
Chapter11Secondlanguageacquisition课堂PPT.ppt
34页Chapter 11 Second Language Acquisition1.Key points•SLA•Connection between LA and SLA•Contrastive Analysis•Error Analysis•Interlanguage•Input hypothesis2.•Second Language Acquisition •---- formally established itself as a discipline around the 1970s, refers to the systematic study of how one person acquires a second language subsequent to his native language. •Distinguish second language & foreign language3.The “Second” language is not opposite to “foreign” language. Whether the target language (TL) to be learned is called a second language or a foreign language (FL) depends on its status as a second language or foreign language in the country.4.Connections between FLA and SLA•The first language study has served as a backcloth for perceiving and understanding new facts about second language learning (Littlewood, 1986).•SLA is different from first language acquisition.•Interlanguage5.Discuss: What are the relationships between the first language acquisition and the second language acquisition according to your own experiences in learning Chinese and English languages?6.Similarities–Theoretically the new findings and advances in first language acquisition especially in learning theories and learning process are illuminating in understanding second language acquisition. –The techniques used to collect and analyze data in first language acquisition also provide insights and perspectives in the study of second language acquisition.7.Differences –Second language learners generally fail to attain native-like competence. The language they produce, which is called interlanguage (IL) or learner language, tends to become fossilized at certain level. Fossilization has become one of the main features of interlanguage.–Interlanguage, according to Selinker’s definition, is defined as an abstract system of learner’s target language system, it has now been widely used to refer to the linguistic expressions learners produce especially the wrong or not idiomatic ones.8.The development of second language acquisition has undergone some changes as illustrated in the following. L1 FL/SL(TL) Interlanguage (IL) NL : TL comparisons ( Contrastive Analysis) IL : TL comparisons (Error Analysis) NL:IL comparisons (Transfer Analysis)9.Contrastive Analysis (CA) (1960s) •Positive transfer----facilitate target language learning•Negative transfer----interfere or hinder target language learning•It is believed that differences between the native language and the target language would pose difficulties in second/foreign language learning and teaching, e.g.•*To touch the society .•*There are more people come to study in the states.•*I wait you at the gate of the school. 10.ContentStarting with describing comparable features of the native language and target language, contrastive analysis compares the forms and meanings across the two languages to spot the mismatches or differences so that people could predict learners’ difficulty.11.Shortcomings of CA•The CA was soon found problematic, for many of the predictions of the target language learning difficulty formulated on the basis of contrastive analysis turned out to be either uninformative or inaccurate. Predicted errors did not materialize in learner language while errors did show up that the contrastive analysis had not predicted. “differences” and “difficulties” are not identical concepts. 12.Error analysis (EA) •The contrastive approach to learners’ errors has shed new light on people’s attitudes: the errors are significant in telling the teacher what needs to be taught, in telling the researcher how learning proceeds and those errors are a means whereby learners test their hypotheses about the language to be learnt.•Two main sorts of errors: Interlingual errors & intralingual errors13.Interlingual errors----Interlingual errors mainly result from cross-linguistic interference at different levels such as phonological, lexical, grammatical or discoursal etc. For examples, a. Substitution of [t] for [W] and [d] for [T]: threetree, thisdis. b. Shortening of long vowels: sheepship, meetmit14.Intralingual errors----The intralingual errors mainly from faulty or partial learning of the target language, independent of the native language. •Two types of errors have been well exploited: overgeneralization & cross-association15.OvergeneralizationOvergeneralization ---- the use of previously available strategies in new situations. •Walked, watched, washed… *rided, *goed, *doed, *eated…•Jane advise me to give up smoking. Jane told me to give up smoking. *Jane hoped me to give up smoking. *Jane suggested me to give up smoking.16.Cross-association•Cross-association refers to the phenomenon that the close association of the two similar words often leads to confusion, e.g.•Other/another, much/many, stalagmite/stalactite…•It may also occurs at all levels of language from phonological to syntactic, e.g. The coffee is too hot to drink. *The apricot is too sour to eat it.17.Errors & mistakes•Errors ---- unintentionally deviant from the target language and not self-corrigible by the learner (failure in competence);•Mistakes ---- either intentionally or unintentionally deviant forms and self-corrigible (failure in performance).18.Interlanguage (S. Pit Corder & Larry Selinker) •Interlangauge ---- learners’ independent system of the second language which is of neither the native language nor the second language, but a continuum or approximation from his native language to the target language. •What learners produce, correct or wrong, are evidence or the approximation from their first language to the target language.19.Characteristics of interlanguage•Interlanguage has three important characteristics: systematicity, permeability and fossilization.•Fossilization---- a process occurring from time to time in which incorrect linguistic features become a permanent part of the way a person speaks or writes a language.20.The role of native language in 2nd language learning •Language transfer: positive & negative (behaviorism)•Mentalists argued that few errors were caused by language transfer; transfer is not physical carry-over, but a kind of mental process.•Three interacting factors in determining language transfer: A learner’s psychology Perception of native-target language distance Actual knowledge of the target language21.2nd language learning models and input hypothesis •Behaviorism model emphasizes the role of imitation and positive reinforcement, a “nurture” position;•The mentalists or the innativists shift to a “nature” position by stressing that human beings equipped innately with language acquisition device, are capable of language learning provided with adequate language input. •The social interactionists argue that language and social interaction cannot be separated.22.Krashen’s Input Hypothesis •Krashen make a distinction between acquisition & learning.•He put forward that learners advance their language learning gradually by receiving comprehensible input.•He defined comprehensible input as “i + 1” : “i” represents learners’ current state of knowledge, the next stage is an “i + 1”.•Krashen mistook input and intake, thus receive criticism.23.Individual differences •Language aptitude •Motivation •Learning strategies •Age of acquisition •Personality 24.Language aptitude•Language aptitude refers to a natural ability for learning a second language. It is believed to be related to a learner’s general intelligence. John Carroll identified some components of language aptitude:•Phonemic coding ability (音素编码)•Grammatical sensitivity (语法敏感性)•Inductive language learning ability (归纳语言学习能力)•Rote learning ability (记忆学习能力)25.Motivation•Motivation can be defined as the learner’s attitudes and affective state or learning drive. It has a strong impact on his efforts in learning a second language. Generally four types of motivations have been identified:•Instrumental motivation (工具型学习动机)•Integrative motivation(融合型)•Resultative motivation (结果型)•Intrinsic motivation(内在型)26.Learning strategies•Learning strategies are learners’ conscious, goal-oriented and problem-solving based efforts to achieve learning efficiency. According to Chamot (1986) & Oxford (1990), three types of strategies have been identified:•Cognitive strategies ---- analyzing,synthesis and internalizing what has been learned.•Metacognitive strategies ---- planning, monitoring and evaluating one’s learning.•Affect/social strategies ---- the ways learners interact with other speakers. •Cohen (1998) further distinguishes language learning strategies and language using strategies.27.Age of acquisition •The Critical Period Hypothesis •Recent studies support the hypothesis that in terms of learning achievement and grammaticality the younger learners outperform the adults.28.Personality •In terms of communicative ability rather than grammatical accuracy or knowledge of grammatical rules, the personality traits such as extroversion, talkative, self-esteem, self-confidence can be found in successful second language learners ( as in the case of Liyang: Crazy English).29.SLA & its pedagogical implications •Modified input: teachers cast the role of adjusting their speech to the learners’ proficiency level. •Modified interaction: teachers elicit from students response, initiate conversations and interactions to provide learning prompts(提示), more comprehension checks, recasts and explanation.•Focus on form: teachers are supposed to provide formal instruction and explicit correction.30.31.32.33.Thank you !34.。
