北美考试实战语法精品课电子讲义.doc

北美语法精品课程电子讲义主讲：范亚飞欢迎使用新东方电子教材Solearn》新东方北美考试实战语法精品课主讲老师：范亚飞石头老师写在前面的话问：老师我阅读很差，怎么提高啊？答：阅读差的原因无外乎如下几个：一、 词汇量不够二、 语法太弱，主要是长难句的问题三、 阅读量不够问：那怎么办啊？答：跟我学语法啊课程安排石头颠覆传统系列课程第一课1.1. 中文和英文的本质区别1.2. 名词短语的“左二右六”原则1.3. 阅读实战举例第二课2.1. 简单句•五大基本句型2.2. 并列句详解全攻略2.3. 阅读实战举例第三课3.1. 三大从句-名词性从句3.2. 名词性从句.主、宾、表、同3.3.阅读实战举例第四课A. 三大从句-形容词性从句B. 限定与不限定定语从句C. 阅读实战举例第一课石头颠覆传统系列课程第一课A. 中文和英文的本质区别B. 名词短语的“左二右六”原则13.阅读实战举例3.1. 中文和英文的本质区别？中文意合，英文形合Hypotaxis: the dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives.Parataxis: the juxtaposition of clauses or phrases without the use of coordinating or subordinating conjunctions.名词短语的构造一一 “左二右六”限定词+形容词+中心名词（headword） +六类右置定语：介词短语，分词短语，不定是短 语，形容词短语，定语从句，同位语从句在语言学上，汉语被称作是“中心词（head）在后”的语言（head-last language）；英语被 称作是“中心词在前”的语言（head.first language）。

因此，总体来说，英语和汉语的语序 差不多是刚好反过来的名词性短语：左二右六原则The boy is my brother.The cute boy is my brother.The cute boy in blue jeans is my brother.（介词短语做后置定语）The cute boy心尸彼is my brother.（分词短语做后置定语）The cute boy to do what he likes is my brother.（不定式做后置定语）The cute boy smart enough is my brother.（形容词短语做后置定语）The cute boy who can speak perfect E顽ish is my brother.（定语从句）The suspicion that the cute boy is his brother is true.（ 同位语）阅读实战举例练习1 （SAT演练）Fortune 500 companies actually dole out big fees to comedy consultants who offer humor seminars and improvisational workshops— all in the name of improved productivity.难句类型：复杂修饰难词注解：dole out发放语法分析：Fortune 500 companies actually dole out big fees to comedy consultants who offer humor seminars and improvisational workshops— all in the name of improved productivity.参考译文：事实上，财富500强的公司凭借提高生产力的名义，向开展幽默讨论会和即兴 训练的喜剧顾问发放经费。

练习2 （SAT演练）One can as easily become a chemist or a neuroanatomist because of where one went to school or whose influence one happened to come under as because of a compelling early response to the logic of chemistry or the beauty of the human nervous system.难句类型：复杂修饰 ~难词注解：neuroanatomist神经解剖学家compelling a.强制的One can as easilv become a chemist or a neiiroanatomist because of where one went to school or whose influence one happened to come under as because of a compelling early response to the logic of chemistry or the beauty of the human nervous system.参考译文：正如化学的机理和人类神经系统的完美能激发人早期自发的反应一样，人同样 容易受到上学的地点和某位人士的影响，从而成为化学家或者神经解剖学家。

练习3 （托福演练）But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.难句类型：复杂修饰难词注解：ichthyosaurs鱼龙But these factors do not account for the interesting question of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs in a particular place very close to their time of giving birth.（of 结构作定语:of how there came to be such a concentration of pregnant ichthyosaurs 但这些因素并不能解释这个有趣的问题：为何在一个特定的地点会如此集中地出现即将临 产的怀孕鱼龙群。

练习4 （托福演练）A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality > finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance. 难句类型：复杂修饰 难词注解：myriad种种的A series of mechanical improvements continuing well into the nineteenth century, including the introduction of pedals to sustain tone or to soften it, the perfection of a metal frame and steel wire of the finest quality, finally produced an instrument capable of myriad tonal effects from the most delicate harmonies to an almost orchestral fullness of sound, from a liquid, singing tone to a sharp, percussive brilliance 参考译文：基于持续到19世纪的一系列机械上的改进，包括引入踏板以维持音调或使其柔和，再有金 属框架的改善，以及使用最佳牲能的钢丝，最终产生了能弹奏出种种音调效果的乐器一一 这些效果涵盖了从最精致的和声到几乎全部的管弦乐音响，从明快流畅的吟唱音调到尖锐 的打击乐器的恢弘气氛。

练习5 （GRE阅读演练）Hydrogeology is a science dealing with the properties, distribution, and circulation of water on the surface of the land, in the soil and underlying rocks, and in the atmosphere. The hydrologic cycle, a major topic in this science, is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes, beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation, thence along and into the ground surface, and finally again returning to the form of atmospheric water vapor by means of evaporation and transpiration^ 练习5 （GRE阅读演练）Hydrogeology is a science dealing with the properties, distribution^ and circulation of water on the surface of the land, in the soil and underlying rocks, and in the atmosphere. The hydrologic cycle, a major topic in this science, is the complete cycle of phenomena through which water passes, beginning as atmospheric water vapor, passing into liquid and solid form as precipitation, thence along and i。