对现在情况虚拟时，动词用,一般过去时；,,2. 对过去的情况进行虚拟时，,动词用“过去完成时”.,,1. wish ， would rather, would prefer(宁可，宁愿） 后的宾语从句如：,,He wished he,had never been involved,in such affairs.,,I would rather you,could teach,me again.,,2. as if， as though引导的从句如：,,The little boy knows so many things as if he,was,a man.,,He acted as usual as though nothing,had happened.,,3.由if only （要是……，那该多好啊！）引导的惊叹句。

如：,,If only I,had passed,the test ！,,If only it,stopped,raining！,,(三)：在强制性语气的宾语从句中,,即表示建议、命令、劝告、决心等主观色彩的动词 + that + (should) + 动词原形， 其中should 经常被省略这类动词包括：,,,suggest, propose, recommend, demand, order, command, desire, require,,,insist, advise, determine, prefer, move,(动议，规定)，,direct,(命令)，,decide，ask .,,Eg.,,I suggest that you,(should) not be,late again next time.,,I prefer that you,( should ) not do,that. 我认为你还是别干那件事的好注意： 以上动词转化为名词(如：,suggestion, proposal, demand, order, command, advice, desire, requirement, request, agreement, determination, preference , resolution, indication,等)后接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句要求用虚拟语气，其谓语部分用“(should)+ 动词原形” (should可省略)。

四)：It is/was + 形容词 / 过去分词 + that + (should) + 动词原形，这些形容词主要表示必要性、重要性、强制性、合适性、义务性，即某人对某事的反应important, natural, desirable, possible,, advisable(可取的，明智的), anxious, eager, essential, natural, necessary, preferable, proper, urgent, vital, willing， shocked, requested,,It was,essential,that the application forms,be,,sent,back before the deadline.,,It is,requested,that a vote,be taken,. 有人提请投票表决五）：It’s (about/high/ good ) time that…,表示“该是…的时候了”，含有 “晚一点” 的意思， 表示建议现在应该做什么事，从句一般用,一般过去时It’s time you,went,to bed.,,It’s high time that we,took,action.,,（六）：在lest that …， for fear that…， in case that …,引导的表示消极意义的目的主语从句中常用虚拟语气，表示“唯恐，以免”，从句用,should +动词原形,。

He put his coat over the child,for fear (lest )that,he,should catch,cold.,,He emphasized it again and again,lest,she,(should) forget,.,,Take a hat with you,in case,the sun,is,very hot (注意：该句陈述某一事实),,情态动词+ have +过去分词,,,1),,may(might) have + done sth,,,can (could) have + done sth,推测,过去时间,里可能发生的事情　　Philip,may (might) have been hurt,seriously in the car accident.　　Philip,can (could) have been hurt,seriously in the car accident.,2),,must have +done sth，,对,过去时间,里可能发生的事情的推测，语气较强，具有,"肯定"，"谅必",的意思　---Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.　---She,must have gone,by bus.,,,3）推测的否定形式，疑问形式用can‘t, couldn’t表示,。

　　Mike,can‘t have found,his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.　　迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的4,) ought to have done sth, should have done sth,本应该做某事，而事实上并没有做,否定句表示,"不该做某事而做了",You,ought to (should) have been,more careful in this experiment.He,ought not to have thrown,the old clothes away.（事实上已扔了ought to 在语气上比should 要强5) needn't have done sth,,,本没必要做某事,I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I,needn't have done,so. The weather was hot.,,,,非谓语,,_______________________________________(,有了那一堆稻草的保护,), the bushes are not buried by moving sand.,,_____________________________________________ (,理完发之后,), Professor Smith went straightly to the lab to proceed with his experiment.,,Young people are the most frequent travelers,,with,nearly half of those aged between 18 and 20____________________________________________________________________________(,平均每年外出旅游,3,次,).,Protected by the pile of straw,taking an average of 3 trips a year/,,taking 3 trips a year on average,After having his hair cut,,非谓语,,__________________________________(,屈服于金钱的诱惑,), he sold out the new design of the company to their opponent.,,Do you mind __________________________________,,(,推迟这次会议,) to the end of this quarter.,Yielding ( Giving in) to the temptation of money,postponing ( putting off )the conference,,English Grammar,,非 谓 语 动 词,,非谓语动词,,在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式叫做非谓语动词。

非谓语动词分为三种形式:,不定式，动名词，和分词(分词包括现在分词和过去分词)1）不定式,,时态\语态　　　 主动　　　　　　被动,一般式,to do　　　　　 to be done,完成式,to have done　　to have been done,,2）动名词,时态\语态　　　 主动　　　　　　被动,一般式,doing　　　　　being done,完成式,having done　　having been done,,3）分词,时态\语态　　　 主动　　　　　　被动,一般式,doing　　　　　being done,,,完成式,having done　　having been done,,,否定形式： not +不定式，　not + 动名词，　not + 现在分词,,,,,I. 分词 （现在分词和过去分词）,,区别:,,现在分词：,表示主动，正在进行,,过去分词：,表示被动，已经完成,,Eg.,,We can see the,rising,sun.,,,He is a,retired,worker.,,,,There was a girl,sitting,there.,,,,Most of the people,invited,to the party were famous scientists.,,,,5.,Not receiving,any letter from him, I gave him a call.,,6.,Given,more attention，the trees could have grown better.,,7. He remained,standing,beside the table.,,8. I‘ll have my watch,repaired,.,,动名词,,动词后加动名词,doing,作宾语,(V. + doing,sth,),admit,承认,appreciate,感激,,,赞赏,avoid,避免,complete,完成,consider,认为,delay,耽误,deny,否认,detest,讨厌,endure,忍受,enjoy,,喜欢,escape,逃脱,prevent,阻止,fancy,想象,finish,,完成,imagine,想象,mind,介意,miss,错过,postpone,推迟,practice,训练,recall,回忆,resent,讨厌,resist,抵抗,resume,继续,risk,冒险,suggest,,建议,face,面对,include,包括,stand,忍受,understand,理解,forgive,宽恕,keep,,继续,,,Would you,mind turning,down your radio a little, please?,,The squirrel was lucky that it just,missed being,caught.,,,,2. 词组后接doing,admit to　 prefer doing to doing　be used to　　　 lead to,,devote oneself to,,object to,,stick to,,be busy doing,,look forward to,as well as, be tired of ,,can‘t help,,be fond of　 be capable of　 be afraid of　 be proud of　think of / about　 hold off　　　　put off　 be successful in keep on　 insist on　　 count on / upon good at,,set about　 prevent … from… give up,It's worth…, have trouble/difficulty doing sth,,,It‘s no use /good doing ， spend… doing sth,,,1 不定式作宾语,,,动词+ 不定式,afford　 aim　　 appear,agree,arrange,ask,,decide,bother　care,choose,come　　 dare,,desire　 elect,expect,,hope,demand,fail,,,,happen,,help,hesitate,learn,long,mean,,manage,offer　 ought,plan,prepare,pretend,,promise,refuse,seem,,tend,,intend,seek,,wait,wish,offer undertake,determine,,,举例：　 　The driver,failed to see,the other car in time.　　 司机没能及时看见另一辆车。

　I,happen to,know the answer to your question.　　 我碰巧知道你那道问题的答案动词不定式,,2 不定式作补语,,,动词+宾语+不定式(to do),advise,,allow,appoint　　 believe　　cause　　 challenge　command compel　　 consider　 declare,enable,,encourage,,find,forbid　　 force　　　guess　　 hire　　　 imagine　　impel　　　induce　　 inform　　instruct,invite,judge　　　 know　　　 like　　　order,permit,urge,persuade,,remind,report　　 request,require,select　 send　　 state suppose,tell,,think,train　　 trust　　 warn　 drive,,例句：　 a.　Father will not,allow us to play,on the street.　　　　　　　　　 父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。

 b.　We,believe him to be,guilty.　　 我们相信他是有罪的不带,to,的不定式作补语,表示 "感觉"的动词,see, watch, notice, observe, feel,,hear, listen,等和三个表示 "致使"的动词,make, have, let,后面跟不带to的不定式作补语.例如:,,to see sb. go out,,to hear sb come in,,to make sb laugh,,to have sb explain it,,to let sb go out,,注意：在主动句中省to，但在被动句中必须加to,,独立主格,,,1. 独立主格,,（一）： 独立主格结构的构成：,名词(代词)+现在分词、过去分词；名词(代词)+不定式；名词(代词) +介词短语构成二） 独立主格结构的特点：,1）独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在　　2）名词或代词与后面的分词，不定 式，介词等是主谓关系,,现在分词主动，过去分词被动3）独立主格结构一般有逗号与主句分开举例：,,,,1. The test,finished,, we began our holiday.　　考试结束了，我们开始放假。

2. Weather,permitting,, we are going to visit you tomorrow.　　　如果天气允许，我们明天去看你3. This,done,, we went home.　　　　　工作完成后，我们才回家4. He came out of the library, a large book,under,,his,,arm,.　 他夹着本厚书，走出了图书馆,,,2. With的复合结构作独立主格,,表伴随时，既可用分词的独立结构，也可用with的复合结构:,with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/介词短语,,举例:,,1. He stood there, with his hand,raised.,2. The murder was brought in, with his hands,tied,behind his back3. A robber burst into the room,,knife in hand.,,,,名词性从句,,_______________________________________(,我想强调的是,) is not the process but the result.,,_______________________________________(,他想告诉你的是,) before he left was that he had never told a lie to you.,,The world’s greatest sporting event, the,Olypic,Games, upholds the amateur(,业余,,,业余爱好者,) ideal that _______________________________________(,重要的不是输赢,,,而是参与,).,What I want to emphasize,What he wanted to tell you,what matters is not winning but participating,,what 从句的小结,What 引导的从句表两种含义，一种保留原有疑问意义，即“什么”。

二是表“所….的事/物”, 相当于the thing(s) that…, 或those which… 可以用于以下情况：,,(1) 引导主语从句What she saw,frightened her. What we are worrying about is just her innocence.,,,What will be,, will be. 要发生的事总是要发生的谚语）,,,What is gone,is gone. 过去的事就过去了2) 引导表语从句如：,,That’s,what I hope,. 那就是我希望的Times are not,what they used to be.,时代不同了He’s not,what he was a few years ago,. 他不是几年前的他了3) 引导宾语从句，包括介词宾语如：,,He could not express,what he felt.,他不能表达他的感受Well, I’ll do,what I can,. 好吧，我尽力Tom asked,what water is composed of.,,that与what从句的区别,,that与what都可引导名词性从句，that在从句中不作句子成分，只是引出一个陈述句。

what 在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语等，不能省略如：,,1.,,What,surprised us,is that he did it alone． （what在主语从句中作 主语）2.,That,he did it,alone surprised us．（that用来引导主语从句，在句中不作成分）3. The teacher got angry because of,what,the boy had done,．（what在宾语从句中作宾语） 4. All the people believed,that,the boy had done it,.  ( that在宾语从句中不作句子成分且可省略）,,句型,,That was so serious a matter that I _______________________________________(,除了叫警察别无选择,).,,There is nothing worth watching on television, so we _______________________________________(,倒不如去看电影,).,,We agree to accept your order _______________________________________(,在你预先付款的条件下,).,,_______________________________________(,就经济发展而言,), China had made outstanding achievement in the past twenty years.,had no choice but to call in the police,might as well go to see a film,on condition that you pay in advance,As far as the economic development is concerned,,考 点,1. “but”表“除了”接不定式,,He wanted nothing,but to stay,here for another day.,,I have no choice,but to tell,you the truth.,,There was nothing to do,but  (to) wait,till help came.,,* 如果谓语动词为实意动词do的某种形式时，but 后的不定式要省略符号to.,,I can,do,nothing,but let,him know. 我只能通知她。

They,did,nothing,,but complain,. 他们只是抱怨考 点,由but 构成的几个常用结构:,,1),,but for（+n.), but that（+句子）,“多亏…” “要不是” 多用于虚拟语气,,,But for,your help,I wouldn’t have succeed.,,,But that,you helped us, we could not have been rich.,,2),,not…but,,“不是…而是…”,3),,not only…but also,“不但…而且…”,,4),,do nothing but, can not but,cannot help but,“不得不”，后接动词原形,,The child,,did,nothing,but weep,.,,She,could not but admit,that they were justified in this.,,We,cannot help but admit,that the Chinese people are a great people.,,5),,nothing but,只不过，仅仅（不以为然，厌烦之语气）She is,nothing but,a housewife.她只不过是个家庭主妇。

考 点,2. might/may as well do sth 倒不如,倒也无妨,,Eg. Since nobody else wants the job, we might as well let him have it.,,3.在…条件下,,,on condition that,,under the circumstance that,,4. 就…而言,,as far as …be concerned,,句型,,The destruction of coral (,珊瑚,)is inevitable due to global warming, _______________________________________(,无论现在采取什么措施,).,,Any kind of exercise will do well to the heart, _______________________________________(,只要他能加速心跳,).,,Living in the desert has many problems, of which _______________________________________,,(,缺水并非是唯一的问题,),no matter what actions are taken now,Provided that /as long as it quickens heartbeat,the lack of water is not the only one,,倒装句,,Only by working at evenings and weekends,,_______________________________________,,(,他才能完成报告,).,,,Only by shouting at the top of his voice,,_______________________________________,,(,他才能让别人听见他的声音,).,is he able to complete the report,could he make himself heard,,,Under no circumstances __________________________________,,(,他会反对,) her proposal that they take a vacation to Australia together.,,__________________________________,,__________________________________,,(,她看见报纸上的广告,) when she booked a package tour with Bright Travel Service.,,Scarcely / Hardly had she read the advertisement on newspaper,will he object to,,倒装句之部分倒装,,部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。

如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词，则需添加助动词,do, does,或,did,，并将其置于主语之前1) 句首为否定或半否定的词语，如,,no, not, never, seldom, little, hardly,,,,scarcely, few, 以及at no time, in no way, not until, not only…but (also), no sooner…than, hardly… when, scarcely… when等等2) only在句首要倒装的情况,,,Only,,after being asked three times,,did he,,come to the meeting.,,,注：如果句子为主从复合句，则主句倒装，从句不倒装.,,Only,,when he is seriously ill,,,does,he ever stay in bed.,,3) as / though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前（形容词, 副词, 分词, 实义动词提前），,例如：,,,Old as,,my father is, he keeps up with his English study.,,,Child as,,he is, he knows something of electricity.,,,4) so… that 句型中的so 位于句首时，需倒装。

So frightened was,,he that he did not dare to move an inch,,,5) 在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were, had, should等词，可将if 省略，把 were, had, should 移到主语之前，采取部分倒装Were,,I you, I would try it again.,,,,,短语搭配,,We must _______________________________________(,扫除最大障碍,)and whether we can succeed or not dependents on the joint efforts of our two parties.,,Professor Smith’s devotion to teaching has _______________________________________(,留下深刻印象,)on all his students.,,Specialists in intercultural studies say that it is not easy to _____________________________________________________________________________ (,适应不同文化中的生活,),clear away the biggest obstacle/ barrier,made a deep impression,adapt to lives in different cultures/adapt (oneself) to living in different cultures,,短语搭配,,Once a great earthquake _______________________________________(,将这个城市化为一片废墟,).,,He is said to have been a good student until he _______________________________________(,开始对电脑游戏上瘾,).,,Unfortunately, he found he _______________________________________(,毫无相同之处,)with his twin brother.,reduced the whole city to ruins,became addicted to computer games,had nothing in common,,短语搭配,,Many students are under great pressure. Whenever they feel they _______________________________________,,(,辜负了父母的期望,), they would feel guilty.,,Many people believe that as far as agriculture is concerned, warm places (,比寒冷地区有优势,). _______________________________________,,______________________________________,,The school sent him a fax to _______________________________________ (,祝贺他获得一等奖,) in the international competition.,haven’t lived up to their parents’ expectations,have an advantage over cold places /,,are superior to cold places,congratulate him on winning the top/ first prize,,短语搭配,,In September 1998, _______________________________________(,代表中国女队,), Zhu Chen participated in the Olympic Team Competition in Russia.,,Social changes made a difference. People used to __________________。