LATIN PRONOUNS：拉丁语的代词.ppt

LATIN PRONOUNSTHE BASICS•Most pronouns can also be used as adjectives •The endings are mostly those of 1st/2nd declension adjectives like bonus, -a, -um, but some forms are irregular. In particular, the genitive singular has the special ending –ius and the dative singular borrows the –ī ending from the 3rd declension. These two endings always remain the same for all three genders •The i in the -ius ending forms a diphthong with the preceding vowel in eius, huius and cuius, which are thus pronounced EIY-us, HUIY- us and CUIY-us. In other pronouns the –i is long and takes the stress –e.g. illīus, normally pronounced il-LI-us •These special `pronominal’ endings for dative and genitive are also used by nine adjectives that otherwise normally follow the regular – us, -a, -um/ -er, -ra, -rum pattern: ūnus (one), nūllus (none), ūllus (any), sōlus (alone), neuter (neither) alius (neut. nom, acc. sing. aliud) (other), uter (which of two), tōtus (whole), alter (the other of two)is, ea, id (singular)• Can be translated `this’ or `that’ but often just the equivalent of `him’, `her’, `his’, `them’ etc. • The nominative does not need to be used very often because the meaning `he’, `she’, `they’ etc, is contained within an ordinary verb. Compare: – Canis eum spectat (The dog looks at him) – Canem spectat (He looks at the dog)is (singular)MascFemNeutNominative iseaidGenitive Dative AccusativeAblativeis (singular)MascFemNeutNominative iseaidGenitive eiusDativeAccusativeAblativeis (singular)MascFemNeutNominative iseaidGenitive eiusDative eīAccusativeAblativeis (singular)MascFemNeutNominative iseaidGenitive eiusDative eīAccusativeeumeamidAblativeis (singular)MascFemNeutNominative iseaidGenitive eiusDative eīAccusativeeumeamidAblativeeōeāeōis (plural)MascFemNeutNominative eīeaeeaGenitiveDativeAccusativeAblativeis (plural)MascFemNeutNominative eīeaeeaGenitiveeōrumeārumeōrumDativeAccusativeAblativeis (plural)MascFemNeutNominative eīeaeeaGenitiveeōrumeārumeōrumDativeeīsAccusativeAblativeis (plural)MascFemNeutNominative eīeaeeaGenitiveeōrumeārumeōrumDativeeīsAccusativeeōseāeaAblativeis (plural)MascFemNeutNominative eīeaeeaGenitiveeōrumeārumeōrumDativeeīsAccusativeeōseāeaAblativeeīsīdem, eadem, idem• A compound of is/ea/id and the suffix `dem’ meaning `the same’. • An `m’ before the suffix becomes `n’ – *eumdem > eundem – *eōrumdem > eōrundem • Notice the slightly irregular forms of nominative singular masculine and neuter – *isdem > īdem (long vowel) – *iddem > idem (short vowel)īdem (singular)MascFemNeutNominative īdemeademidemGenitiveDative AccusativeAblativeīdem (singular)MascFemNeutNominative īdemeademidemGenitiveeiusdemDative AccusativeAblativeīdem (singular)MascFemNeutNominative īdemeademidemGenitiveeiusdemDative eīdemAccusativeAblativeīdem (singular)MascFemNeutNominative īdemeademidemGenitiveeiusdemDative eīdemAccusativeeundemeandemidemAblativeīdem (singular)MascFemNeutNominative īdemeademidemGenitiveeiusdemDative eīdemAccusativeeundemeandemidemAblativeeōdemeādemeōdemīdem (plural)MascFemNeutNominative eīdemeaedemeademGenitiveDative AccusativeAblativeīdem (plural)MascFemNeutNominative eīdemeaedemeademGenitiveeōrundemeārundemeōrundemDative AccusativeAblativeīdem (plural)MascFemNeutNominative eīdemeaedemeademGenitiveeōrundemeārundemeōrundemDative eīsdemAccusativeAblativeīdem (plural)MascFemNeutNominative eīdemeaedemeademGenitiveeōrundemeārundemeōrundemDative eīsdemAccusativeeōsdemeāsdemeademAblativeīdem (plural)MascFemNeutNominative eīdemeaedemeademGenitiveeōrundemeārundemeōrundemDative eīsdemAccusativeeōsdemeāsdemeademAblativeeīsdemhic, haec, hoc• The basic meaning is `this/these’ but it is also used to mean `the latter’ (contrasting with ille for `the former’) • The word is less irregular than it looks as most of the case forms (apart from the usual pronominal dative singular –i and genitve singular –ius) are the regular 1st/2nd declension ones plus -c (the remains of what was originally a separate word). An m turns into n before this: – *hamc > hanc • The feminine nominative singular and the neuter nominative/accusative plural are identical - haechic (singular)MascFemNeutNominative hichaechocGenitiveDative AccusativeAblativehic (singular)MascFemNeutNominative hichaechocGenitivehuiusDative AccusativeAblativehic (singular)MascFemNeutNominative hichaechocGenitivehuiusDative huicAccusativeAblativehic (singular)MascFemNeutNominative hichaechocGenitivehuiusDative huicAccusativehunchanchocAblativehic (singular)MascFemNeutNominative hichaechocGenitivehuiusDative huicAccusativehunchanchocAblativehōchāchōchic (plural)MascFemNeutNominative hīhaehaecGenitiveDative AccusativeAblativehic (plural)MascFemNeutNominative hīhaehaecGenitivehōrumhārumhōrumDative AccusativeAblativehic (plural)MascFemNeutNomin。