工程硕士研究生英语基础教程unit5.ppt

Unit 5Part A Text (Teach Your Child to Wonder) Part B Grammar(分词) Part C Supplementary Reading (Benchmarking Practices at Xerox)I. Background Information• B.F. Skinner's quote: “Education is what survives when what has been learned has been forgotten.“ • B .F. Skinner:斯金纳(1904- 1990) • 美国行为主义心理学家， 新行为主义的代表人物，操 作性条件反射理论的奠基者 他创制了研究动物学习活 动的仪器―― 斯金纳箱 1950年当选为国家科学院院 士，1958年获美国心理学会 颁发的杰出科学贡献奖， 1968年获美国总统颁发的最 高科学荣誉――国家科学奖 •斯金纳的生平及著作 • B·F·斯金纳(Burrhus Frederic Skinner，1904~1990)1904年3月 20日出生在美国宾夕法尼亚州的萨斯奎汉纳镇上。

像许多心理学先 驱者一样，斯金纳在1922年进汉密尔顿学院读书时，并未打算成为 一名心理学家，而是专修英文，打算成为一名作家在毕业后的两 年内，从事于写作，结果感到没有什么可写的，于是攻读生物学 在这个过程中，他读了华生和巴甫洛夫的著作，从而开始对人类和 动物的行为感兴趣，就进了哈佛大学攻读心理学1930年获心理学 硕士学位，1931年获哲学博士学位接着留校从事研究工作 1936年至1944年在明尼苏达大学任讲师和副教授，1945年任印第 安纳大学心理系教授和系主任，1948年返回哈佛大学任心理学教授 ，直到1974年退休在这期间，他于1958年获美国心理学会授予 的杰出科学奖；1968年获美国政府颁发的最高科学奖——国家科学 奖；1971年获美国心理学会基金会颁发的金质奖章 •斯金纳的实验和学说最早是在1938年出版的《有机体的行为：一种 实验分析(The Behavior of Organisms：An Experimental Analysis) 》一书中发表的，该书主要是通过对白鼠和鸽子的观察，经验性地 描述学习的法则，从而为操作性条件作用原理奠定了基础他的另 一本代表著作《科学与人类行为(Science and Human Behavior)》 （1953）着重探讨了人类行为的一些重要方面，如思维、自我和社 会化等。

1968年出版的《教学技术学(The Technology of Teaching)》则探讨了他的基本原理在人类学习中的运用另外， 他在1948年出版的小说《沃登第二(Walden Two)》和1971年出版 的《超越自由与尊严(Beyond Freedom and Dignity)》在社会上反 响很大前者是根据人类行为的科学原理，试图形成一种以积极控 制的方法加以管理的理想社会；后者则是对他自己观点的总结，并 驳斥了他人的种种批评除此之外，他的主要代表著作还有：《言 语行为(Verbal Behavior)》（1957）、《强化的相倚关系：一种理 论分析(Contingencies of Reinforcement：A Theoretical Analysis) 》（1969）和《关于行为主义(About Behaviorism)》(1974)II. Language Points• 1. Sadly, far too few schools make seience appealing. •appeal: (i) n. A. an earnest or urgent request, entreaty, or supplication. 呼吁，恳求： • e.g. He was appealing for funds to build a new school. 他在恳求拨款修建一所新学校。

•B. A resort or application to a higher authority, as for sanction, corroboration, or a decision:诉诸，求助于： • e.g. Their appeal for help went unheeded.他们求助的呼吁未受到注意 •C. law :The transfer of a case from a lower to a higher court for a new hearing. 上诉： • e.g. His lawyer decided to take an appeal to a higher court. 他的律师决定向高一级法院上诉• D. The power of attracting or of arousing interest:吸引力， 感染力： • e.g. The new fashion soon lost its appeal. 那种新式样不久就失去了吸引力 •(ii) v. A. ask for aid or protection 呼吁 • e.g. I appeal to your sense of justice. • 我呼吁你们拿出正义感 • B. take a court case to a higher court for review,上诉 • e.g. She appealed to the high court against her sentence. 她不服判决而向高等法院上诉。

• Useful expression: • appeal to 对 ... 产生吸引力, • appeal for 要求 • 2. The irony is that children start out as nautral scientists, instinctively eager to investigate the world around them. •children start out as nautral scientists: children are born natural scientists. •Irony: sarcasm, satire, caustic remark n.讽刺，反讽 • e.g. That's really lovely, that is!' he said with heavy irony. ｀那真是可爱极了，真的!＇他故意说反话 •instinctively :as a matter of instinct adv. 出于本能的 • e.g. Instinctively, she dropped to her belly to crawl.她本能地趴在地上匍匐前进。

•be eager to do or have something: want to do or have it very much. .= keen – Robert was eager to talk about life in the Army...3. The children asked me textbook questions — about schooling,aslary, whether I liked my job. •textbook questions: refers to questions that are nomal and not particular or special. • • 4. This began a barrage of questions that lasted nealy two hours. • a barrage of questions: a large number of questions • barrage: the rapid and continuous delivery of linguistic communication (spoken or written) • e.g. A barrage of criticism. 接二连三的一大堆批评• 5. That reinforces the misconceotion that ceience is merely a set of facts stored in the besds of adults. • misconception: an incorrect conception n. 误解, 错 误想法 e.g. My misconception of her purpose cast a damp over her spirits.我误解她的意图，使她大为扫兴。

My misconception of her purpose cast a damp over her spirits.我误解她的意图，使她大为扫兴• 6. Science is not just facts but the meaning that people give to them — by weaving information. •Science is not just facts but the meaning that people give to them: notice the structure “… not … but …” “不是……而是……”• 7. Grown-ups are notorious for expecting quicker answers.• notorious: known widely and usually unfavorably; ill-famed; infamousadj. 臭名昭著的 e.g. He is notorious for his goings-on. – 他因行为不检点而声名狼藉 • Useful expression: • notorious reputation 声名狼藉 • notorious for 在, 以 ... 出名• 8. Rather than telling children what to think, give them time to think for themselves. • Rather than … for themselves.: “rather than” here means “instead of..”•9. Once you have achild engaged in a science discussion, don’t jump in with “That right” or “Very good”. • jump in: it here means “interrupt”插话, (踊跃或热切地)加入 • e.g.Please don't chop in as much as you're doing.请别老是这样没完没了地插话。

•Useful expression: • jump in the lake 走开, 滚开, 别打扰 • ...jump in with both... 全心全意地从事• 10. These verbal rewards work well when it comes to e。