演讲的艺术chapter6.ppt

Stephen E. LucasStephen E. LucasC H A P T E RC H A P T E RMcGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.6 6Supporting Your IdeasSupporting Your Ideas by by AdaAda Pan Pan Oct. 2012Oct. 2012Slide Slide 2 2McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.Purposes of Supporting Purposes of Supporting MaterialsMaterialsTea is popular.Large quantities of tea are consumed by people around the globe. Tea is second only to water as the world’s most consumed beverage. More tea is consumed each year than all other manufactured drinks in the world put together, including coffee, chocolate, soft drinks and alcohol. Total tea consumption is 4 billion kilograms annually.Slide Slide 3 3McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.L Learning Objectives:earning Objectives:• •S Supupporting porting your ideas by:your ideas by: examples statisticstestimony Slide Slide 4 4McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.K Key Termsey Terms• •S Supporting upporting materialsmaterialsexample (brief ,extended , hypothetical )Statistics (single, multiple)Testimony (expert, peer)ŐŐŐSlide Slide 5 5McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.Purposes of Supporting Purposes of Supporting MaterialsMaterials• •ClarityClarity• •VividnessVividness• •CredibilityCredibilitySlide Slide 6 6McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.Types of Supporting Types of Supporting MaterialsMaterials• •1 1• •2 2• •3 3Slide Slide 7 7McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.ExamplesExamples• •BriefBrief• •ExtendedExtended• •ActualActual• •HypotheticalHypotheticalSlide Slide 8 8McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.Tips for using examplesTips for using examples• •Make examples vivid and richly texturedMake examples vivid and richly textured• •R Reinforce examples with statistic or einforce examples with statistic or testimonytestimonySlide Slide 9 9McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.NarrationNarration• •PersonalPersonal• •Third-personThird-person• •S Second econd Slide Slide 1010McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.StatisticsStatistics• •S Singleingle• •MultipleMultiple • •Tips: Tips: Slide Slide 1111McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.StatisticsStatistics• •Don’t rely exclusively on statistics.Don’t rely exclusively on statistics.• •U Use representative statistics se representative statistics • •I Identify the sources of statistics dentify the sources of statistics • •F Form reliable sourcesorm reliable sources• •Round off.Round off.• •E Explain statistics xplain statistics • •Use presentational aids.Use presentational aids.• •Stress their impact.Stress their impact.Slide Slide 1212McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.TestimonyTestimony• •Direct quotationDirect quotation• •ParaphraseParaphraseSlide Slide 1313McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.TestimonyTestimonyT Tips:ips:Quote or paraphraseQuote or paraphraseuote or paraphrase accurately uote or paraphrase accurately F Form qualified/unbiased sourcesorm qualified/unbiased sourcesI Identify the people you quote or dentify the people you quote or paraphrase paraphrase Slide Slide 1414McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.Tests of EvidenceTests of Evidence• •Is the evidence quoted Is the evidence quoted in contextin context? ?• •Is the source of the evidence Is the source of the evidence an expertan expert? ?• •Is the source of the evidence Is the source of the evidence unbiasedunbiased? ?• •Is the evidence Is the evidence relevantrelevant to the point? to the point?• •Is the evidence Is the evidence specificspecific? ?• •Is the evidence Is the evidence sufficientsufficient to prove the point? to prove the point?• •Is the evidence Is the evidence timelytimely? ?Slide Slide 1515McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.Evaluating Electronic Evaluating Electronic InformationInformation• •PurposePurpose• •ExpertiseExpertise• •ObjectivityObjectivity• •AccuracyAccuracy• •TimelinessTimelinessSlide Slide 1616McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.Citing Your SourcesCiting Your Sources“Oral footnotes”. . .“Oral footnotes”. . .• •Enhance the credibility of what you say.Enhance the credibility of what you say.• •Help listeners find sources.Help listeners find sources.Slide Slide 1717McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.Slide Slide 1818McGraw-HillMcGraw-Hill© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.© 2007 Stephen E. Lucas. All rights reserved.。