Unit8大学英语PPT演示课件.ppt

高等院校研究生英语系列教材综合教程（上）综合教程（上）INTEGRATED COURSE1Unit 8 Smarter Transportation 2 Content Starting out Reading Focus Reading More Practical Translation Focused Writing Final Project3Task 1Work in pairs. Choose your favorite car from the cars given on P220 and tell your partner why you like it best. Starting out—Task 1Starting out—Task 14Task 2 Role play. Work out a conversation with your partner in which one of you dreams of having a car and lists the benefits, while the other plays the opposing role and complains about the damage caused by cars. Starting out—Task 2Starting out—Task 25Useful words and expressions:Benefits: convenient, comfortable, luxurious, enjoy freedom, higher standard of living, privacy, independence, take better care of the young and the aged, protected from pick pockets, Shortcomings: jam the roads, energy-consuming, high cost, emissions, air pollution, theft from car parks, breakdowns, stressful driving.Starting out—Task 2Starting out—Task 26Starting out--Starting out--Task 2Task 2Task 3 Discuss with your group members how to solve the problem of traffic congestion in cities? You may give some suggestions on how to improve the roads and traffic regulations and how to make cars smarter to avoid being caught in traffic jams.7GPS (Global Positioning System) guides drivers to the right place without wondering about on the streets. Cars can be made smaller, too. The latest concept cars are foldable in order to save parking space. Starting out--Starting out--Task 2Task 28The Hidden Danger of Seat BeltsReading FocusReading Focus9 Global Understanding 2Detailed Information3Critical Thinking4Language Points5Reading FocusReading FocusVocabulary in Action6Background Information110 It is well-known that seat belt is one of the safety measures aiming to save lives, prevent injuries, and reduce car crashes. Why does the writer say there are “hidden dangers” caused by buckling seat belts? Would you give an example to support this statement?Background InformationBackground Information11Reading FocusReading Focus – – Global UnderstandingIt’s common knowledge that ___________________________________. But, according to John Adams ________________________________________. Adams explains his research in terms of ______________. For example, seat belts may cause _______________________, and thus pose risks to ______________________________________. There are many factors that affect risk, including _______________________________.Complete the following extract. seat belts decrease our.risk of dying in an accidentthe reality is messier and more complicatedthan thatrisk compensationpeople to drive more recklesslyother passengers or pedestrians as well as themselvesfinancial, physical or emotional rewards12Task 2Choose the sentence that best expresses the meaning of the sentence from the text. Key:1 2 3 4 5 26 7 8 9 10ABAABBABBAReading FocusReading Focus – – Detailed Information13Critical ThinkingReading Focus14Step One In the text, the author said:ØSeat belts may actually cause people to drive more recklessly.ØSeat belts save lives.Ø A young man is 100 times more likely to be involved in a severe car crash than is a middle-aged woman.Reading Focus—Critical Thinking15Step Two Discuss in groups:Reading Focus—Critical ThinkingØWhat safety measures have been included in car designs?ØWhy does John Adams say that driving at 3:00 a.m. on a Sunday one is more than 100 times more likely to die than someone driving at 10:00 a.m.? Can you explain this situation according to the risk compensation theory?161. Seat belts still decrease our risk of dying in an accident, but the statistics are not all black and white. (Para. 1)Øblack and white: 1) (of a photograph, film, television programme, or illustration) in black, white, shades of grey, and no other colour e.g. old black-and-white movies 2) (of a situation or debate) involving clearly defined opposing principles or issues e.g. It was all grey areas; no black-and-white certainties. Reading FocusReading Focus – – Language Point 172. What he found was that contrary to conventional wisdom, mandating the use of seat belts in 18 countries resulted in either no change or actually a net increase in road accident deaths. (Para. 2)Ømandate: require (something) to be done; make mandatory e.g. The government began mandating better car safety. Reading FocusReading Focus – – Language Point 183. If he is wearing a seat belt and his car has front and side air bags and anti-skid brakes to boot, he may in turn drive a bit more daringly. (Para. 3) Øto boot: used at the end of a list of remarks to emphasize them e.g. 1) He is kind, handsome and wealthy to boot. 2) She was a great sportswoman, and beautiful to boot. Reading FocusReading Focus – – Language Point 194. In the case of seat belts, instead of a simple, straightforward reduction in deaths, the end result is actually a more complicated redistribution of risk and fatalities. (Para. 4) Øredistribute: v. to give something to each member of a group so that it is divided up in a different way from before 再分配，再分发 e.g.: Their primary concern was to redistribute income from rich to poor. Reading FocusReading Focus – – Language Point 205. Consequently, any single measurement assigned to the risk of driving a car is bound to be only the roughest sort of benchmark. (Para. 5) Øbenchmark: something that is used as a standard by which other things can be judged or measured 基准 e.g. 1) The valuation becomes a benchmark against which to judge other prices. 2) Tests at the age of seven provide a benchmark against which the child’s progress at school can be measured.Reading FocusReading Focus – – Language Point 21Key to step 1 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- Task 1Step 1Match the words in the left column with their correct meanings in the right column. Note that each word has more than one meaning.e, mc, jb, qg, na, f, lh, ik, od, pReading FocusReading Focus – – Vocabulary in Action bootboundfatalnegotiatenetthe oddsrewardvacuum22Step 2Fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate word or phrase and write down the corresponding meaning (marked a—q in the table above) at the end of each sentence. Change the form if necessary.Reading FocusReading Focus – – Vocabulary in Action Key to step 2 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10- boot (m)vacuum (p)rewarded(o)reward (k)net (f) negotiating (n)odds (h)odds (i)Fatal (b)negotiations (g)23Task 2Fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate word or phrase from each group. Change the form if necessary. Reading FocusReading Focus – – Vocabulary in Action 1. black and white in black and white A. Part of the problem is that we only see the issues as __________________. B. Once it’s down ________________, you can’t forget it. C. I still get a thrill seeing re-runs of old _______________ movies on Saturday afternoon television.black and whitein black and whiteblack-and-white24Reading Focus – Reading Focus – Vocabulary in Action2. on the scene behind the scenes set the scene A. The accident victim died before the ambulance arrived ______________. B. Foster ______________ before the performance so that the audience knows what to expect. C. Women make their contribution in the world either in high-profile or _______________.on the sceneset the scenebehind the scene25Reading Focus – Reading Focus – Vocabulary in Action3. make a difference make all the difference make any difference make no difference A. He told me he should have been more careful, but that it would ___________________. B. The lighting will __________________ to how well people can see the picture. C. Will exercise ____________________ to my chances of getting fat? D. A few kind words at the right time _______________________________.make no differencemake a differencemake any difference make all the difference26Reading Focus – Reading Focus – Vocabulary in Action 4. work on work out work against A. If you ___________ it steadily you should win through in the end. B. Criticising the security procedures usually ___________ making them effective. C. Why don’t you leave him here till you see how things ___________?work onwork againstwork out27Reading Focus – Reading Focus – Vocabulary in Action5. spread out spread through spread to A. Buddhism _________ China from India. B. Felix watched his men ____________ to cover the whole area. C. A mass movement against forced labor ______________ the state.spread tospread outspread through28Task 3Fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate word or phrase from the four choices given below.•Key 1- 2- 3- 4- 5- 6- 7- 8- 9- 10-ABBDABCBDCReading FocusReading Focus – – Vocabulary in Action 29Intelligent Transportation Systems—ITSReading MoreReading More30Reading MoreReading More Global Understanding Detailed Information Critical Thinking Language Points Vocabulary in Action31Answer the following questions:1. What is the usual solution for reducing traffic in major cities? __________________________________________________.2. What does ITS refer to? __________________________________________________.3. How can ITS solve traffic problems? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ ______________________________________To widen highways. ITS solves the problems through engineering and technology. That is to say, by combining the hardware, software, and networking necessary to gather, process, and distribute information about traffic flows.Intelligent Transportation System.Reading More—Global Understanding324. What does the writer want to say by citing the example of EMS? ________________________________________________ ___________________________________________.5. What is the first step in running an ITS system? ________________________________________________ 6. What is used in the data collecting stage? __________________________________________ITS will improve the safety and eficiency of providing emergency help on city freeways.Information gathering.Reading More—Global UnderstandingInfrared cameras, loop detectors and computers.337. What is the second step of running an ITS system? __________________________________________________8. What is the third step? What is this step equipped with? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ ______________.Transmitting the gathered information.Collecting and processing the data. A central station is needed. It is equipped with a powerful mainframe computer and a lot of storage space.Reading More—Global Understanding349. What is the significance of using ITS? __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ ______________________.10. Why does the US government support ITS? ___________________________________________ ___________________________________________ _____By processing and analyzing data, the system works out traffic congestion patterns and makes predictions on the possible occurrences of congestion on certain routes. This helps reduce traffic congestion, and engineers are able to accurately and quickly monitor the entire system.Reading More—Global UnderstandingBecause governments and politicians have realized that we need to make the highways smarter, not just wider.35Task 2 Read the following statements and decide whether they are true or false according to the text. Key:1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10)TFFFTTTFReading More—Detailed InformationFT36Critical￿ThinkingReading MoreReading More37Discuss in groups the following questions.1. Scientists have developed an Intelligent Driver Information System (IDIS). Although drivers can’t see IDIS, they have benefited from the system. To name a few, drivers will be given a warning if they doze off while driving, if they are distracted in intensive traffic situations, and if the washer fluid level is low. Imagine as wild as you can and describe what you want the IDIS to do for you with your dream car.Reading More—Critical Thinking382. In a car accident in Hangzhou on May 7, 2009, a university graduate was hit to death by a sport car driver, who was speeding on a crowded city road. The case has aroused a heated discussion on civic safety and security endangered by speeding and other poor driving habits. What should be done to stop such drivers from causing more deaths?Reading More—Critical Thinking393. Have you ever encountered any dangerous situations in traffic? Or have you witnessed any dangerous behaviors of some drivers? What do you think of such experiences? 4. Some lawyers propose that heavily speeding behavior should be sued for endangering civic safety and innocent lives. The most severe punishment can well be death penalty. What’s your opinion?Reading More—Critical Thinking401. Personal transportation is truly a marvel of the twentieth century. (Para. 1) •marvel: something or someone that is extremely useful or skilful e.g. 1) The bridge is an engineering marvel. 2) It is a marvel that the patient has a place where recovered completely. Reading More Reading More – – Language Point 412. If the system is integrated into the transportation infrastructure so that EMS is alerted within seconds of a traffic accident, many lives can be saved. (Para. 4) Øintegrated into: with combine or work together in a way that makes something more effectivee.g. 1) We must integrate theory with practice.2) Transport planning should be integrated with energy policy Reading More Reading More – – Language Point 423. The problem is that it would require a massive workforce to successfully implement this sort of program in a major city like Los Angeles. (Para.5) Øimplement : to take action or make changes that you have officially decided should happen e.g. 1) Knowing how to implement those changes is procedural knowledge.2) Very few parties in government ever want to implement major political reform.Reading More Reading More – – Language Point 434. This is a massive undertaking; imagine connecting a huge number of sensors spread out over the freeway system of an entire city! (Para. 10)Øspread out: to cover a large area e.g. 1) The city spread out below her looked so calm. 2) The search party spread out to search the surrounding fields.Reading More Reading More – – Language Point 445. The United States government is backing ITS as a more useful method to solve the traffic problem than just building more roads. (Para.13) Øbacking: to support someone or something especially with money, power, or influence e.g.: Reading More Reading More – – Language Point 1) The scheme has been backed by several major companies in the region. 2) There is a new witness to back his claim that he is a victim of mistaken identity.456. Improvements are constantly being worked on. (Para. 13) Øwork on: to spend time making or fixing somethinge.g. 1) He has been working on a new novel for over a year now.2) Every weekend you see him working on his car.Reading More Reading More – – Language Point 46Task 1 accommodate astounding autonomous congestion equivalent implement integrate make a difference metropolitan occurrence optical permanent spread out work onFill in each of the blanks with an appropriate word or phrase from the box. Change the form if necessary.1. Migrant workers are to be _____________ near the place where they work.2. He treated us as _____________ individuals who had to learn to make up our own minds about important issues.3. Parking near the school causes severe traffic ___________. congestionReading MoreReading More – – Vocabulary in Action accommodatedautonomous474. People and corporations are __________ entities under the law. 5. We should go a step further to __________ scientific and technological advances with economic development. 6. The choice of research design __________________ to the substantive results. 7. The ____________ area of Boston is a major center for technology manufacturing, publishing, banking, and finance. 8. Words listed in this book _______ frequently.9. Last night Mr. Brown was ____________ the final details of his ￡4 billion giveaway.10. A(n) ___________ employee is one who is employed for an unlimited length of time.equivalentintegratemakes a differencemetropolitanoccurReading MoreReading More – – Vocabulary in Action working onpermanent481. The man signalled for me to ____________ the children together.2. They started out by looking at the computer screens which _______________ the images.3. Why bother baking a potato when a packet of _________ is at hand?4. If you ____________ information or evidence, you collect it, especially over a period of time and after a lot of hard work.5. The gates are ______________ by a computerized system. crisps (a)display (c) gather (a) Reading MoreReading More – – Vocabulary in Action Task 2Read the words and their explanations in the box. Choose a word to complete each of the sentences below and explain its meaning. Change the form if necessary. gather (b) controlled (a)49 6. He was __________ and well groomed but not very clever.7. An audio-visual ___________ gives visitors an idea of what life was like aboard a sailing ship.8. The autumn sky is clear and the air is ___________.9. ___________ bombs and weapons are guided by computers and lasers so that they hit their targets accurately.10. The work ___________ arrived to repair the broken fence.smart (c)display (b)crisp (c)Smart (b) Reading MoreReading More – – Vocabulary in Action party (c)50Task 3 Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) is the name given to the 1) __________ of computer and communication technologies to transport problems. In a(n) 2) _________ changing society the emphasis on road technology improvements to assist in road 3) _____________ has been identified. The rapid advances in ITS technologies have enabled the 4) __________ of data or intelligence which provides relevant and timely information to road managers and users. Fill in each of the blanks with an appropriate word from the box. Change the form if necessary.applicationrapidlymanagementReading MoreReading More – – Vocabulary in Action collection51 Japan seems to have initiated the whole modern day notion of ITS with work carried out in the 1980s. The United States was also addressing the application of ITS at an early stage in the 5) _________ of the Electronic Route Guidance project (ERGS) in the 1970s. The European Union picked up the theme, and referred to it as Road Transport Informatics. In the course of time the name of this technology was subjected to many changes 6) __________ the USA gave it the name ITS. untilcourse Reading MoreReading More – – Vocabulary in Action 52 Intelligent Transport systems 7) _________wider application of technology to transit systems as well as 8) ________ car and highways. Benefits given by ITS to any transportation 9) ___________ that introduce it are: improved safety, improved traffic efficiency, reduced 10)__________, improved environmental quality and energy efficiency and improved economic productivity.includesystemprivateReading MoreReading More – – Vocabulary in Action congestion53Practical TranslationPractical Translation54 翻译词汇时最忌讳的可以说是一个词对应一个词地“死译”,即不考虑词的深层含义以及词在短语中的含义，而是生搬硬套地逐词翻译，从而曲解了原文。

翻译一个词，必须先理解它在上下文中所处的地位及与其他词的搭配关系再进行贴切的翻译翻译词汇应注意如下三方面的问题：翻译词汇应注意如下三方面的问题：1. 1. 一词多义一词多义：：有时单词在不同的上下文中含义不同，应注意利用上下文加以区别2. 2. 短语的含义：短语的含义：在一些固定搭配的短语里，词义也会相应地发生变化，应注意积累这一类短语3.3.两种语言的文化背景差异两种语言的文化背景差异词汇的翻译词汇的翻译551.Sometimes, psychographic profiles can be quite detailed. Take the Accord. Honda Motor reports that the car’s owners like to vacuum their garages. You can’t say they’re not clean. 有时候，心理剖析可以非常详细以有时候，心理剖析可以非常详细以“雅阁雅阁”为例，本为例，本田汽车报告称，田汽车报告称，“雅阁雅阁”汽车的主人喜欢用吸尘器打扫汽车的主人喜欢用吸尘器打扫他们的车库你不能说他们不干净他们的车库。

你不能说他们不干净 点评：在翻译专有名词时，使用其约定俗成的名称点评：在翻译专有名词时，使用其约定俗成的名称 Translate the followng paragraphs into Chinese.562. We also found that sometimes messages sent out by seemingly similar cars can be quite different. Consider two premier British luxury sedans: Bentley’s Arnage and Rolls’ Phantom. Both are stately and fast, but each one attracts a different kind of customer. 我们还发现，有时看上去类似的汽车可能传达了完全不我们还发现，有时看上去类似的汽车可能传达了完全不同的信息，比如英国最好的两种豪华轿车：宾利公司的同的信息，比如英国最好的两种豪华轿车：宾利公司的“雅致雅致”和劳斯莱斯公司的和劳斯莱斯公司的“幻影幻影”，两者都是高贵而，两者都是高贵而快捷，但它们却各自吸引了不同类型的客户。

快捷，但它们却各自吸引了不同类型的客户 点评：在翻译专有名词时，使用其约定俗成的名称点评：在翻译专有名词时，使用其约定俗成的名称573. The Bentley buyer wants an understated heirloom that he or she can pass down through the generations; over 80% of all Bentleys ever made are still on the road today. The Phantom buyer, on the other hand, is looking for instant recognition. The car has a presence that really demands attention wherever it goes. 宾利的买主想要的是低调的、但是可以在几代人之间世宾利的买主想要的是低调的、但是可以在几代人之间世代相传的传家宝；有史以来所生产的宾利，代相传的传家宝；有史以来所生产的宾利，80% 以上至以上至今仍跑在路上然而，今仍跑在路上然而，“幻影幻影”的买家却期盼一夜成名，的买家却期盼一夜成名，该车的外表使得它所到之处无不引人注目。

该车的外表使得它所到之处无不引人注目点评：这里，将点评：这里，将 instant recognition译为译为“一夜成名一夜成名”，使，使译文更加简洁译文更加简洁58A BibliographyFocused WritingFocused Writing59There are a number of different styles of bibliography often used for different types of text, as follows:* APA: for psychology, education, and other social sciences. * MLA: for literature, arts, and humanities. * AMA: for medicine, health, and biological sciences. * Turabian: designed for college students to use with all subjects. * Chicago: used with all subjects in the “real world” by books, magazines, newspapers, and other non-scholarly publications.Focused Writing — Focused Writing — Writing SkillWriting Skill60 There is a clear format to follow in any style of bibliography. Take for example, rules of the Chicago style:Focused Writing — Focused Writing — Writing SkillWriting Skill* List entries in alphabetical order—do not number them. * If the name of the author is unknown, use the title to alphabetize. Be sure to ignore the words “The”, “A” and “An” if the title begins with them. For example, “The Sinking of the Titanic”, if it has no author, should be alphabetized under “Sinking”. 61* Keep capitalization consistent. Capitalize each word in a title, even if the title in the original article is not capitalized. * Double space between sources, single space within each entry. * Indent the second and all succeeding lines for each entry. * Use “n.p.” to indicate “no place” when there is no location given for the publisher.Focused Writing — Focused Writing — Writing SkillWriting Skill62Some particular rules of citing different sources: Citing a printed book Focused Writing — Focused Writing — Writing SkillWriting Skill* Author’s last name, first name, followed by a period * Title of the book, italicized or underlined, followed by a period * City of publication, followed by a colon * Name of the publisher, followed by a comma * Date of publication, followed by a period. 63For example: Waterman, Jonathan. Arctic Crossing: A Journey Through the Northwest Passage and Inuit Culture. New York: Alfred A Knopf, 2001.Focused Writing — Focused Writing — Writing SkillWriting Skill64Citing an online book•Author’s last name, first name, followed by a period •Title of the book, italicized or underlined, followed by a period •City of publication, followed by a colon •Name of the publisher, followed by a comma •Date of publication, followed by a period •The words: “Available from”: and the title of the site, followed by a comma • Host •Access date within parenthese, followed by a period Focused Writing — Focused Writing — Writing SkillWriting Skill65For example: Honey, Maureen. Bitter Fruit: African American Women in World War II. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1999. Available from: Peninsula Library System NetLibrary, (accessed 22 March 2005).Focused Writing — Focused Writing — Writing SkillWriting Skill66Citing a printed encyclopedia•Title of encyclopedia in italics, followed by a period and a space•Edition if known, abbreviated, followed by a period and a space•The letters s.v. (meaning “under the word”) followed by a space•The heading for the encyclopedic entry, followed by a period and within quotation marks.Focused Writing — Focused Writing — Writing SkillWriting Skill67For example:World Book Encyclopedia. 2003 ed. s.v. “Industrial Revolution.” Encyclopedia of Modern Asia. Ed. David Levinson, Karen Christenson (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2002). s.v. “Indo-China War.”Focused Writing — Focused Writing — Writing SkillWriting Skill68Citing an online encyclopedia•Title of encyclopedia in italics, followed by a period and a space •Edition if known, abbreviated, followed by a period and a space •The letters s.v. (meaning “under the word”) followed by a space •The heading for the encyclopedic entry, followed by a period and within quotation marks •The words “Available from” followed by a colon •If a paid subscription, provide the name of the sponsoring organization (abbreviate Library as Lib.) •URL of sponsoring organization, or of free online encyclopedia, within brackets, followed by a space •Access date within parentheses, followed by a period. Focused Writing — Focused Writing — Writing SkillWriting Skill69For example:Encyclopedia Britannica Online. s.v. “John Lennon.” Available from: Menlo School Lib. (accessed 8 December 2005).Focused Writing — Focused Writing — Writing SkillWriting Skill70Citing a printed periodical*Author’s last name, first name, followed by a period *Title of article, in quotation marks, followed by a period * Name of periodical, italicized, followed by a space * Volume number (if available) in Arabic numerals, followed by a comma* Date published in parentheses, followed by a colon * Pages used, followed by a period. Focused Writing — Focused Writing — Writing SkillWriting Skill71For example: Gorman, Christina. “The Avian Flu: How Scared Should We Be?” Time 166, no. 16, (17 October 2005): 30-34.Focused Writing — Focused Writing — Writing SkillWriting Skill72Citing a speech•Author’s last name, first name, followed by a period and a space •Title of speech, followed by a period, in quotation marks•Type of speech (lecture, keynote address, etc.), followed by a comma and a space •Circumstances of speech (annual meeting, board presentation, government proceedings, etc.), followed by a comma and a space•Location of speech, including institution if available, followed by a comma and a space•Date (speech was presented), followed by a period. Focused Writing — Focused Writing — Writing SkillWriting Skill73For example: Schafer, John. “2025.” Lecture, Menlo School, Atherton, CA, 3 December 2005.Focused Writing — Focused Writing — Writing SkillWriting Skill74Citing a web page with an author•Author’s last name, first name, followed by a period•Title of website in quotation marks, followed by a space•Website creation date in parentheses, followed by a period and a space•The words “Available from”, followed by the website’s sponsoring organization (if this is a personal website do not include a sponsoring organization)•URL in angle brackets, followed by a space•Date of access in parentheses, followed by a period.Focused Writing — Focused Writing — Writing SkillWriting Skill75For examples: Salda, Michael. “The Cinderella Project” (2005). Available from: University of Southern Mississippi [http://www.usm.edu/english/fairytales/cinderella/cinderella.html] (accessed 19 October 2006).Focused Writing — Focused Writing — Writing SkillWriting Skill76Citing a web page with no author•Cite the organization who sponsors it, or if that information is not available, use the title of the site.•Title of web page in quotation marks, followed by a space•Website creation date in parentheses, followed by a period•“Available from”, followed by the website’s sponsoring organization•URL in angle brackets, followed by a space•Date of access in parentheses, followed by a period.Focused Writing — Focused Writing — Writing SkillWriting Skill77For example: “John Roberts on Abortion” (2005). Available from: On The Issues[http://www.issues2000.org/Court/John_Roberts_Abortion.htm] (accessed 16 October 2005).Focused Writing — Focused Writing — Writing SkillWriting Skill78Final Project79Final ProjectInterviewMr. Wang and his wife are expecting their first baby. At the end of the year, both of them received good bonuses at work. They decided to buy a new car. But they want to consult widely before they buy. What are the benefits and disadvantages of car ownership? What advice would you give them? You may stand in Mr. Wang’s shoes and work with your partners to interview as many people as possible. 80Thank You!81。