
英语委婉语Euphemism文档资料.ppt
25页Euphemism委婉来自希腊语,eu 是好的意思, phemism 是speech (言语)的意思,整个字面的意思是word of good omen (吉祥)或好的说法1 英语委婉语的特点英语委婉语的特点1、时代性、时代性同一个事物,同一个意思,在不同时代往往有不同的委婉表达法,下面的例子很能说明委婉语或委婉表达法具有很强的时代性据有关学者统计,“怀孕”一词在不同时代曾先后出现如下一些委婉表达法:She has canceled all her social engagements. (1856)她取消了所有的社交活动She is in an interesting condition. (1880)她处在很有趣的情况中She is in a delicate condition. (1895)她处在很微妙的情况中She is knitting little booties. (1910) 她正在编织小囡的袜子She is in a family way. (1920)她快要当家了She is expecting. (1935)她快要生(孩子)了She is pregnant. (1956)她怀孕了。
以上七个例子说明“怀孕”一词用了100年,最后才说到真实事物“她怀孕了”22、地域性、地域性n 不同地域的历史文化不同,其风俗禁忌也不同这种差异体现在语言中就表现为语言的地域差异例如,英国人把男用避孕套(condom)叫做“一种法国的东西”(French letter),法国人把它叫做“一种英国的东西”(capote anglicism)n 又比如“He is in the bathroom”这句话,美国人可能会理解为He is in the toilet(他在解手),而英国人则可能认为He is taking a bath(他正在洗澡)因为bathroom一词在英国英语里为“洗澡”之意,而在美语里则是“厕所”的代名词同是一个社会习惯要回避的事物,各地域的说法不同3n (1)合词法(compounding):如:gezudna(goes+under+“床下放”,即夜壶)n (2)反成法(backformation): 反成法是通过删除假想中的词缀来构成委婉词由于这种构词法产词是不大,所以造出的词大多新颖别致,用来代替常见的敏感词,也能收到委婉的效果如:bugle(盗窃,由burglar[夜盗]盗删去“词尾”而成,用以替代。
n (3)首字母组合法(acronym):首字母组合法是将禁忌词语或敏感词语的第一个字母抽出来拼合在一起借以掩饰如:BM(bowel movement,大便)the Big C (癌症)n (4)截短法(clipping):截短法是将一些词语斩头去尾以掩饰如:gents(Gentlement's Room)(男厕所)lav (lavatory,厕所)n (5)曲读异拼法(phonetic distortion):曲读异拼法是有意将禁忌词语的发音略加变动,借以避讳如:god, gosh(god 上帝) 3 Lexical Change4n(6)压韵替代法(rhyming slang):压韵替代法是利用一些词语与禁忌词语押韵的特点来取而代之如:sis, (piss 小便)n (7)逆拼法(backslang):逆拼法是将一些禁忌或敏感的单词自后向前拼写,以便避讳如:elly-bay(belly肚子)n (8)首字母异拼法(respelling of initials):首字母异拼法是将一些禁忌或敏感单词的首字母按照发音拼写出来,效果委婉如:dee(damn,该死)n (9)标点符号法(punctuation):如:d--(damn该死的)son of a -- (son of a bitch,狗娘养的)n(10)同义词替代法(synonyms)如:slim(苗条的,即skinny,皮包骨头)n 5n (11)借词法borrowing):一般认为,英语中的本族词-盎格鲁撒克逊词-多为平民百姓的口语词,不登大雅之堂。
所以很多人,尤其是知识分子和学生都喜欢借用法语词或拉丁词来婉指那些令人尴尬的事物如:lingerie(内衣 underwear)n (12)模糊词语法(fuzzy words):如:affair(事物,即桃色事件)n (13)儿语法(nurseryism):借用儿童用语来充当委婉语小孩子讲话天真无 邪,如果大人,尤其是中年人模仿儿语,有时效果是既委婉又幽默如:pee-pee(小便)poo-poo(大便)n (14)反面着笔法(negation):从相反的角度去表达那些令人不快的事物,效果有时会比正面直说婉转些如:unwise(不聪明,即,愚蠢的)n (15)比喻法(metaphorical transfer):根据禁忌事物的特点,将其描绘成具有相同特点的可以接受的事物如:go to sleep forever(长眠,即die死去)n 6n (16)借代法(metonymical transfer):用整体来代替那些不便直言的局面如:chest(胸部,即 breast乳房)n (17)低调说法(understatement):如 一种明抑实扬、言轻义重的含蓄的说法,用来表达不愉快的事情时,效果委婉,听者易于接受。
smelly (有味道,即stinking,发臭)n (18)迂回说法(periphrasis):迂回说法是将不便直言的事物用转弯抹角的方式表达出来其结果是短词长写,“短话长说”如:adjustment downward(向下调整,即drop下跌)n (19)首字母曲解法(reinterpretation of initials):首字母曲解法是有意对首字母词作出别的解释,效果不仅委婉,而且还带有幽默色彩如:hot and cold (heroin and cocaine,海洛因可卡因合剂)n 以上这些方法,大体上都贯穿了两个原则:一是若即若离的原则,一是美好中听的原则一般说来,委婉语有三个方面的作用一是避免刺激,给人以安慰;二是消除粗俗,给人以文雅;三是摒弃陈腐,给人以新颖善于委婉,这是心灵美、修养高的表现7Functions of EuphemismnA. To Avoid TaboonB. To Show PolitenessnC. To Conceal Truth8To Avoid TaboonSatan:the bad man;the bad fellownDevil:the Big D;Lord of the Flies (Obviously, S and D are not good boys)9to diento pass awaynto departnto leave usnto go to sleepnto go to heavennone’s heart has stopped beating10to urinate or defecatengo to the bathroomndo businessnanswer nature’s callnrelease oneself11lavatoryn“Gent’s”(gentlemen’s)n“the washroom”n“water closet”(W. C )n“Ladies’”n“lade’s room”n“the powder room”n“Mrs. Jones”12pregnancynin the family wayneating for twonin a delicate conditionna mother to be13To Show Politenessnradio electrician——radio doctornhousewife——household executivengarbage collector——sanitary engineer14oldnthe elderlynsenior citizenngolden agenvenerable peoplenget on yearsnpass one’s primenfeel one’s age15fatnplumpnstoutnout-sizenover-weightthinnslender nslim16stupid a slow learner under -achiever mad/ feeble - minded not all there soft in head/ soft - headed of unsound mind/ unsound - minded 17To Conceal Truthninvasion :involvement /military action 18air operation ground operation 19neconomic crisis ngo on strike ncivilian casualties nWar Department nnuclear bomb noccupation ndepression/recession nindustrial action ncollateral damage nDefense Department nnuclear devicenliberation 20poor nations nbackward nations nunderdeveloped nations ndeveloping nations nemerging nations 21Other examplesnHe has a tendency to stretch the truth nHe has difficulty distinguishing between imaginary and factual information. n他撒谎nHe needs help in learning to adhere to rules and standards of fair play.n他作弊nShe can do better work with help n她成绩差22guessnShe is in an interesting condition n怀孕nI have to do my duty n嘘嘘nYou should know that there are books and books n有好书也有坏书23nthe old man’s friend n肺炎ndomestic help n佣人ncheerful givern肝脏 nspaghetti factoryn肠子 (面条工厂)24nspecial man n残疾人nlive at government’s expensen坐牢nI’m willing,but Mary isn’tn饱了(饭后谢绝主人劝食)25。












