心理学专业外语翻译第5页.docx

本文格式为Word版，下载可任意编辑心理学专业外语翻译第5页 What is psychology ? DEFINITIONS The word ‘psychology’ is derived from two Greek roots : ‘Psyche’,meaning‘mind’ or ‘soul’ and ‘Logos’, meaning ‘study of’. Psychology, therefore, literally means ‘study of the mind ’.However, a more recent definition by Atkinson et al (1991) suggests that psychology is :‘The scientific study of behaviour and mental processes’ Just giving this simple definition, however, is a bit misleading since psychologists now and throughout their history have not only disagreed about the definition of psychology , but have also strongly disagreed about what should be studied in the subject and how it should be studied. THE HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY WHERE DID PSYCHOLOGY COME FROM? PHILOSOPHY Many of the problems which psychology has investigated were first most clearly outlined by Greek philosophers such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle in the 5th century BC.Two more recent philosophical influences on the 心理学是什么？ 定义 “psychology”源于两个希腊词根：“Psyche”和“Logos”. “Psyche”的意思是“思想”和“灵魂”，“Logos”那么是研究、学习的意思。

因此心理学顾名思义为“有关精神的研究”然而，阿特金森等人（1991）提出的一个对比新的定义那么认为心理学是：“行为和心理过程的科学研究”仅仅下这样一个简朴的定义是有一点误导的，由于自始至终，心理学家不仅对心理学的定义没有达成一致，而且对于这一学科理应研究什么和如何举行研究都存在着很大分歧 心理学史 心理学的源头？ 哲学 心理学家已经研究过的大量问题早在公元前5世纪就被希腊哲学家苏格拉底、柏拉图和亚里士多德明显地概述出来新近的对心理学进展成为一门科学产生影响的两种哲学思潮是： development of psychology as a science were: 1 Empiricism-which argued that humans should only measure data that is objectively, observable, such as behaviour. 2 Positivism-which argued that the methods and principles of science should be applied to human behaviour. BIOLOGY Biology has had two important influences: 1 Evolution – Darwin’s suggestion that humans have evolved from other animals.The discoveries in genetics that followed from his evolutionary theory have had many important implications for the study and understanding of behaviour. 2 Physiology – the discoveries, mostly by the medical profession,of the structure and function of the brain, nervous, and endocrine systems have significantly contributed to the understanding of behaviour. PHYSICS ?A subject that because of its great success has been adopted as the ideal model by scientists in psychology, who have borrowed its scientific methods and 1阅历主义---该学派认为人们只理应研究一些客观的、可查看的测量数据，例如：行为。

2实证主义---该学派认为理应把科学的方法和原理应用于对人类行为的研究 生物学 生物学对心理学有两个重要影 响 1进化论—达尔文提出人类是从其他物种进化而来的紧随他的进化论之后产生的在基因方面的察觉，对 于研究和理解行为有好多重要的影响 2 生理学—大片面随着医学进展而获得的关于大脑的、神经的以及内分泌系统的布局和功能的成果，对行为的理解起了关键作用 物理学 ?这门学科由于它巨大的成就曾被心理学家们当作梦想的模型他们曾借鉴物理学的科学方法和原那么来研 principles. ?Physicists,such as Fechner,started applying their subject to human behaviour and experience(psychophysics) in the nineteenth century , with some success. WHEN DID PSYCHOLOGY START? The data 1879 is usually said to be the start of psychology as a separate scientific discipline, since it was when Wilhelm Wundt created the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig. Wundt is , therefore,regarded as the ‘founding father’ of psychology , although Americans tend to suggest that William James should have this honour since his 1890 book (which took 12 years to write) entitled Principles of Psychology a major landmark psychology’s literature and he began in teaching a course on the relationship between physiology and psychology at Harvard University in 1875. HOW DID PSYCHOLOGY DEVELOP? ?Structuralism – was the first approach to investigating psychology, pioneered by Wundt himself, who 究心理。

?物理学家们，像费希纳，在19世纪，费希纳开头把他们的一些学科内容应用于对人类行为的研究和测验之中（即心理物理学），并获得了一些告成 心理学肇始？ 1879年通常被说成是心理学作为一门独立的科学学科的开头由于在1879年冯特在莱比锡建立了第一个心理学测验室虽然冯特因此被称为“心理学之父”，但是美国人倾向于让詹姆士获得此殊荣詹姆士在1890年出版的《心理学原理》（花12年心血完成）是心理学文史上的一个重要的里程碑而且1875年他就开头在哈佛大学教授生理学与心理学之间关系的课程 心理学的进展 布局主义--布局主义是心理学研究的第一种方法，由冯特自己提出他认为心理学的研究对象理应是意识本 thought that the object of psychological investigation should be the conscious mind ,and that it should be studied by introspection (looking inwards at one’s own mental experience) in order to break it down into its component parts (such as images ,sensations and feelings) like the science of chemistry had done with chemicals. One structuralist ,Titchener , claimed there were a total of 46,708 basic sensations that combined to form the structure of the human mind, but the approach was replaced by functionalism. ?Functionalism – the approach William James advocated. James was influenced by Darwin’s views and argued that the workings of the mind are functional ,to survive and adapt, so we should investigate what behaviour and thoughts are for. Many of James’s insights remain valid today ,but functionalism was supers。