常州中考语法专题.docx

一、 冠词1. 不定冠词a/ana. 第一次提到某人/物；泛指；表示时间、价格、速度相当于every；固定词组(a few/little/bit, have a swim, have a cold, have a good time, in a hurry, for a while, keep a diary)b. a辅音开头的单词，an元音开头的单词c. 某些被具体化的物质名词或抽象名词表示“一次、一场、一顿、一件”a strong wind, a great success, a great surprised. a +序数词（first除外）表示“又一，再一” a second one2. 定冠词thea. 双方都知道的人或事b. 特指或上文已提到过的人/物c. 独一无二 The earth moves around the sun.d. 序数词、特定比较的比较级、最高级e. 姓氏表示的一家人、夫妻俩 the Greensf. 单数名词或形容词前表一类人/物 the orange(橘子), the rich, the poorg. 专有名词：江河、海洋、山脉、群岛、沙漠 the Great Wall, the United Statesh. 表示方位 the north of Chinai. 西洋乐器 the pianoj. 固定词组 at the age of, at the beginning of, at the moment, at the same time, all the time, by the way, in the daytime, in the end, in the middle of, in the morning/afternoon/evening, in the open air, on the other side of3. 零冠词a. 不可数名词和复数名词表泛指b. 专有名词如人名、地名、国家名、街名、路名、山名China, New York, Nanjing Road, Hainan Islandc. 有物主代词、名词所有格that, this, every, my, ours, teachers’, father’sd. 日期、星期、月份、季节 June 1st, on Monday, in May, in summer 但是特指某年某个月份或某年的某个季节要加the如：in the spring of 1987e. 三餐、球类及学科have breakfast, play basketball, in Englishf. 公共假日、节日Near Year’s Day, Women’s Dayg. 与by连用的交通工具by bus, by car 但是take a bus, in a boat, on the bike除外h. 固定词组at noon/night/dawn, at school/work/home, day and night, face to face, in danger, in bed, in time, on duty, side by side, step by stepi. a number of = a lot of；the number of “…的数量”且谓语动词用单数二、 代词1. 人称代词 主格（宾格）：单数I me, you you, she her, he him, it it； 复数we us, you you, they them2. 物主代词形容词性（名词性）：单数my mine, your yours, his his, her hers, its its, our ours, your yours, their theris3. 反身代词oneself4. 指示代词 a. this, these近指； that, those远指b. 打this介绍自己，that询问对方c. it指上文提到的同一事物；one泛指上文提到的同类而不同物；that比较级中代替前面提到的可数名词单数或不可数名词d. it常用句型：It is +adj (for/of sb.) to do sth.；It’s time to do/for/that…；It seems that…；It’s one’s turn to do…；It’s +adj +that从句；Do you think it necessary to do sth.5. 不定代词 a. either两者中任何一个，neither两者中都不，none三者及以上都不，each两者及以上每一个，every三者及以上每一个b. other另外的，the other两者中另一个(one…the other…)，others泛指别的人或物(some…others)，the others特指其余所有的人或物，another三者及以上的另一个c. everyone = everybody只能指人不可以与of连用；every one即可指人也可指物，可以与of连用三、 数词1. 序数词 eighth, ninth, twelfth, twentieth, thirty-fist, fortieth, fiftietha. two fifths五分之二b. every ten days每10天 = every ninth day每隔9天四、 介词1. 时间的介词at, in, on, after, before, until, during, by, since, from, for2. 地点的介词in(属于某一地区之内), on(毗邻关系), to(属于某一地区之外), over(在…正上方), above, at, below(在…下方), under(在…正下方)3. 其他的介词between, among(三者及以上之间), across(从…表面穿过), through(从…中间穿过), over(空间上越过), past(经过), towards(只说明运动方向没有”到达”的意思), behind, with, but(除…之外but后接动词原形), except(常和all, every, any, no连用), besides(除…之外还有，常和other, another, any, other, a few连用)4. be made of由…制成(看到原材料)，be made from由…制成(看不出原材料)，be made in(在某地制造)，be made by(被…制成)，be made into(被制成…)，be made up of(由…组成)5. 动词+介词短语look after, look like, look at, arrive at, get to, listen to, talk with(和…谈话), agree to, agree with, point at, hear from6. 动词+副词短语中宾语为代词时，代词it/them要放中间：put on, take off, turn on, turn off, turn down(调小/拒绝), turn up, put away(收拾), put out(熄灭), put up(搭建), write down, look up(查找), try on(试穿)五、 动词的8种时态动词的5种形式：动词原形、三单式、现在分词ing、过去式、过去分词（不规则动词表）1. 一般现在时（动词原形 / 三单）a. 经常性的动作或状态的时间状语：often, always, usually, sometimes, once a week, three times a week, every day, every year, on Sundays, on Monday afternoonsb. 客观事实或普遍真理：The earth is round. / Light travels faster than sound.c. 主将从现：if, as soon as, until, when引导的时间、条件状语从句2. 一般过去时（过去式）a. 过去的时间状语：last night, yesterday, some years ago, in 1990, in the past, the other day, at that time, just nowb. 过去常常used to do sth. When I was in the countryside, I used to swim in the river.3. 一般将来时（will / be going to +动词原形）a. 将来的时间状语：tomorrow, next week, next Sunday, in a few days, in+一段时间b. 客观性的将来与主观愿望和判断无关，只能用shall/will不能用be going to（计划打算做…） The sun will rise at 6:00 tomorrow morning.4. 现在进行时（am/is/are +(not) + 现在分词ing）a. 时间状语：now, these days或含有look, listen, can you see, can’t you see等暗示语b. 现在进行时表将来的动词：go, come, leave, start, beginc. 不能用现在进行时的动词：see, hear, like, love, hate, want, would like, have(表归属), know, think, forget5. 现在完成时（have/has + 动词原形）时间状语：already, yet(否定), for+时间段, since+时间点/从句, by now, so far, till now, up to now, ever, never, recently, just, before, still, in the last/past few years6. 过去进行时（was/were + 现在分词）a. 时间状语：then, at that time, this time yesterday, at 8:00 yesterday, at ten yesterdayb. When或while引导的时间状语从句：主句动作先于从句动作发生且进行时间较长，主句过去进行时，从句一般过去时；从句动作先于主句动作发生且进行时间较长，从句过去进行时，主句一般过去时。

c. While引导的时间状语从句：主句动作和从句动作不分先后或同时发生，同时使用过去进行时d. 非延续性动词buy, borrow, open, close, begin, start, come, go, finish, die, catch a cold, put on, get up, wake up, fall asleep, lose, join, leave, arrive, reach通常用一般过去时而不用过去进行时e. 非延续性go, come, leave, arrive, start的过去进行时表示过去按计划即将发生的动作7. 过去完成时（had + 动词原形）a. 必须有一个或者暗含一个发生在过去的动作作为参照b. 时间状语：by last week, by the end of last year, just8. 过去将来时（would或。