人体解剖生理学-骨骼系统课件.ppt

TheSkeletalSystem:Structure,Function,andDiseasesofthebonesandjointsIs this the correct anatomical position?The Skeletal SystemCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsParts of the skeletal systemBones (skeleton)JointsCartilagesLigaments (bone to bone)(tendon=bone to muscle)Divided into two divisionsAxial skeletonAppendicular skeleton limbs and girdleFunctions of BonesCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsSupport of the bodyProtection of soft organsMovement due to attached skeletal musclesStorage of minerals and fatsBlood cell formationBones of the Human BodyCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsThe skeleton has 206 bonesTwo basic types of bone tissueCompact boneHomogeneousSpongy boneSmall needle-like pieces of boneMany open spacesFigure 5.2bMicroscopic Anatomy of BoneCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 5.3Bones are classified by their shape: 1.long 2.short 3.flat 4.irregular Classification of Bones on the Basis of ShapeCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 5.1Classification of BonesCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsLong bonesTypically longer than wideHave a shaft with heads at both endsContain mostly compact boneExamples: Femur, humerusGross Anatomy of a Long BoneCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsDiaphysisShaftComposed of compact boneEpiphysis Ends of the boneComposed mostly of spongy boneFigure 5.2aStructures of a Long BoneCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsPeriosteumOutside covering of the diaphysisFibrous connective tissue membraneSharpeys fibersSecure periosteum to underlying boneArteriesSupply bone cells with nutrientsFigure 5.2cClassification of BonesCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsShort bonesGenerally cube-shapeContain mostly spongy boneExamples: Carpals, tarsalsClassification of BonesCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFlat bonesThin and flattenedUsually curvedThin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy boneExamples: Skull, ribs, sternumClassification of BonesCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsIrregular bonesIrregular shapeDo not fit into other bone classification categoriesExample: Vertebrae and hipCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsSurface features of bonesSites of attachments for muscles, tendons, and ligamentsPassages for nerves and blood vesselsCategories of bone markingsProjections and processes grow out from the bone surfaceDepressions or cavities indentationsTypes of Bone CellsCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsOsteocytesMature bone cellsOsteoblastsBone-forming cellsOsteoclastsBone-destroying cellsBreak down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calciumBone remodeling is a process by both osteoblasts and osteoclastsChanges in the Human SkeletonCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsIn embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilageDuring development, much of this cartilage is replaced by boneCartilage remains in isolated areasBridge of the noseParts of ribsJoints Bone GrowthCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsEpiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhoodNew cartilage is continuously formedOlder cartilage becomes ossifiedCartilage is broken downBone replaces cartilageBone FracturesCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsA break in a boneTypes of bone fracturesClosed (simple) fracture break that does not penetrate the skinOpen (compound) fracture broken bone penetrates through the skinBone fractures are treated by reduction and immobilizationRealignment of the boneCommon Types of FracturesSlide 5.17Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsTable 5.2Stages in the Healing of a Bone FractureSlide 5.19Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsFigure 5.5Axial skeleton supports and protects organs of head, neck and trunk Axial skeleton:skull (cranium and facial bones) hyoid bone (anchors tongue and musclesassociated with swallowing) vertebral column (vertebrae and disks) bony thorax (ribs and sternum) Appendicular skeleton includes bones of limbs and bones that anchor them to the axial skeletonAppendicular skeleton:pectoral girdle (clavicles and scapulae)upper limbs (arms)pelvic girdle (sacrum, coccyx)lower limbs (legs)Articulation- where joints meet, connect, and are formed.22 bones in skull6 in middle ears1 hyoid bone26 in vertebral column25 in thoracic cage4 in pectoral girdle60 in upper limbs60 in lower limbs2 in pelvic girdle206 bones in allThe Axial SkeletonSlide 5.20aCopyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin CummingsForms the longitudinal p。