lesson7课后练习及课堂部分内容补充.doc

Lesson 7 双重危险是指对实质上同一的罪行给予两次起诉审判定罪或量刑美国宪法第 5 条 修正案具体规定了这一原则，即任何人不因同一罪行而受两次审判任何已被释放 或已被宣判无罪的人，均不能因同一罪行而再次被置于“生命或肢体的危险”之中 美国联邦最高法院已经做出裁决， “双重危险条款可免遭三类明显的权力滥用：宣告 无罪后因同一罪行再次受到起诉；定罪后因同一罪行再次受到起诉；以及对同一罪 行的重复刑罚 ” 不过，被告人可能既在州法院又在联邦法院得到审判，而这未必 违反双重危险条款 A good example of double jeopardy can be described in the following scenario. If a person is acquitted for a crime and police find new evidence in the case, the defendant cannot be tried again on the same charge. Furthermore, the defendant cannot be charged on a similar charge linked to the case. In other words, in order to be charged based on the new evidence, a whole new crime has to come into play. For example, if an individual is acquitted or convicted for battery and later charged with the murder of the victim, double jeopardy does not bar further prosecution. Affirmative defense 肯定性答辩、积极的答辩。

指被告并不否认原告所主张之事实的真实性，而是提出 其他的理由来说明为什么自己不应承担责任的答辩因此，它并不反驳原告诉求之 真实性，而只是否认原告在法律上有起诉的权利间接再诉禁止是指禁止同一当事人以另一不同诉因对已经法院判决的案件争点再次 争讼 选择起诉程序辩护的依据是美国宪法第 14 条修正案关于享有法律平等保护的保证 如果有两个或两个以上的人涉嫌制造了犯罪，但并非所有的人都受到起诉时，受到 起诉的被告人可以运用该辩护但是，当选择起诉的做出是公正的、依据现有的证 据时，这时的选择起诉不可以用作辩护 美国宪法第 6 条修正案保证被告人有权得到快速审判该保证旨在防止尚未得到审 判的被告人以及可能无罪的人们免受牢狱之苦对于“速审”的时间限定，联邦政府 及大多数州都制定有法律，规定合理的期间，例如，自逮捕之日起 90 日或 120 日 内进行审判如果超出法律规定的时间限定，被告人须被释放，且不能进行审判 一般来讲，公诉错误是学者们用来描述检察官在起诉时倾向于政府一方而对被告人 或证人的权利构成侵害的一种行为检察官在履行职责时，应该坚守其最高的职业 准则，当他们故意允许虚假证词、隐藏对被告方有利的信息、或者在向陪审团作总 结陈词时做出不恰当的带有偏见的陈述时，被告人均可使用公诉错误这一程序辩护。

警察欺诈辩护的使用并不常见，不过在辛普森案件的审判中，辩护律师称对被告人 不利的证据有可能是警察编造的，或是警察栽赃的（planted） 这一辩护最终还是 对辛普森的无罪释放这一判决结果起了相当大的作用课后 exercises1.Criminal Law 2.criminal liability 3.Penal Code/Criminal Law Code 4.criminal action5.Criminology 6.cruelty to children 7.crime of violence 8.criminal motive 9.criminal capacity 10. criminal jurisdiction1.致命武力 2.专家证人 3.财产防卫 4.执法人员 5.警察设圈套、钓鱼执法 6.责任减等 7.刑事审判 8.辩护律师 Cloze: 1.mens rea 2.threatened 3.culpability 4.motive 5.justification 6.sentence 7.involuntary Translation: 1. 提起刑事指控的具体程序因法域而异。

在指控被告人犯有特定罪行方面，有些法域授予 警察以较大的自由裁量权；而有些法域则赋予检察机关更大的权力 2.3.4.见课文Lesson 8 1.Miranda Right: You have the right to remain silent and refuse to answer questions. Anything you do say may be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to consult an attorney before speaking to the police and to have an attorney present during questioning now or in the future. If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for you before any questioning if you wish. If you decide to answer questions now without an attorney present you will still have the right to stop answering at any time until you talk to an attorney. Knowing and understanding your rights as I have explained them to you, are you willing to answer my questions without an attorney present? 2. 1.你有权保持沉默，你对任何一个警察所说的一切都将可能被作为法庭对你不利的证据。

2.你有权利在接受警察询问之前委托律师，他（她）可以陪伴你受讯问的全过程 3.如果你付不起律师费，只要你愿意，在所有询问之前将免费为你提供一名律师 4.如果你不愿意回答问题，你在任何时间都可以终止谈话 5.如果你希望跟你对律师谈话，你可以在任何时间停止回答问题，并且你可以让律师 一直伴随你询问的全过程 ”•The Supreme Court recently confirmed that Miranda warnings are constitutionally required because of a 1966 case called Miranda v. Arizona. When a person is in custody, some version of the Miranda rights, such as the following, is read to the individual before questioning. 附：敌意证人 A hostile witness, also called an unfavorable witness or adverse witness, is a person who testifies during a legal trial and whose testimony during direct examination harms the case of the side that called him or her to testify. If the judge declares the witness to be hostile, the calling attorney is permitted to question the witness as if in cross-examination, which includes the use of leading questions. The hostile witness might be testifying against his or her inclination and thus is antagonistic to the questioning attorney. All witnesses called by the opposing party are assumed to be hostile witnesses from a legal perspective. 英美法系将证人划分为控方证人和辩方证人，由哪一方申请传唤出庭就属于哪 一方证人。

所以，一般来说，在一个案件中，一方申请的证人都会对申请方做 有利的证词，这样就是普通的证人，其证人证言的效率很难确认但是当一方 提请法庭宣召某一证人出庭作证时，该证人却做出了与传证方预测相反的证言， 致使本方主张受到严重打击，申请证人作证目的落空这时这样的证人就可视 为是该方的敌意证人如果提证方认为本方证人故意作反叛性陈述，就可以向 法官申述理由后请求法官宣布其为敌意证人敌意证人规则是在交叉询问制度的框架内存在的美国《联邦证据规则》在第 611 条关于询问与作证的方式和次序的规定(c)项中提到了敌意证人，其规定如 下：“在直接询问证人时,除非是为展开证人证言所必须，否则不应使用诱导性 提问在交叉询问中，一般应允许诱导性提问当一方当事人传唤敌意证人、 对方当事人、或者与对方当事人利益相一致的证人时，可以通过诱导性提问进 行询问。