考研英语一及答案重点记忆.pdf

2022年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语真题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the fallowing text. Choose the best word(s) far each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or Don ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)① The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of thosehypotheses that dare not speak its name.②But Gregory Cochran is ] to say it anyway.③Heis that 2 bird, a scientist who works independently 3 any institution.④He helpedpopularize the idea that some diseases not 4 thought to have a bacterial cause were actuallyinfections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested.① 5 he, however, might tremble at the 6 of what he is about to do. ©Togetherwith another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only 7 that one group ofhumanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about.(§)The group in 8 are a particular people originated from central Europe. @The process isnatural selection.① This group generally do well in IQ test, 9 12-15 points above the 10 value of100, and have contributed 11 to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the _ 1 _ 2of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, 13 . ②They also suffer moreoften than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer. ©Thesefacts, 14 , have previously been thought unrelated.④The fbnner has been 15 to socialeffects, such as a strong tradition of 16 education. @The latter was seen as a(n) 17 ofgenetic isolation.⑥Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases are intimately 18 .⑦His argument is that the unusual history of these people has 19 them to uniqueevolutionary pressures that have resulted in this 20 state of affairs. (295 words)1.AselectedB preparedCobligedDpleased2.AuniqueBparticularCspecialDrare3.AofBwithCinDagainst4.AsubsequentlyBpresentlyCpreviouslyDlatcly5.AOnlyBSoCEvenDHence6.AthoughtBsightCcostDrisk7.AadvisesB suggestsCprotestsDobjects8.AprogressBfactCneedDquestion9.AattainingBscoringCreaching□calculating10.AnormalBcommonCmeanDtotal11.AunconsciouslyBdisproportionatelyCindefinitelyDunaccountably12.AmissionsB fortunesC interests□careers13.AaffirmBwitnessCobserveDapprove14.AmoreoverBtherefbreChowever□meanwhile15.Agiven upBgot overCcarried onDput down16.AassessingBsupervisingCadministeringDvaluing17.AdevelopmentBoriginCconsequenceDinstrument18.AlinkedBintcgratcdCwovenDcombined19.AlimitedBsubjectedCconvertedDdirected20.AparadoxicalBincompatibleCinevitableDcontinuousSection IIReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET /. (40 points)Text 1①While still catching up to men in some spheres of modem life, women appear to be wayahead in at least one undesirable category.②"Women are particularly susceptible to developingdepression and anxiety disorders in response to stress compared to men," according to Dr. Yehuda,chief psychiatrist at New York's Veteran^ Administration Hospital.©Studies of both animals and humans have shown that sex hormones somehow affects thestress response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than domales under the same conditions.②In several of the studies, when stressed-out female rats hadtheir ovaries (the female reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal tothose of the males.©Adding to a woman's increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased "opportunities ”for stress.②"It's not necessarily that women don't cope as well. It's just that they have so muchmore to cope with," says Dr.Yehuda.③“Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greaterthan men's,” she observes, "It's just that theyYe dealing with so many more things that theybecome worn out from it more visibly and sooner.n®Dr.Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes.②"1 think that the kinds of thingsthat women are exposed to tend to be in more of a chronic or repeated nature.③Men go to war andare exposed to combat stress. Men are exposed to more acts of random physical violence.@Thekinds of interpersonal violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by,unfortunately, parents or other family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals.@Thewear-and-tear that comes from these longer relationships can be quite devastating. n©Adeline Alvarez married at 18 and gave birth to a son, but was determined to finish college.②"I struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was myescape, to go to school, and get ahead and do better.M( 3) Later her marriage ended and she became asingle mother.④"It's the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay thecar payment, and pay the debt. 1 lived from paycheck to paycheck. n①Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes.②Butmost women today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain.®Alvarez's experience demonstrates the importance of finding ways to diffuse stress before itthreatens your health and your ability to function. (419 words)21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphsA Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.BWomen are still suffering much stress caused by men.C Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.DMen and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.22. Dr. Yehuda*s research suggests that wome n.ANeed extra doses of chemicals to handle stressBHave limited capacity for tolerating stressC Are more capable of avoiding stressDAre exposed to more stress23. According to P aragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be.Adomestic and temporaryBirregular and violentC durable and frequentDtrivial and random24. The sentence "I lived from paycheck to paycheck." (Line 5, P ara. 5) shows that.AAlvarez cared about nothing but making moneyBAlvarez*s salary barely covered her household expensesC Alvarez got paychecks from different jobsDAlvarez paid practically everything by check25. Which of the following would be the best title for the textAStrain of Stress: No Way O utBResponses to Stress: Gender DifferenceC Stress Analysis: What C hemicals SayDGender Inequality: Women Under StressText 2①It used to be so straightfbrward.(2)A team of researchers working together in the laboratorywould submit the results of their research to a journal.③A journal editor would then remove theauthors1 names and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review.©Dependingon the comments received, the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it.⑤C opyright rested with the journal publisher, and researchers seeking knowledge of the resultswould have to subscribe to the journal.①No longer.②The Internet-and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning whycommercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting accessto it-is making access to scientific results a reality. (3) The O rganization for EconomicC o-operation and Development (O EC D) has just issued a report describing the far-reachingconsequences of this.④The report, by John Houghton of Victoria University in Australia andGraham Vickery of the O EC D, makes heavy reading for publishers who have, so far, madehandsome profits.⑤But it goes further than that.⑥It signals a change in what has, until now, beena key element of scientific endeavor.①The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, inpart, upon wide distribution and ready access.②It is big business.③In America, the core scientificpublishing market is estimated at between $7 billion and $11 billion.©The InternationalAssociation of Scientific, Technical and Medical P ublishers says that there are more than 2,000publishers worldwide specializing in these subjects.⑤They publish more than 1.2 million articleseach year in some 16,000 journals.©This is now changing.②According to the O EC D report, some 75% of scholarly journalsare now online.③Entirely new business models are emerging; three main ones were identified bythe report's authors.@ There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay fbr accessto a collection of online journal titles through site-licensing agreements.⑤There is open-accesspublishing, typically supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to bepublished.⑥F inally, there are open-access archives, where organizations such as universities orinternational laboratories support institutional repositories.⑦O ther models exist that are hybridsof these three, such as delayed open-access, where journals allow only subscribers to read a paperfbr the first six months, before making it freely available to everyone who wishes to see it.⑧AHthis could change the traditional form of the peer-review process, at least fbr the publication ofpapers. (411 words)26. In the first paragraph, the author d i s c u s s e s .Athe background information of journal editingBthe publication routine of laboratory reportsC the relations of authors with journal publishersDthe traditional process of journal publication27. Which of the following is true of the O EC D reportAlt criticizes government-funded research.Bit introduces an effective means of publication.C It upsets profit-making journal publishers.DIt benefits scientific research considerably.28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that.Ait provides an easier access to scientific resultsBit brings huge profits to scientific researchersC it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledgeDit facilitates public investment in scientific research29. With the open-access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to.Acover the cost of its publicationBsubscribe to the journal publishing itC allow other online journals to use it freelyDcomplete the peer-review before submission30. Which of the following best summarizes the textAThe Internet is posing a threat to publishers.BA new mode of publication is emerging.CAuthors welcome the new channel for publication.DPublication is rendered easier by online service.Text 3©In the early 1960s Wilt Chamberlain was one of only three players in the NationalBasketball Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. (2)If he had played last season, however,he would have been one of 4 2 .③The bodies playing major professional sports have changeddramatically over the years, and managers have been more than willing to adjust team uniforms tofit the growing numbers of bigger, longer frames.©The trend in sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans havegenerally stopped growing. ©Though typically about two inches taller now than 140 years ago,today's people- especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for manygenerations—apparently reached their limit in the early 1960s. ③And they arcn*t likely to get anytaller. ④“In the general population today, at this genetic, environmental level, we've pretty muchgone as far as we can go,” says anthropologist William Cameron Chumlea of Wright StateUniversity.⑤In the case of NBA players, their increase in height appears to result from theincreasingly common practice of recruiting players from all over the world.① Growth, which rarely continues beyond the age of 20, demands calories andnutrients—notably, protein—to feed expanding tissues.②At the start of the 20th century,under-nutrition and childhood infections got in the way.③But as diet and health improved,children and adolescents have, on average, increased in height by about an inch and a half every20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in height.④Yet according to the Centers forDisease Control and Prevention, average height- 5' 9〃 fbr men, 5' 4〃 for women- hasn'treally changed since 1960.©Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. ©Duringchildbirth, larger babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. ©Moreover, eventhough humans have been upright fbr millions of years, our feet and back continue to strugglewith bipedal posture and cannot easily withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs. (4)"There are some real constraints that are set by the genetic architecture of the individualorganism/ says anthropologist William Leonard of Northwestern University.©Genetic maximums can change, but don't expect this to happen soon. ©Claire C. Gordon,senior anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of theuniforms and workstations fit recruits without alteration.③She says that, unlike those fbrbasketball, the length of military uniforms has not changed for some time. ④And if you need topredict human height in the near future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by andlarge, nyou could use today*s data and feel fairly confident. n (440 words)31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to.Aillustrate the change of height of NBA playersBshow the popularity of NBA players in the U.S.Ccompare different generations of NBA playersDassess the achievements of famous NBA players32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the textAGenetic modification.BNatural environment.C Living standards.DDaily exercise.33. O n which of the following statements would the author most probably agreeANon-Americans add to the average height of the nation.BHuman height is conditioned by the upright posture.C Americans are the tallest on average in the world.DLarger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near f ut ur e.Athe gannent industry will reconsider the unifbnn sizeBthc design of military uniforms will remain unchangedC genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmenDthe existing data of human height will still be applicable35. The text intends to tell us that.Athe change of human height follows a cyclic patternBhuman height is becoming even more predictableC Americans have reached their genetic growth limitDthe genetic pattern of Americans has alteredText 4©In 1784, five years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52,was nearly toothless.②So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw—having extractedthem from the mouths of his slaves.①That's far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people rememberfrom their history books. ②But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slaveryplayed in the lives of the founding generation.③They have been spurred in part by DNAevidence made available in 1998, which almost certainly proved Thomas Jefferson had fathered atleast one child with his slave Sally Hemings.④And only over the past 30 years have scholarsexamined history from the bottom u p .⑤ Works of several historians reveal the moralcompromises made by the nation's early leaders and the fragile nature of the country's infancy. ©More significantly, they argue that many of the F ounding F athers knew slavery was wrong and yetmost did little to fight it.©More than anything, the historians say, the founders were hampered by the culture of theirtim e.②While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they alsounderstood that it was part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped tocreate.①F or one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. ©O wning slaves was "likehaving a large bank account," says Wiencek, author of An Imperfect God: George Washington, HisSlaves, and the Creation of Am erica.③ The southern states would not have signed theC onstitution without protections for the "peculiar institution/* including a clause that counted aslave as three fifths of a man for purposes of congressional representation.①And the statesmen's political lives depended on slavery. ②The three-fifths formula handedJefferson his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of thesouthern states in the Electoral C ollege.③O nce in office, Jefferson extended slavery with theLouisiana P urchase in 1803; the new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.©Still, Jefferson freed Hcmings's children-though not F lemings herself or his approximately150 other slaves. ©Washington, who had begun to believe that all men were created equal afterobsendng the bravery of the black soldiers during the Revolutionary War, overcame the strongopposition of his relatives to grant his slaves their freedom in his w ill.③O nly a decade earlier,such an act would have required legislative approval in Virginia. (406 words)36. George Washington's dental surgery is mentioned to.Ashow the primitive medical practice in the pastBdemonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his daysC stress the role of slaves in the U.S. historyDreveal some unknown aspect of his life37. We may infer from the second paragraph that.ADNA technology has been widely applied to history researchBin its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situationsC historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson's lifeDpolitical compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history38. What do we learn about Thomas JeffersonAHis political view changed his attitude towards slavery.BHis status as a father made him free the child slaves.C His attitude towards slavery was complex.DHis affair with a slave stained his prestige.39. Which of the following is true according to the textASome F ounding F athers benefit politically from slavery.BSlaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.C Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.DSlavcry was regarded as a peculiar institution.40. Washington*s decision to free slaves originated from his.Amoral considerationsBmilitary experienceC financial conditionsDpolitical standPart BDirections:In the following text, some segments have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose the mostsuitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices,which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET I. (10 points)The time fbr sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything else insteadof writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding theinevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41).Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do notpermit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft.(42). Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrateon what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idearather than in a nervous search for errors.(43). Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if you have toclip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.If you arc working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to makeadditions and deletions as well as move entire paragraph by making just a few simple keyboardcommands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements inyour writing. (44). These printouts are also easier to read than the screen whenyou work on revision.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesisand add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The studentwho wrote “The AP as a State of Mind〃 wisely dropped a paragraph that questioned whetherSammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45).Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper manytimes—and then again—working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up withseveral entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should berelated to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next so that there are noabrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphsshould be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.A To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you caneasily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper.B After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particularattention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It's probably best to write theintroduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concluding paragraphsdemand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.C Ifs worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh ofF a printer may lookterrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Manywriters prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft toavoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.D It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topicinto a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outlineyou have made.E Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains howthe setting influences Sammy's decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph,she added one that described LengePs crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead upto the A P “policy" he enforces.F In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in "A P,〃 the student bringstogether the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept LengePs storepolicies.G By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will verylikely discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don't useoutlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose aperfectly correct draft the first time around.PartCDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Yourtranslation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinarymodesty. He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearlyand concisely, but (46) he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensatingadvantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him todetect errors in reasoning and in his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any greatquickness of apprehension or wit, such as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted、also, that hispower to follow a long and purely abstract train of thought was very limited, for which reason hefblt certain that he never could have succeeded with mathematics. His memory, too, he describedas extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he never could remember for more than afew days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand, he did not accept as well foundedthe charge made by some of his critics that, while he was a good observer, he had no power ofreasoning. This, he thought, could not be true, because the “Origin of Species" is one longargument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one, he submits,could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert that“I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairlysuccessful lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.， f (49) He addshumbly that perhaps he was "superior to the common run of men in noticing things which easilyescape attention, and in observing them carefully.”Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects hismind had changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond itpoetry of many kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable,and music very great, delight. In 1881, however, he said: "Now for many years I cannot endure toread a line of poetry. I have also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.” (50) Darwin wasconvinced that the loss of these tastes was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly beinjurious to the intellect, and more probably to the moral character.Section HI WritingPart A51. Directions:You have just come back from Canada and found a music CD in your luggage that you forgotto return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to1) make an apology, and2) suggest a solution.You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming" instead.Do not write the address. (10 points)PartB52. Directions:Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should1) describe the drawing briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and then3) give your comments.You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)答案速直表Section I Use of English (10 po血s)l .B 2. D 3. A 4.C 5.C 6. A 7. B 8. D 9. B 10. C11 . B 12. D 13. A 14. C 15. D 16. D 17. C 18. A 19. B 20. ASection II Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part A (40 points)21. A 22. D 23. C 24. B 25. D 26. D 27. C 28. A 29. A 30. B31. A 32. C 33. B 34. D 35. C 36. D 37. B 38. C 39. A 40. BPart B (10 points)41. D 42. G 43. A 44. C 45. FPart C (10 points)46 . 他认为或许正是这种( 言语表达上的) 困难迫使他长时间专注地思考每个句子，从而使他能够在推理和自己的观察中发觉错误，结果这种困难反而成绩了他的优势。

47 . 此外，他还断言自己进行长时间纯抽象思维的能力十分有限，由此他也认定自己在数学方面根本不可能有大的作为48 . 另一方面，某些批判家指责他虽善观察，但缺少推理能力，他认为这种说法是缺少依据的49 . 他谦虚地补充道，或许他“ 和一般人比起来，更特长注意到那些简单被无视的东西，并对其进行细致的观察〃50 .达尔文确信，失去了这些爱好不只是少了乐趣，而且可能会有损于一个人的智力，更有可能有损于一个人的性情Section III Writing (30 points)Part A (10 points)Dear Bob,I have just returned home and thanks fbr your kind help during my stay in Canada.Unfortunately, when I opened my luggage, I found the music CD that I forgot to return toyou. I am really sorry for this.I would like to pay for it so you can buy another copy at your local store. If you wantto keep exactly the same one, I can mail the CD to you as soon as possible. Again Iapologize for the inconvenience I have caused.Please accept my sincere apology and reply to me at your earliest convenience andadvise me of your wishes.Yours sincerely,Li MingPart B (20 points)In the cartoon above, two handicapped men, with their broken legs tied together, arerunning forward, leaving the dust flying behind them. Furthennore, there is a caption underthe picture, which reads “You stretch out your healthy left leg and I reach out my healthyright leg; lefs walk together north and south." The cartoon symbolically illustrates that,pooling their efforts together, they can abandon the crutches they depended on before toovercome their disabilities.What the drawing mirrors is the miraculous effect of cooperation. Originally, neitherof the two handicapped men is able to walk independently without a pair of crutches.However, when they cooperate with each other they can run forward together. Actually,cooperation plays an important role in our society. For instance, no single individual canprogress without the help of others. Also, a football team cannot win the game without fullcooperation. While last but not least, solidarity and friendship are traditional virtues of ournation, which make our life more comfortable.In conclusion, it is obvious that cooperation, or rather solidarity and friendship, is ofgreat importance in our daily lives. As a famious quotation from the ancient Greek AesopsFables put it, “United we stand, divided we fall/' We should learn to be a team player,and take an active part in cooperation. Moreover, it is our responsibility to carry forwardthe fine tradition of solidarity and friendship, and show consideration fbr people around us,as only in this way can we have a hannonious society and live a happy life.。