Diction选词用字c.ppt

Diction 选词用字选词用字1. 1.Definition: Definition: DictionDiction refers to the choice and use of refers to the choice and use of words (words (措词措词), the choice of style and manner of ), the choice of style and manner of speaking and writing(speaking and writing(风格，笔调风格，笔调). ). “The meaning of a word is its use in the language.” “The meaning of a word is its use in the language.” 2. 2. Points to be Noted in DictionPoints to be Noted in Diction 1). 1). Various meanings of a word/character—in the contextVarious meanings of a word/character—in the context A. A. Literal meaningLiteral meaning( (词汇意义词汇意义)—the meaning an item or )—the meaning an item or word has itself (the meaning of an isolated word in a word has itself (the meaning of an isolated word in a dictionary): dictionary): conceptualconceptual and and associativeassociative meanings meanings (A). (A). Conceptual meaningConceptual meaning( (概念意义概念意义)—also known as )—also known as denotative meaning, is the meaning given in the denotative meaning, is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning which is dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning which is constant and relatively stable.constant and relatively stable.(B). (B). Associative meaningAssociative meaning( (联想意义联想意义)—the secondary )—the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. Unlike meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning. Unlike conceptual meaning, associative meaning, which is open-conceptual meaning, associative meaning, which is open-ended and indeterminate, can comprise four types:ended and indeterminate, can comprise four types: (a). (a). Connotative meaning(Connotative meaning(外延意义）外延意义）—the intentional —the intentional meaning which a word suggests or implies (the overtones meaning which a word suggests or implies (the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning). It or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning). It includes the stylistic reference and the emotive charge includes the stylistic reference and the emotive charge proper to the word. E.g. proper to the word. E.g. mothermother: : care, love, tenderness, care, love, tenderness, forgivingforgiving. .  HomeHome: : family, warmth, safety, love, conveniencefamily, warmth, safety, love, convenience. . East East or west, home is bestor west, home is best. However, connotative meaning . However, connotative meaning unstable, varying considerably according to culture, unstable, varying considerably according to culture, historical period and the experience of the individual. E.g.historical period and the experience of the individual. E.g. son of a bitch.son of a bitch. (b). (b). Stylistic meaning(Stylistic meaning(文体意义文体意义) )—the stylistic features —the stylistic features of words (“that which a piece of language conveys about of words (“that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use”). Three kinds of the social circumstances of its use”). Three kinds of words (common words, formal words and informal words (common words, formal words and informal words) are used differently: common words, formal words) are used differently: common words, formal words, informal words—colloquialism (words, informal words—colloquialism (tell offtell off, , do fordo for), ), slang (slang (buckbuck, , beaverbeaver) ,and vulgarism. ) ,and vulgarism. Pregnant, Pregnant, expecting, knocking-up, with child, in the family way; expecting, knocking-up, with child, in the family way;  (c). (c). Affective meaning (Affective meaning (情感意义情感意义) )—indicates the —indicates the attitude of the speaker towards the thing or the person in attitude of the speaker towards the thing or the person in question. Words that have emotive values may fall into question. Words that have emotive values may fall into two categories: two categories: appreciativeappreciative or or pejorative:pejorative: nigger/negro/black/colored.nigger/negro/black/colored. (d). (d). CollocativeCollocative meaning ( meaning (搭配意义搭配意义) )—the associations —the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words, it is a word acquires in its collocation. In other words, it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words that part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion. E.g. before or after the word in discussion. E.g. pretty/handsomepretty/handsome: : garden, overcoat, car, airline, color, garden, overcoat, car, airline, color, village, flowervillage, flower. . rotten/addled/rancid/sour rotten/addled/rancid/sour: : milk, bacon, eggs, meatmilk, bacon, eggs, meat. .PicturePicture: : (1). The park is a (1). The park is a picturepicture when the flowers are in bloom. when the flowers are in bloom.  花开时公园的花开时公园的景色景色非常漂亮非常漂亮. .(2). The book gives a good (2). The book gives a good picturepicture of everyday life there. of everyday life there. …………描写得很生动描写得很生动(3). The (3). The picturepicture is much clearer with the new aerial. is much clearer with the new aerial. 安上新天线后电视安上新天线后电视画面画面清晰多了。

清晰多了4). Have you seen latest (4). Have you seen latest picturespictures? ? …… ……最新拍的最新拍的电影电影? ?(5). Are you in the (5). Are you in the picturepicture now? now? 你知道是怎么一回事了吧你知道是怎么一回事了吧( (实情实情)?)?LastLast: : (1). He is the (1). He is the lastlast man to come. man to come. (2). He is the (2). He is the lastlast man to do it. man to do it. ( (3). He is the 3). He is the lastlast person for the job. person for the job. (4). He should be the(4). He should be the last last to blame. to blame. (5). He is the (5). He is the lastlast man to consult. man to consult. 说说说说 (1). (1). 他他说说英语。

英语 He He speaksspeaks English. English. (2). (2). 他他说说慌 He He is tellingis telling a lie. a lie. (3). (3). 他他说说他很忙 He He sayssays he is busy he is busy (4). (4). 我我说说不清楚 I am unable to I am unable to expressexpress myself clearly. myself clearly.  (5). (5). 这可这可说说不得 It must not be It must not be mentionedmentioned. . (6). (6). 别胡别胡说说八道 Don’t Don’t talktalk nonsense. nonsense. 2). 2). Collocation (Collocation (搭配搭配) ): “Proper words in proper places : “Proper words in proper places make the true definition of a style” (make the true definition of a style” (合适的词放在合适合适的词放在合适的地方就是好文章）的地方就是好文章） delicatedelicate delicatedelicate skin skin 娇嫩娇嫩的皮肤的皮肤　　　　 delicatedelicate porcelain porcelain 精致精致的瓷器的瓷器 delicatedelicate upbringing upbringing 娇娇生生惯惯养养 delicatedelicate living living 奢侈奢侈的生活的生活delicatedelicate health health 虚弱虚弱的身体的身体delicatedelicate stomach stomach 容易吃坏容易吃坏的胃的胃delicatedelicate vase vase 容易碰碎容易碰碎的花瓶的花瓶delicatedelicate diplomatic question diplomatic question 微妙微妙的外交问题的外交问题delicatedelicate difference difference 讲不大清楚讲不大清楚的差别的差别delicatedelicate surgical operation surgical operation 难做难做的外科手术的外科手术delicatedelicate ear for music ear for music 对音乐对音乐有鉴赏力有鉴赏力delicatedelicate sense of smell sense of smell 灵敏灵敏的嗅觉的嗅觉delicatedelicate touch touch 生生花花妙妙笔笔delicatedelicate food food 美味美味的食物的食物delicatedelicate features features 清秀清秀的五官的五官老老 老老毛病毛病: a : a chronicchronic ailment ailment 老老部下部下 a a formerformer subordinate subordinate 老老式样式样 oldold-fashioned -fashioned 老老规矩规矩 traditionaltraditional rules rules 老老战士战士 a a veteranveteran 老老领导领导 a a seniorsenior leader leader 老老师傅师傅 a a mastermaster craftsman craftsman 老老闺女闺女 the the youngestyoungest daughter daughter 老老黄牛黄牛 a a willingwilling ox ox 老老皇历皇历 last year’slast year’s calendar calendar 老老生常谈生常谈 commonplacecommonplace 3). The style of expression (文体） wordswords colloquialcolloquial writtenwritten livelive 住住 居住居住 fear fear 怕怕 惧怕惧怕 choose choose 挑挑 选择选择 build build 盖盖 修建修建 cold cold 冷冷 寒冷寒冷 like like 爱爱 喜爱喜爱 writewrite 写写 书写书写 问问 ask/question interrogateask/question interrogate上升上升 rise ascendrise ascend(1). (1). 无论就街道，房屋或公园而言，这些地方都有一无论就街道，房屋或公园而言，这些地方都有一种说不出来的南国情调。

随便走到哪里，我们都可以种说不出来的南国情调随便走到哪里，我们都可以看到新鲜有趣的东西看到新鲜有趣的东西 a). All streets, home and parks here have an indescribable a). All streets, home and parks here have an indescribable look of the south. No matter where we go, we are sure to look of the south. No matter where we go, we are sure to find things new and interesting. find things new and interesting. His Friday afternoons are usually spent on lying in bed His Friday afternoons are usually spent on lying in bed doing some pleaure reading, going out with some doing some pleaure reading, going out with some good friends or occasional shopping with his date…good friends or occasional shopping with his date… b b). The place, with its streets, its houses and ). The place, with its streets, its houses and itsits parks, wears an indescribable air of the south. Every corner parks, wears an indescribable air of the south. Every corner brings us into acquaintance with some new interest.brings us into acquaintance with some new interest.3. Approaches to Diction3. Approaches to Diction 1). 1). Note the collocations and usages before choosing the Note the collocations and usages before choosing the meanings of words involved. meanings of words involved. 按照习惯搭配选词用字按照习惯搭配选词用字按照习惯搭配选词用字按照习惯搭配选词用字 A A . . The collocation of the central noun and its attributeThe collocation of the central noun and its attribute(a).(a). build build build a house build a house 盖房子盖房子 build a fire build a fire 生火生火 build a ship build a ship 造船造船 build a car build a car 制造汽车制造汽车 build a bridge build a bridge 架桥架桥 build a railway build a railway 修筑铁路修筑铁路 build a dam build a dam 筑坝筑坝 (b).(b). heavy (adj.)heavy (adj.)heavy rain heavy rain 大雨大雨 heavy current heavy current 电流电流heavy fighting heavy fighting 激烈激烈的的 heavy wire heavy wire 线线heavy load heavy load 重载重载 heavy storm heavy storm 风暴风暴heavy task heavy task 繁重的任务繁重的任务 heavy crops heavy crops 大丰收大丰收heavy traffic heavy traffic 交通交通 heavy fire heavy fire 猛烈的炮火猛烈的炮火heavy casualties heavy casualties 伤亡伤亡 heavy sea heavy sea 海洋海洋heavy duty heavy duty 功率功率 heavy heart heavy heart 沉重的心情沉重的心情heavy clouds heavy clouds 厚云厚云 heavy bomber heavy bomber 重型轰炸机重型轰炸机heavy machine heavy machine 重型机械重型机械 heavy repair heavy repair 修修(c)(c)、、大大大大 大城市大城市 a a bigbig city city 大会堂大会堂 a a greatgreat hall hall 大雾大雾 thickthick fog fog 大风大风 strongstrong wind wind 大地震大地震 a a violent (great)violent (great) earthquake earthquake大路大路 mainmain road road大手术大手术 majormajor operation operation 大病大病 seriousserious illness illness 大科学家大科学家 an an outstandingoutstanding scientist scientistB. B. The collocation of the predicate and its objectThe collocation of the predicate and its object(a). (a). playplay play chess play chess 下棋下棋 play the violin play the violin play cards play cards 打牌打牌 play a joke play a joke 开玩笑开玩笑 play sb. a dirty trick play a joke on sb. play sb. a dirty trick play a joke on sb. play the recording play a friendly match play the recording play a friendly match play the hero play the hero(b). (b). wearwear wear military uniform wear military uniform 穿穿军装军装 wear school badges wear school badges 佩戴佩戴校徽校徽wear glasses wear glasses wear one’s hair short wear one’s hair short 留留短发短发wear one’s head high wear a troubled lookwear one’s head high wear a troubled look wear a long beard wear a happy smile wear a long beard wear a happy smile(c). (c). 打打打打打钟打钟: to ring the bell: to ring the bell打鼓打鼓: to beat drums: to beat drums打仗打仗: to fight a battle: to fight a battle打官司打官司to go to law (against sb.) to go to law (against sb.) 打交道打交道 to deal with to deal with 打毛衣打毛衣: to knit a sweater : to knit a sweater 打井打井: to dig a well : to dig a well 打灯笼打灯笼 to carry a lanternto carry a lantern打起精神打起精神 to raise one’s spirits to raise one’s spirits 打伞打伞to hold up an umbrellato hold up an umbrella(4). (4). 看看看看 看电影看电影 see a film see a film 看书看书 read a book/books read a book/books 看电视看电视 watch TV watch TV 看戏看戏 see a play or an opera see a play or an opera 看病看病 see/consult a doctor see/consult a doctor 看球赛看球赛 watch a (ball) match/game watch a (ball) match/game 看图识字看图识字 to learn to read with the aid of pictures to learn to read with the aid of pictures 看问题看问题to approach a problem (an issue)to approach a problem (an issue)2). 2). Note the style of expression before choosing Note the style of expression before choosing appropriate words or characters. appropriate words or characters. 注意文体选词用字注意文体选词用字注意文体选词用字注意文体选词用字 A word or expression, without changing its meaning, A word or expression, without changing its meaning, may be translated differently in colloquial or written may be translated differently in colloquial or written (literary) style according to its content.(literary) style according to its content. more formal less formal more formal less formal offspring children offspring children decease die decease die peruse read peruse read reply answer reply answerparticipate in take part in participate in take part in encounter come across encounter come across tolerate put up with tolerate put up with chamber room chamber room1). 1). Studies serve for delight, for ornament and, for ability. Studies serve for delight, for ornament and, for ability. Their chief use for delight is in Their chief use for delight is in privatenessprivateness and retiring; and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.judgment and disposition of business. (1). (1).读书足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才。

其怡情也，读书足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博采也，最见于高谈阔论最见于独处幽居之时；其博采也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际 (2). (2). 读书使人感觉快乐，使人富有光彩，使人增长才读书使人感觉快乐，使人富有光彩，使人增长才干其快乐之处，主要在于独处休闲之时，其光彩之干其快乐之处，主要在于独处休闲之时，其光彩之处，主要显于社交交谈之时，其才干之处，主要见于处，主要显于社交交谈之时，其才干之处，主要见于判断处事之时判断处事之时2). Nothing is nobler than to sacrifice one’s life for the 2). Nothing is nobler than to sacrifice one’s life for the country. country. (1). (1). 没有什么比为国献身更崇高了没有什么比为国献身更崇高了 (2). (2). 崇高莫过于为国捐躯崇高莫过于为国捐躯3). 3). 以其人之道，还治其人之身。

以其人之道，还治其人之身 (1). Pay him in his own coin (casual)(1). Pay him in his own coin (casual) (2). Do unto them what they do unto us. (written) (2). Do unto them what they do unto us. (written)4)4)、、 坚决打击经济犯罪活动坚决打击经济犯罪活动 (1). Combat Economic Crime(1). Combat Economic Crime (2). Fight Economic Crime(2). Fight Economic Crime 5 5）退休工人张明对小儿子在春说，）退休工人张明对小儿子在春说，“ “那时候，干了那时候，干了一天活累得连炕都上不去，浑身疼得要命，睡也睡一天活累得连炕都上不去，浑身疼得要命，睡也睡不着 ” (1). Zhang Ming, a retired worker, said to his little son (1). Zhang Ming, a retired worker, said to his little son Zai-chunZai-chun, “At that time, I was so fatigued after a day’s , “At that time, I was so fatigued after a day’s drugerydrugery that I found it very hard to mount the Kang. that I found it very hard to mount the Kang. My whole frame aching acutely, I couldn’t go to sleep, My whole frame aching acutely, I couldn’t go to sleep, however hard I tried.”however hard I tried.” (2). … “In those days, I was usually so done up after a (2). … “In those days, I was usually so done up after a day’s hard work that I could hardly get on the Kang. As day’s hard work that I could hardly get on the Kang. As my whole body ached like anything, I simply couldn’t my whole body ached like anything, I simply couldn’t get to sleep even I tried to.”get to sleep even I tried to.”6).6). For Islam’s sake I wandered in this occasion, For Islam’s sake I wandered in this occasion, Prepared for war with Pagan and Hindus, Prepared for war with Pagan and Hindus, Resolved myself to meet the martyr’s death, Resolved myself to meet the martyr’s death, Thanks be to God, a ghazi I became. Thanks be to God, a ghazi I became. (1). (1). 为了伊斯兰，余曾徘徊于荒原，为了伊斯兰，余曾徘徊于荒原， 对抗异教徒，运筹帷幄作圣战，对抗异教徒，运筹帷幄作圣战， 立下殉教志，战死沙场决不惜，立下殉教志，战死沙场决不惜， 感谢真主恩，余今被誉为感谢真主恩，余今被誉为“ “加齐加齐” ”。

(2). (2). 遍荒野而徘徊兮，唯穆圣之是从，遍荒野而徘徊兮，唯穆圣之是从， 枕长戈而待旦兮，恨异教之狰狞，枕长戈而待旦兮，恨异教之狰狞， 为圣战以献身兮，虽九死亦殊荣，为圣战以献身兮，虽九死亦殊荣， 感真主之昭昭兮，膺感真主之昭昭兮，膺“ “加齐加齐” ”之令名6). 6). CommonCommon be your prayer; be your prayer; CommonCommon be your purpose; be your purpose; CommonCommon be your deliberation; be your deliberation; CommonCommon be your desires; be your desires; UnifiedUnified be your hearts; be your hearts; UnitedUnited by your intentions; by your intentions; Perfect be Perfect be unionunion among you. among you. (--one of ancient Indian prayers) (--one of ancient Indian prayers) 愿愿同同祈祷；祈祷； 目标目标无二无二；； 意志意志合一合一；； 谋虑谋虑与共与共；； 冀求冀求相同相同；； 一体一体同心；同心；众志成城；固此联盟。

7). Every change of season, every change of weather, everyu hour of the day produces some change in the magical hues and shape of these mountains; and they are regarded by all good wives, far and near, as perfect barometers. 季节的每一更迭，气候的每一转变，乃至一天中的每一小时，都给这些山峦的奇幻色彩和形态带来变化，远近的主妇都把这些看作是准确的晴雨表 8). They might very well be preparing an attack agianst 8). They might very well be preparing an attack agianst the country, hence their sizable the country, hence their sizable build-upbuild-up not only of not only of troops, but of missiles, planes, and tanks along the troops, but of missiles, planes, and tanks along the border of the country. border of the country. 他们很可能正准备进攻这个国家，因此他们沿着这他们很可能正准备进攻这个国家，因此他们沿着这个国家的边境不仅个国家的边境不仅集结集结了大量部队，而且了大量部队，而且部署部署了大了大量导弹、飞机和坦克。

量导弹、飞机和坦克9)9)、这个小伙子干活真、这个小伙子干活真冲冲ThisThis young fellow does his work with young fellow does his work with vimvim and vigor. and vigor. 10).10). I am getting old for thinking of you. I am getting old for thinking of you. 思君令吾老思君令吾老11).11). The people fear not death, why threaten them with it? The people fear not death, why threaten them with it? 民不畏死，奈何以此惧？民不畏死，奈何以此惧？12). All guests had been gone when it was midnight. There 12). All guests had been gone when it was midnight. There were left in the room only the hosts cleaning the table. were left in the room only the hosts cleaning the table. Colloquial: Colloquial: Literary: Literary: 时已午夜，众客星散，室中唯有主人收拾桌时已午夜，众客星散，室中唯有主人收拾桌子。

子13). It is a true saying that time and tide wait for no man.13). It is a true saying that time and tide wait for no man.Colloquial:Colloquial:Literary: Literary: 时不我待，乃至理名言时不我待，乃至理名言14). I spent my days carrying heavy loads, but I enjoyed it. 14). I spent my days carrying heavy loads, but I enjoyed it. (W. Hallacher)(W. Hallacher)Colloquial: Colloquial: 我每天扛重活，倒也干得挺带劲的我每天扛重活，倒也干得挺带劲的16). “Well, how’s the Chief? I’m glad to see you looking 16). “Well, how’s the Chief? I’m glad to see you looking so well.” “I never felet better, De Sota. And how are so well.” “I never felet better, De Sota. And how are you? Ready fro any fate?”you? Ready fro any fate?” “Well, you ought to know, Chief. I’ve been standing by. “Well, you ought to know, Chief. I’ve been standing by. It’s whatever you say with me.”It’s whatever you say with me.” “I know that, De Sota,” replied Cowperwood, smiling… “I know that, De Sota,” replied Cowperwood, smiling… “I have something I want you to undertake for me. I sent “I have something I want you to undertake for me. I sent for you, De Sota, because I need reliability and secrecy, for you, De Sota, because I need reliability and secrecy, and I know you’re the man!” and I know you’re the man!” “Thanks, Chief,” he said, “You know I’d go to hell for “Thanks, Chief,” he said, “You know I’d go to hell for you any time,” (Th. Dreiser)you any time,” (Th. Dreiser)(1). “噢，老总，您好吗？看到您的气色这样好，我真高兴。

我比什么时候都好，德·索托您好吗？准备碰碰运气吗？”“是啊，您应该知道的，老总我一直在准备听候您的命令随您吩咐好啦我知道，德·索托，” 柯帕乌笑着回答…… “我有事奉托我所以请你来，德·索托，因为我需要可靠和机密，我知道你正是这样一个人！”“谢谢，老总，”他说，“您知道，随便什么时候，我都愿意为您赴汤蹈火的（2）“啊，上司您好吗？看到您玉体康健，我很高兴我从来没有比现在更好了，德·索托你也好吗？为任何的命运准备好了吗？”“哎，您应该知道，上司我一直在等候着您说什么我必定照办我知道这个德·索托柯帕乌回答，笑着…… “我有些事情要您为我承担我请您来，德·索托，因为我需要可靠性和秘密性，我知道你就是这种人！”“谢谢，上司，” 他说，“您知道，我愿意为您在任何时候抛头洒血，牺牲一切3). Discriminate before choosing the exact words 3). Discriminate before choosing the exact words （区别（区别（区别（区别词语，正确选词）词语，正确选词）词语，正确选词）词语，正确选词） A. A. The broad and narrow sense of a wordThe broad and narrow sense of a word ( (广义与狭义）广义与狭义） 文化：文化： 西方文化西方文化 western culture (civilization)western culture (civilization)文化界文化界 cultural circle cultural circle 文化人文化人 intellectuals intellectuals 文化程度文化程度 schooling schooling 文化用品文化用品 stationery stationery B. B. The commendatory and derogatory sense of a word The commendatory and derogatory sense of a word （褒义与贬义）（褒义与贬义）(1). We hope Mr. White will not (1). We hope Mr. White will not forget himselfforget himself, Gone are , Gone are the days when a person may do whatever he likes. the days when a person may do whatever he likes. (2). We hope that our most-respected manager will not (2). We hope that our most-respected manager will not forget himselfforget himself. His poor health is known to all.. His poor health is known to all. (3) His father passed away at an advanced age of 90 last week. 去世 (4). The notorious guy did kick the bucket at long last. 一命呜呼Commendatory: pass away, go to glory, rest in peace, return to the earthDerogatory: end one’s days, kick off, commit suicide, meet one’s death, kick the bucket, turn up one’s toes. Drills: A. Put the following into English 1)、香港特别行政区保持自由和独立关税地区的地位.2)、中国的经济是一个大问题。

3)、中国大陆 1). The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will retain the status of a free port and a separate customs territory. 2). China’s economy is a major question. 3). China’s mainland/the mainland of ChinaB. Put the following into EnglishB. Put the following into English1)1)、他、他抓抓住了我的手臂住了我的手臂2)2)、主人、主人抓抓住我的手，热情地和我说话住我的手，热情地和我说话3)3)、我们应该、我们应该抓抓产品质量产品质量4)4)、这项工程由他、这项工程由他抓抓5)5)、她的演讲、她的演讲抓抓住了听众住了听众6)6)、、抓抓紧施肥7 7）、）、学习学习知识知识 学习学习技术技术 学习学习外语外语 学习学习成绩成绩 学习学习别人的长处别人的长处 以他为以他为学习学习的榜样的榜样。