写作结合范文.ppt
120页
四级作文评分标准 •评分原则1. 四级统考作文题采用总体评分方法阅卷人就总的印象给出奖励分，而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分2. 从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判内容和语言是一个统一体作文应表达题目所规定内容，而内容要通过语言来表达要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而适当确切地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍，是否符合英语表达习惯3. 避免趋中倾向该给高分的给高分包括满分；该给低分的给低分包括零分一名阅卷人在所评阅的全部作文试卷中不应只给中间的几种分数Back •评分标准 本题满分为15分阅卷标准共分为五等：2分，5分，8分，11分和14分阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数（如8分）相似，即定为该分数（即8分）若认为稍优于或劣于该分数则可加一分（即9分）或减一分（即7分），但不得加或减半分评分标准如下：• 2分： 条理不清，思路紊乱语言支离破碎或大部分有错误，且多数为严重错误• 5分：基本切题，表达思想不清楚，连贯性差有较多的 严重语言错误Back • 8分：基本切题，有些地方表达思想不不够清楚，文字勉强连贯。
语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误• 11分：切题表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误• 14分：切题表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好，基本上无语言错误，但有个别小错•注：白卷，作文与题目毫不关联，或只有几个孤立的词而无表达思想，则给0分 另外，字数不足的应酌情扣分，具体如下： 累计字数 90～99 80～89 70～79 60～69 50～59 49扣分 123579注：如题目中给出主题句，起始句，结束句，均不得计入所写字数只写一段者，0～4分；只写两段者，0～9分（指规定三段的作文） •评分样卷及说明•题目：Is Failure a Bad Thing ?•要求：1.失败是常有的事• 2.人们对失败有各种不同的态度• 3.我对失败的态度Back 2分：语言支离破碎，基本上找不到一个完整的句子，标点符号及拼写错误比比皆是，通篇条理不清，思路紊乱，不知所云• Is failure a bad thing ,if we have it ,to fact with it, or not? To us, failure is often thing, let us supposed, if someone who has never falled and do everything very easy, then, you see, he isn’t a happy man . Everyone had failure, you can not imagie what kind of failure has touched to a success man.• • To the failure, someone facts with it and try to make the failure into a encouragement thing and find why they falled and make up his mind to resolved the problume While, someone is give up what he had very done, ever disappointment, he isn’t the great man. • I know, live is include of failure and success, a really man will not run away from the failure, failure isn’t a bad think, failure is necessary if will fact with it for ever, I will success 5分：基本切题，但连贯性差，语言错误较多，且许多是严重错误，影响思想的表达。
• All of us are often failure. When we do something, we can’t be sure about it. And we don’t know whether it will be failure or success.• People have all kinds of thing of failure. Somebody is angry, somebody is disappointed, somebody keeps silence and others try do it again. And so on, it is different from everyone. • I’m often failure else. As soon as I am failure. I think over it in order to find the mistakes. “Failure is the mother of success.” So I do my best to do it again. “Is failure a bad thing?” “No.” the answer is yes. 8分：基本切题。
文字表达个别地方不够清楚，意思比较连贯，但句子较单调，有一些语言错误，其中有几处严重的错误• Failure is the thing which is always happen. Not passing an examination during one’s study is a failure. Not winning in a sports-meeting to a sportman is a failure. Not sucessing to finish an science experiement to a scientist is a failure. • People have different views of the failure. Some people think that failure means to a new begin. Some people will give up his plan because of the failure. Some people will get something new from the failure and do it again.• I will regard it as a new start and do it again. Because failure is the thing which is always happen. If I give up every time I will never do anything. I belive that failure is not a bad thing. 11分：切题。
表达思想清楚，文字连贯但有少量错误和用词不妥之处• Failure is a thing that often happens. It is impossible to have no obstacles when people do something. If they don’t prepare well or make some mistakes, people will fail. So everyone involved famous persons have experience of failure. • However people have some different kinds of attitudes to failure. Some feel disappointed and won’t go on . But others regard failure as a good thing, they find out the reason why they have failed and do their best to get over the obstacles. So they success finally. Many Scientists’ stories can prove it.• To tell the truth, I don’t like failure. But when I fail, I will not feel disappointed and stop working. Because failure isn’t a bad thing. I will learn something from failure and gain success. 14分：切题。
表达思想清楚，内容比较充实，文字流畅，句子结构多样基本语言错误，但有个别地方不够贴切 • Failure is a common thing in our daily life. As a student, we sometimes fail to get high scores in our examinations. When we play games we can’t avoid being beaten by the others. And there are times when we fail to do more satisfactory work. All these failures happen natually and almost everyone of us has such experience. • However there are different attitudes towards failure. Some people lose heart in failure, they think the world is at its end. Some people don’t take failure seriously, they just let it be, while some others learn much from failure and therefore see the light of hope through failure.• In my opinion, what really counts is failure itself, but what we think of failure and do after failure. As long as we don’t give up and believe in ourselves and in the meantime learn something from failure, we’ll certainly make our marks in the end. So I’m never afraid of failure, for I believe that failure is not a bad thing, “failure is the mother of success.” 记叙文 •记叙文• 记叙文（narration）是通过记叙人的言语和行为以及事情发生，发展的经过来表达中心思想，它一般是选择最重要的事情和细节，然后依一定的顺序排列。
一般的顺序是按照客观事物发生，发展的先后进行叙述• 记叙文强调语言清晰，记载准确为了达到这一目的，记叙文通常必须掌握六大要素，即时间（when）,地点(where) ，人物(who) ，原因(why)，事情(what)及结果(how)• 记叙文通常采用第一人称及第二人称的手法进行叙述介绍自己的情况或假定叙述自己的某次经历，可以用第一人称；而介绍其他人无或事情，则可用第三人称在看图作文中，如果是要求编故事，那么我们既可以用第一人称，也可以用第三人称，这要看具体采用何种方法写起来顺手而定Back 记叙文的写作要点是：1. 确定写作对象•确定好自己要写的记叙文是关于什么人或什么事2. 确立写作主题•明确自己要写关于什么人或什么事的哪一方面或要反映什么样的特点品质如有必要，交代背景交代文中所记叙的动作发生在何时、何地选择重要的、有助于说明主题的细节3. 按照一定的顺序排列细节•目的明确、观点一致•统一人称、统一时态•写作中注意使用：first, second, then, next, later, after, finally等词语 •` An Early Morning Walk 1. One morning I got up very early, and everything around was very quiet._________________________________________________________________________.2. When I arrived at the park, I found, to my surprise, that there were so many people there. ————————————___________________________________.3._____________________________________________________________________________. Taking early morning walks makes a man healthy and wise.1988 CET-4 •An Early Morning Walk• One morning I got up very early and everything around was very quiet. The trees, the streets and the noisy apartment were still falling into a deep sleep. The sun was just rising out of the eastern horizon, emitting streaks of red hue through the clouds. Green things stuck their timid heads from the ground. So I thought I could enjoy the early morning fresh and pleasing air alone. Then I took an early morning walk towards the park.• But when I arrived at the park, I found, to my surprise, that there were so many people there. Men or women, the old or the young, even five or six-year-old children were exercising themselves in various ways. Some were running up and down the gravel path around the lake. Some were playing golf or sword. Some elderly • People were practicing shadow boxing. Quite a lot of people were doing morning exercises accompanied by music. Even the little children were jumping and dancing on the ground.• Deeply moved by what I saw, I joined in them. While chatting with them I became aware of the advantages of sports especially morning exercises, which can result in good health, make our minds sound and clear. By my experience I learned that taking early morning walks makes a man healthy and wise.• 描述文 描述文• 描述文（description）是用形象生动的语言，对各种人物、事件及其依存的环境进行具体生动地描绘和刻画。
描述文的写作特点是：1. 要仔细观察所描述的事物，从中发现有特色、有价值的材料、使文章栩栩如生2. 细节安排得当，层次分明，概念清楚，学会选择最佳视点3. 要层次分明、详略得当，要抓住最鲜明的特点大为渲染，切勿平铺直叙、面面俱到Back My dormitory is a large, spacious and comfortable room with four beds. As you walk into the room, you are faced with a large window on the southern side of the room. Below the window is a large desk on which there is a clock, a telephone and a computer. Around the desk are four chairs for us to sit on during out study. The four bed are located in the four corners of the room. Between the two beds on the ease side of the room is a large wardrobe for hanging clothes and storing bedding. Opposite to it is a large bookcase with neatly arranged book.EXAMPLE1 One of my prize possessions is a small golden commemorative coin with an archer shooting an arrow on the front. The coin was issued in 1990 to commemorate the Eleventh Asian Games held in Beijing. It is one and a half centimeters in diameter. On the back is the national emblem of the People’s Republic of China. Over the years, the value of this coin has increased tremendously. Many people invest money in collectable coins as they will become more and more valuable as time goes by.EXAMPLE 2 说明文 说明文• 说明文（exposition）是指对客观事物的性质、形态、特征、特点、结构、作用、原理、成因、结果、发生、发展的过程，或事物间的联系进行确切、完整地解释和说明。
Back 写英语说明文应注意以下8方面:1. 注意审题 在提笔之前,思考几个问题:我要写什么?我要写给谁?应如何向读者传达思想? 2. 注意开好头 文章的起始段决定着文章的发展方向，点明并限定主题3.注意写好主题句 主题句能够体现全文的中心思想,鉴于主题句的作用和特点,其表述一定要清晰具体,最好用陈述句来表达4. 注意行文的统一性和连贯性 一篇好文章,首先要有统一性,也就是文章的中心思想要明确,一切事实、材料、手段的运用都围绕这个中心并突出这个中心连贯性主要表现在段与段之间的关系上在形式上,段首可用一些关联词来体现这种段与段之间的逻辑关系, 使文章条理清晰,富有连贯性 返回 5.注意说明方法的选择 常用的说明方法有:举例法、过程分析法、分类法、因果分析法、比较法、细节法等写作时我们可以根据说明的对象、目的,选择最佳方法6.注意说明顺序 常用的说明顺序有:空间顺序、时间顺序、逻辑顺序和认识顺序7.注意结尾 结尾段是文章的总结,一方面可以重述主题,给读者留下深刻的印象;另一方面, 使文章的结构完整无缺重述主题要用不同的词句重新强调文章的主题内容结尾段应简短、自然,避免介入新的话题,笔调要与上文保持一致。
8.注意检查 检查也应该是写作的一部分检查的内容主要包括:基本的语法问题、单词拼写问题、大小写问题、文章的衔接问题等 EXAMPLE 1• • Celebrating the Mid-autumn Festival • The Mid-autumn Festival, also called the Moon Festival, is one of the traditional Chinese festivals. It is on August 15, in the Chinese calendar, when, in the evening, the moon is supposed to be quite round. It is a festival for family reunions. • When the Mid-autumn Festival is near, all of the Chinese people will buy moon cakes. People send presents to their friends and relatives to express their wishes. • In the evening of the day, all the family members try to get home to have a feast together. After the feast, they will enjoy cakes and different kinds of fruits and go out to appreciate the moon. The children will light their pretty lanterns. • The Mid-autumn Festival is a meaningful festival. The Chinese love it because it symbolizes reunions and happiness. • 这是一篇关于中秋节的说明文。
作者在第一段介绍了有关中秋节的一些情况,指出中秋节是家人团聚的节日,明确了本文的中心接下来的两段作者着重介绍了人们是如何过中秋节的:买月饼,互送礼物,吃团圆饭,吃月饼,赏月等结尾段重述主题,简洁、自然本文采用了说明方法中的过程分析法,结构合理,条理清晰,语言简单明了 返回 •Example 2: •Hobbies • A hobby is an interesting way of spending your free time. It’s an activity you turn to for pleasure, not something that you have to do, like helping with the dishes. It’s more like a special friend that you choose for yourself. You spend your free time with it because it interests you and because you enjoy it.• Since different people like to do so many different things in their spare time, we could make a long list of hobbies, taking in everything from collecting match-boxes or raising rare fish, to learning about the stars or making model ships. Some hobbies are very popular: stamp collecting, painting and cycling, for example, while others are quite unusual, like collecting insects or travelling on all the trains in one country. Once you’ve selected a hobby that interests you, it will give you many hours of pleasure, and may lead to an interesting and creative future• 这篇说明文首先给”hobby”下了定义，然后举例介绍hobby的种类（常见和不常见的），最后谈到hobby会丰富我们的生活，所以读完此篇文章，读者对业余爱好可获得一个较全面的了解。
•1989年CET4 The tape Recorder1.The tape recorder is one of the most welcome and popular electronic devices ever invented.2.This device is useful in many ways.3.However, it can also become a nuisance. •The Tape Recorder• The tape recorder is one of the most welcome and popular electronic devices ever invented. There are many types of recorders. Some may be as big as a hand box; some may be as small as a watch. Now a new type called walkman has come into being, which is so convenient that you can take it with you wherever you want to go. On the other hand, it is very cheap, about forty Yuan, and it is very easy to handle even for a child. Therefore, almost each family has one or two recorders.• This device is useful in many ways. It is not only widely used in our daily life, for example, filming, sporting, exercising, entertaining, but also used in National Security and Secrecy. It is an essential instrument for the young to learn foreign languages, for the old to listen to music or Peking Opera and for English teachers to make their classes lively and interesting. • However, it can also become a nuisance if we use it improperly. It will have a bad effect on ourselves or others if we play it for too long time or too frequently. So we must make good use of it to promote our study and work. Assignment•1998年1月•Harmfulness of Fake Commodities•1. 目前社会上有不少假冒伪劣商品（fake commodities）,为什么会有这种现象？•2. 举例说明假冒伪劣商品对消费者个人、社会等的危害。
• 范文范文 • Harmfulness of Fake Commodities• Nowadays in the society, there are enormous fake commodities. When you go to the supermarket, you may buy some fake food commodities. When you go to the pharmacist’s you may buy some fake medicine.• The deep root of this phenomenon lies in some one’s greed for money. In order to get a large amount of money in a short time, they try every means to produce fake commodities, without any regard for other people’s benefit and health. Fake commodities can do great harm to both consumers and society. For example, when a person bought fake medicine, it was useless in curing his disease and really a waste of money. Sometimes fake medicine can even cause death. Fake commodities are usually sold in a lower price. It causes unfair competition in the marketeconomy and puts the whole society in disorder. 议论文 •议论文• 议论文（argumentation）就是通过摆事实、讲道理，阐明自己的观点和思想，并竭力说服读者。
议论文与说明文的不同处在于：说明文的目的是向读者介绍某件事情，让他们对此事有所知；而议论文的目的是说服读者，让他们接受某个观点议论文三大写作要素：论点、论据、论证Back •Example:• Many of Chinese students who have learnt English for more than ten years are still unable to speak fluently when they meet a foreigner.They seem to have mastered the basic language structure, but a conversation in English will make them feel uneasy. They are afraid that other people might find out their mistakes.• It is not uncommon that many students, who are bad speakers of English, can write English perfectly. This proves that they are not unable to organize their ideas in English. The center of the problem is that they lack practices and confidence. • Why should you be afraid? Do you fear those foreigners with whom you are speaking? Don’t be shy, they will not laugh at you just for a little mistake you have made. The best way to get rid of this trouble is to learn to speak by speaking more. I am sure that constant practice will help you to succeed. （夹叙夹议类）（夹叙夹议类）1. 1. 简述某一故事简述某一故事/ /事故事故/ /经历经历2. 2. 分析其意义分析其意义/ /原因原因/ /影响影响3. 3. 提出合理的建议提出合理的建议/ / 谈谈你的感想。
谈谈你的感想夹叙夹议类 1. time ….. place2.As far as I am concerned, there are three reasons responsible for the accident. First,--Then,….And the main cause for __ is due to ____. Eventually,….As a consequence,…3.In my opinion,…. / From now on I will concentrate all my energy on…… •——“结尾”段落中常用的句型：1. In my opinion, … 2. Personally, I … 3. In short (= In brief), …4. In conclusion, … 5.As far as I’m concerned, … 6. To conclude , it seems clear that …至于说到我，我赞成前一种观点所以，我的结论是，只要我们坚持正确的东西，改正错误的东西，我们就一定能成功 As far as I’m concerned ,I’m in favor of the former view. Therefore, my conclusion is that we are certain to succeed as long as we stick to what is right and correct what is wrong. An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident It is about Five o’clock in the afternoon on my way home when a traffic accident took place. To begin with, the traffic light changed from green to red just when I reached the crosswalk, so I waited for the green light. Later, a man passed me quickly and tried to cross the street. And then, a car suddenly rushed from behind me in full speed. Eventually, the car couldn’t stop and hit the man. As a consequence, the man was dead and the driver was badly injured.范文范文 • As far as I am concerned, there are three reasons responsible for the accident. First, the man broke the traffic rules. Then , the car was too fast. And the main cause for this accident is due to the driver’s drunk driving. All these led to the serious traffic accident.•(136 words)• • A Brief Introduction to a• Tourist Attraction• It is now in Fragrant Mountain when our tour will take place.• To begin with, we will climb the mountain and you can enjoy the red leaves which are well-known all over the country. Later, I will take you to the Summer Palace and then you can have a two- hour-long boating on the Kuming lake. Eventually, we will go to visit the two famous universities in China – Tsinghua University and Peking University.范文范文 • In my opinion, It is the best season to visit Beijing, for example, the climate is very good and you can see the beautiful red leaves in Fragrant Mountain. From now on, I will concentrate all my energy on showing you around and telling you the mysterious folk stories all that I know. (125 words) ♣assignmentYou are required to write a composition on the topic The Day My classmate Fell Ill (or Got Injured). You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese.1.简单叙述一下这位同学生病（或受伤）的情况。
2.同学，老师和我是如何帮助他 ／她的3.人与人之间的这种相互关爱给我的感受是…… • The Day My Classmate Fell ill （范文）• It is about ten o’clock one evening in May in the dormitory when my roommate Zhang Hua’s illness took place.• To begin with, his forehead felt so hot that we immediately called “120”. Later, an ambulance came and a roommate brought a thick coat to him. And then, another roommate and I supported him in the ambulance. Eventually, he was soon sent to the hospital. As a consequent, having been on an operation, he became healthy again and came back to school.• 返回范文范文 • In my opinion, a kind of care between persons, especially between friends, is indeed warm and necessary when we are in trouble. From now on I will concentrate all my energy on showing my love to others and trying my best to help them. 正反观点对比型•1.列举出有争议的话题或现象。
•2.提出一种观点•3.说明其理由•4.提出其反面观点•5.说明其理由•6.我的观点•7.我持这种观点的理由•8.我以后的打算 1. A public debate has been arisen as to the phenomenon of ____.2.People who advocate claim that ____.3.1) For one thing, ___. 2) For another, ____. 3)All these point to the indispensability ___of .4. 1) however, others set forth a totally different argument about the issue. 2) They consider it unnecessary to____. 5.1) The reason for this is not far to seek. 2)First of all, ___. 3) furthermore, ____. 4) Most important of all, ____.6.From a personal perspective, I am undoubtedly in favor of ____.7. 1) Why? 2)______. 3) Additionally, ____ 4) So I am determined to ___ and undeniably it will bring much good to me . 8.1) Something must to be done to ____. 2) In the first place, ___. 3) What’s more, ___. 4) Last but not least, ___. •Reading Selectively or Extensively?•1. 有人认为读书要有选择.•2. 有人认为应当博览群书.•3. 我的看法.•1999年6月 Reading Selectively or Extensively? Some think that when we read we should read selectively. That is to say, we should select some books we are interested in and ignore others. Reading selectively can help us concentrate our limited time and attention on those selected books. Some others think when we read we should read extensively. That is to say, no matter what kind of book it is, we should look it over. Reading extensively can help us enlarge our view and grasp the general knowledge from different fields.范文范文 • In my opinion, the two reading methods have their roles respectively in our reading. However, their own disadvantages are easy to see. If we only read selectively, the framework of our knowledge may not be complete; if we read extensively, we may not have so much time and energy and be specialized in one particular field. Therefore, the combination of the two methods is more reasonable. Don’t Hesitate To Say “No”1. 别人请求帮助时,在什么情况下我们说“不” .2. 为什么有些人应该说“不”的时候不说“不”.3. 该说“不”时不说“不”的坏处.1999年1月 Don’t Hesitate To Say “No” In our daily life, there are many occasions on which we should not hesitate to say “No” when asked for help. When we are not able to offer help, we should give others a direct reply “No”. For another, when the thing we are asked for is unreasonable or even illegal, we should also say “No” to the requirer. However, it is not the case in our real life. Many people prefer to say “Yes” when they face; such as范文范文 their friends, relatives and so on should say “No”. On the one hand, they are afraid to lose their own face. Since they think refusal means their inability. On the other hand, they are afraid to offend their acquaintances. In fact, there are disadvantages in doing so. First, they are not able enough or willing enough to do the thing for others. Therefore, the thing can not be accomplished well. In the end, they may lose both their acquaintances’ belief and their own face. •Assignment 1. Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?•1. 很多人认为有必要举行英语口试，理 由是……•2. 也有人持不同的意见，……•3. 我的看法和打算2000年6月 • Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?•（范文）• A test of spoken English will be included as a component of College English Test. People who advocate it claim that it is necessary to adopt such a test. For one thing, good oral English is important in today’s society. For another, the ability helps people get better jobs. All these point to the indispensability of this test.• However, others set forth a totally different argument about the issue. They consider it unnecessary to adopt it. First of all, many people don’t use oral English at all their work. Furthermore, good oral English doesn’t necessarily mean better jobs. Most important of all, only the test cannot show one’s •true English level.• From a personal perspective, I am in favor of the test. Why? It encourage us to improve our oral English. Additionally, we will benefit from it in our future career. So I am determined to improve my oral English, and undeniably it will bring much good to me. 返回 •2.Salary or Interest找工作的时候选择兴趣还是工资高 Salary or Interest• Upon graduation, virtually all college students will confront the problem of the career choice. It is truly a tough choice. Students' opinions differ greatly on this issue. Some hold that priority should be given to their interest in jobs, but others take the attitude that salary is the most critical factor influencing their career choices.• As to myself, I prefer the latter view. A well-paid job exerts a tremendous fascination on a great number of people, with no exception to me. Although it might be impossible to measure the value of one’s job in terms of范文范文 •money, salary counts most when I choose my future career.• In my view, our career choices largely depend on how and where we have been brought up. I come from a poor urban family and my parents were both laid-off workers. In order to finance my tuition, they have been working hard over the past four years. As the only son in my family, I have to shoulder the burden of supporting my family.• In short, salary is the first and only consideration in my choice of career. 图表作文 •图表的种类很多，有统计图表，曲线座标图，结构图等等。
通常用一组或几组数字反映一件事物的不同文面图表上的文字还为我们提供了某些关键词这些信息是写好作文的重要素材看图表作文往往要求将所给的数据进行比较，从中找出某种规律，得出一个结论有时还要求对所得出的结论作一番简单的评论 这类作文的要求较高，既可用在四级考试中，更可能用在六级考试中 图表概述或描述中常用的句型图表概述或描述中常用的句型 •1. As is shown by the graph,… （概述图表）in the table.正如曲线所示，最近54年来该国人口飞速增长As is shown by the graph,there has been a rapid increase in the population of the country in the past five years.2. It can be seen from the table that … （得出结论）shown graphconcluded figuresestimated statisticsA. 从表中所给的统计数字可以看出，从1985年到1990年中国的人均收入迅速提高From the statistics given in the table it can be seen that the average personal income of the Chinese people increased (grew 、rose) rapidly from 1985 to 1990.B. 从曲线图可以得出结论，最近5年来中国人口的出生率已经大大下降。
It can be concluded from the graph that there has been a great decline in birth rates in China in the past five years. •3. … amount to … （数量总计）add up to / come to / sum up to全部费用合计200美元All the expenses (costs) amount to (= add up to)• $ 200.4. … increase / rise from … to … （数量增减）decrease/ decline/ fall /dropA. 这个工厂生产的彩电已由1986年的5000台增加到1990年的21000台The number of color TV sets produced by the factory increased (rose , grew , climbed) from 5000 in 1986 to 21000 in 1990.B.参加者的人数增加到30万The number of participants grew up to 300000 persons = increased , reaching 300000 persons).C. 这个学校的教职工人数已减少到700人。
The number of teaching staff members in this school has decreased to 700 persons. •5.（be）three times as + 形容词 + as• 总产量 total output • 钢的年产量 the annual output of steel•上升17% --- rise by 17per cent •日产量 the daily output •导致产量下降 result in a diminished output The factory has an output of 9 million cigarettes daily.•现在我们地区的粮食产量相当于1970年的3倍The grain production (= output) in our area now is three times as great as that of 1970. •6.Compared with … , …•与去年相比，今年13项主要产品的产量都有大幅度增长Compared with that of last year, the output of 13 main products (= items) this year has increased to a great extent. •7.There is (was) a rapid rise in … be on the risehas been sharp increase on the increasesudden decrease / on the decline / steady declinegradual fall / slow drop / slight drop•最近几年来这个地区的棉花产量有了迅速增长。
The cotton output in this area has increased rapidly in the past few years. 返回 Traffic Accident in T CityState the traffic conditionsReport the information givenDraw a conditionMonthsInjuredDeathJan.152Feb.183Mar.224Apr.276May317Jun.4011 • Traffic accidents are becoming more and more serious in T city, and more and more people involved in them are injured, and then killed.• Take the above chart as an example, from January to June, 153 people were injured in traffic accidents and 33 lost their lives. Taking a careful look at them, you’ll find that traffic accidents in T city have been increasing all the time. In January, there were only 15 people injured, while in June, the injured went up to 40. It increased 266%. As for the dead, in January, there were only 2, but in June, there were 11. This is a 550% increase.• The increase of traffic accidents is not only a threat to people’s life, but also shows the traffic system problem in T city. It is urgent for the authorities to bring it under control.Traffic Accident in T City（范文） •2002年6月四级英语作文真题 •Student Use of Computers•1本图所示为1990，1995，2000年某校大学生使用计算机的情况，请描述其变化；•2. 请说明发生这些变化的原因（可从计算机的用途，价格或社会发展等方面加以说明）；•3你认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题。
at least 120 words)• • • Student Use of Computers • • The above chart shows that the students have easier access to computers. In 1990, college students spent less than two hours in a week on computers. In 1995, the number doubled and came to nearly four, and then increased dramatically to almost 20 hours in 2000. • Several reasons account for the change. We are in the information age today. Computers are useful in editing and data processing; they make it easier for people to communicate with each other and they provide all sorts of information. If a student wants to get a promising job after graduation, he must be good at computers. This stimulates the students’ interest in computers and encourages them to have a good command of them. The price is also an important factor. It costs much less to own a computer now. More and more students can afford them. • （范文） • But some problems also arise. Some students spend much time playing computer games and they pay no attention to their studies; some students would rather that with others than explore information on the Internet. This will do harm to students.• In a word, computers become very popular among students now, and how to make full use of them has caused much discussion among people. • 返回 Assignment: (at least 120 words) People below poverty line•1.本本图所示为1978年，1985年，1997年中国贫困线以下人口的变化情况，请描述其变化。
•2.请说明发生这些变化的原因（可从改革开放在我国城乡实施以及高科技在国民经济发展中的利用等方面加以说明•3.你认为解决目前中国贫困人口还有什么困难或问题 返回 • People Below Poverty Line（范文）• As the bar chart shows, the number of people below the poverty line decreased greatly during the years of 1978 to 1997. As early as 1978, there are 250 million throughout the country. Then seven years later, the number was 150 million. Finally in the year 1997, only 50 million people were under the line.• Several factors contribute to the decrease. First of all, the Reform and Opening Policy made peasants’ life much better. In addition, the city people’s living condition also improved. Perhaps the main cause is the highly developed economy. Due to all those reasons, there is no doubt why such a change happened.（范文） • For my part, I think such change shown in the chart can bring us many benefits. The effect of the decrease is improving people’s living conditions as well as promoting economic development. So my principle is to continue the trend. I believe only in this way can we really become a strong people. 返回 信函写作 •朋友之间型 （如2001.6 A letter to schoolmate ）•1.表示很高兴收到对方来信。
•2.直接针对对方的询问提出自己的建议•3.分析你给出这样建议的原因是什么•4.在采纳你的建议去执行时应该注意那些事项•5.表示盼望对方随时与你联系并盼望尽快收到对方的来信 返回 •1. Dear____,• Pleased to received your letter of_____, and thank you for your season’s greetings.•2. As for ______ you asked me in your letter, I’d like to suggest________.•3.By_____, you can not only _______, bit also _______.•4. Therefore, in order to____, you’d better ______.•As for _____, you should ____.•Meanwhile, ________.•Last but not least, ________.•5.Please not hesitate to contact me if you have other questions.•Looking forward to hearing from you soon. • Sincerely yours. •2001.6 A Letter to a Friend 应用文•你的朋友即将到来，你向他写信表示欢迎，对他的到来作出安排，并提醒一些注意事项。
A Letter to Schoolmate• January12th, 2001•Dear Xiao Wang,• I don’t know how to express my happiness when I hear that you will come to see me during the week-long holiday. It has been 2 years since we last met. How I miss you! And I feel excited at the thought that we can make good use of this long holiday and play to our hearts’ content. Oh, I cannot wait to see you.• I’ve made a plan as to how to fully utilize this holiday. As this is the first time you come to Guangzhou, I think we’d better have a sightseeing tour around it. So we can have a look at some of the symbolic buildings, such as Metropolitan Plaza and Xinghai Music Hall. We返回（范文） •can also visit such historical spots as Sun yat-sen Memorial Hall and the Original Site of Huangpu Military School. I’m sure this trip will leave a good impression on you. There’re a lot of boutique stores on Beijing Road, where we can go shopping and buy clothes in different features and styles. On Saturday evening, a fashion show will be held on our campus, some famous models will be invited to give an excellent performance in our university. We will have a wonderful time here.• Since a large number of people will go traveling in this long holiday, it must be crowded on the train. So take care of your belongings. What’s more, book a ticket ahead of time. And please tell me when you will arrive in Guangzhou. I will pick you up at the railway station. Longing to see you soon!• Yours, ZhangYing 返回 给同学的一封回信• June 19, 2004 •Dear Huang, • You have asked me for my advice concerning whether you should find a decent job or pursue graduate study after graduation, and I will try to make some useful suggestions.• It is really a dilemma for all of us when faced with such alternatives. True, attending graduate schools has become a trend in recent years. Enrollment in graduate schools exploded in recent years. People have a growing respect for graduate study. I would recommend that you go on with your study. I am fully convinced that you have every reason to make this decision in such an era where knowledge is expanding at an incredible speed. And the demands for us to enrich both our knowledge（范文） •and survival skills in this highly competitive society are becoming increasingly urgent. There is no doubt that you could sharpen your competitive edge by making this sensible choice. Keep on learning and you will never regret.• With best wishes!• Sincerely yours• Frank •1.表明需求方的身份和对供应方的请求。
•2.需求方向供应方指出问题所在•3.需求方有那些建议和意见并提出这些建议和意见的原因•4.提出希望表示感谢需求方对供应方型 •1.Dear___ This letter comes to you from_____.• In it, some opinions are put forward for you to reflect upon. •2.As you know,＿＿. But unfortunately, ______.• Besides,___.• And what’s more, ____.•3.Thank you for your attention.•4. Looking forward to hearing from you soon. •Sincerely yours.•A letter to the editor of a newspaper返回 •2002.1 A Letter to President• A letter to the university president about the canteen service on campus. You should write at least 100 words and base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below.•假如你是李明，请你就本校食堂给校长写一封信，内容涉及食堂的饭菜质量价格服务等，可以是表扬，也可以是批评，也可以兼而有之。
A Letter to the University PresidentAbout the Canteen Service on Campus• January12th, 2002•Dear Mr. President, • I am a sophomore in the Biology Department. I’m writing to tell you about some problems with the canteen service on campus and some suggestions on it.• We really don’t think much of the quality of the food. The rice and bread are too hard for us to chew. The vegetables are often overcooked. Besides, the price of the food is too high. Every day we have to spend more than ten Yuan on three meals. You know, some（范文） •students’ parents are farmers; some are common workers. They are even short of tuition fees. How can they afford such expensive meals? Furthermore, the attitude of the service staff to us is not acceptable.• Therefore, I suggest that we should have more than one canteen in the university. If there is competition between them, the above-mentioned problems will be •solved more easily.• I sincerely hope that the canteen service will be improved earlier. All of us will appreciate it. Thank you!• Yours Sincerely,• Li Ming 返回 •.你的一个熟人下岗了，你给他写一封安慰信，并给他出点主意。
以下谚语可以有选择地用于你的信中• 1. All roads lead to Rome.• 2. All things are difficult before they are easy.• 3. Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.• 4. God helps those who help themselves.Assignment : (at least 120 words) •My dear aunt,• I’m greatly surprised and sad to hear that you’re laid off. But please don’t worry too much. All roads lead to Rome. I believe we will find a way out.• I remember when I was a child, I had so many colorful and comfortable sweaters that I became my friends’ envy. Those were all your masterpieces. Recently I made a survey in the city where I’m living now, and found that unique hand-knitted things are much more welcome than mass products. Would you think about taking up knitting as your second career? I know, all things are difficult before they are easy. We will meet some unexpected difficulties in the beginning. But I firmly believe that nothing is impossible to a willing heart. Maybe your product will turn out to be a name brand.• My dear aunt, please do think about it. I’ll lend you a hand. Take care.• Your dearest niece（范文） A Letter of Recommendation应朋友要求，为其深造谋职等写一应朋友要求，为其深造谋职等写一封推荐信封推荐信（推荐信）（推荐信）Back Engineering CollegeAir Force Engineering University Xi’an, Shaanxi 710038 P. R. China To Whom It May Concern: Dear Sir or Madam: (It has always been my pleasure to recommend close classmates for their further studies at higher educational institutions. But sometimes the one to be recommended is so outstanding that I feel somewhat reluctant to write reference letters for him/her, for, you know, it is far from pleasant for one to part with his favorites. And now Mr. Li Mu is just in such a case with me.) 1) He came to my notice in 1999, when he happened to share the same dorm with me. 2) With a steady increase in contacts and exchanges of ideas, he showed a wide scope of knowledge about the development of science as well as a strong interest in the field of artificial intelligence. 3) A deeper impression he left upon me occurred in 2001, when the academic reports of our grades were made public in the campus bulletin. 4) His academic performance in all the subjects of the four semesters ranked among the top 1 percent. 5) Gradually, both his unique abilities in problem-tackling and our same quest for true knowledge about science pushed me to attach more of my concern to him. 6) When stepping into the stage of specialized courses, he came to demonstrate a greater originality in application of book knowledge, a good indicator of which was a steady flow of his publications. 7) To my knowledge, it is only in the last two years that he has published six weighty papers. 8) So I have every reason to assure you that further study in your distinguished institution will give fuller play to his potentials. 9) As far as the content of his character is concerned, he clings to the motto that example is more powerful than precept. 10) So his compass 上一页上一页for measuring one’s worth to society rests not so much with what one has said as with what one has done. 11) And particularly remarkable are his firm commitment to what he has promised, and his self-sacrifices for larger interests. 12) In short, what is native to him and what he has attained through his previous efforts, complete with his moral integrity, have made it a big honor for me to recommend him to you.Back下一页下一页 (Please be free to contact me in the earliest possible time if there is any need for further information about Mr. Li.) Sincerely yours Wang Wei 返回 上一页上一页 A Letter of Self-recommendation 1) 阐明你欲深造的专业；阐明你欲深造的专业； 2) 阐述你的学业背景和专业兴趣培养；阐述你的学业背景和专业兴趣培养； 3) 表明在此深造的目的和理由。
表明在此深造的目的和理由Back返回 Chen Hongtao The Department of Computer Science, the Air Force University of Engineering Xi’an, China, 710038Dear Sir or Madam: ( First of all, please allow me to send my heart-felt gratitude to you for your kindness in reading my self-recommendation letter. This letter is just in addition to my resume to offer you a better overview of my background and preparation.) 1) With four years of my college life devoted entirely to professional study and related research, I am immensely thrilled to find myself particularly interested in Artificial Intelligence. 2) To make an outstanding researcher of me in this field, however, I am very conscious of my inadequacy in special knowledge and so strongly motivated to pursue a master’s degree in the Department of Computer Science at your University. 3) Fully aware of the importance of solid academic foundation to my professional pursuit, I committed myself, from the very beginning, to the acquisition of basic knowledge. 4) An obvious indication of my diligence was the fact that my final grades were among the top 5 in mathematics, physics, and related courses. 5) While at the stage of major courses, I could integrate the fragments of my insight from each lecture or book into a better understanding of the area of Artificial Intelligence. 6) The deeper I immersed myself into the ocean of 上一页上一页special knowledge, in fact, the greater my enthusiasm grew for a thorough insight into the field. 7) So, I seized on every chance, including hitting books in library, surfing online, and experimenting in the AI lab, to broaden my outlook on the disciplines and to enhance my competence in finding and tackling complex problems. 8) And meanwhile I never slackened my efforts in self-culture. 9) I always cling to the motto that any success in life rests with discipline, commitment, and self-sacrifice for larger interests. 10) What I have done so far, however, is just the first step on my way to being a successful researcher in the field of Artificial Intelligence. 11) To my great delight, the Department of Computer Science of your University, high ranked in the world and rich with academic climate, can render me better able to further my struggle toward my goal. 12) Thus, I have every reason to believe that my sound academic preparation and your talented faculty, complete with my firm commitment to the area of study, will turn my ambition into reality. (Enclosed please find my Resume both in Chinese and English. I would appreciate an opportunity to have an interview and can be reached at Tel: (0)13096922605 or 13649239599. E-mail: beloved@ . Looking forward to hearing from you soon and best regards.) Sincerely yours, Chen Hongtao返回 。
