西方文化史historyofwesternculture知识点汇总.pdf

外国语学院童林汇总 西方文化史知识点汇总西方文化史知识点汇总 主讲人：赵凤玲教授主讲人：赵凤玲教授 幻灯片 1 Roman Culture 幻灯片 2 1. Roman history 2. Significant Figures and Events 3. Roman mythlology 4. Roman literature 5. Roman Law 6. Roman architecture 7. Romans and Greeks 幻灯片 3 1. Roman history 1200 years (753BC-476AD) (1) Roman Repubilc (2) Roman Empire (3) the decline of Roman Empire (4) the collapse of Roman Empire 幻灯片 4 (1)Roman Republic -----509BC ------ruled by a government headed by two consuls ----public officers were limited to one year. ------conquered manyplaces , including Greecein 146 BC ------1st century BC, politics was dominated by a small number of Roman leaders 幻灯片 5 ▲ the first Triumvirate ------ 60BC three famous powerful individual formed a coalition known as the first Triumvirate: Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey (凯撒，克拉苏，庞培） ----- Crassus died in the battle ----- Caesar and Pompeydominated Rome for several years 幻灯片 6 ------- Caesar: conquered the Gaul: military power, financial income and personal prestige were greatly enhanced defeated Pompey set up dictatorship（专政） made himself monarch in all but title -The measure he took threatened the interests of aristocrats andthe system of the public 外国语学院童林汇总 assassinated by Brutus 幻灯片 7 ▲ the second Triumvirate : Mark Antony , Julius Caesar Octavian , and Lepidus (安东尼，屋大维，雷比达） ---- conflict between Antony and Octavian 1.-----Antony allied with Cleopatra 1.----Antony committed suicide -----Octavian seized the military, judicial, religious power  幻灯片 8 ----- In 27BC, the senate granted Octavian thetitle of “Augustus”,(奥 古斯都）, meaning “ the revered one(神圣者、至尊者) ----the end of the Roman Republic ---- entering into Roman Empire 幻灯片 9 (2)Roman Empire -----Augustus brought an age of peace and affluence to the Romans ------measures he took: reducing the size of the army to reduce the heavy tax burden on the economy launching working programs to provide the jobs for the poor encouraging marriage and childbearing to deal with the problem of depopulation in the civil war 幻灯片 10 …----- Augustus established a new order that enabled his Empire to maintain peace for two century. ----- “He founded Rome made of brick and left it made of marble”. 幻灯片 11 -----Pax Romana: Latin for “the Roman peace“. During the period of27 BC ---180 AD ,the Empire remained stable and the people enjoyedpeace and prosperity golden age 幻灯片 12 (3)decline of Roman Empire in the 3rd century. In 330, the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium, which was renamedConstantinople (modern Istanbul). In 395,divided into two parts: Eastern Rome (the Byzantine Empire) and Western Rome. (拜占庭帝国）. 幻灯片 13 (4) In 476,the Western Roman Empire collapsed. (The Eastern Roman Empire collapsed in 1453) 幻灯片 14 Summary: 外国语学院童林汇总 Roman history The year 509BCRoman Republic The year 27 BC,Roman Empire Roman Empire Declined in the 3rd century The emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium in 330 Divided into East (the Byzantine Empire) and the West in 395 In 476, end of the West Roman Empire In 1453, end of the East Roman Empire 幻灯片 15 2. Significant Figures and Events (1) Caesar and the first Triumvirate (2) Octavian and the second Triumvirate (3) Augustus (4) Cleopatra (5)Constantine the Great 幻灯片 16 (4) Cleopatra -----last pharaoh of Ancient Egypt -----relationship with two significant figures of Ancient Rome- Julius Caesar and Mark Antony ----Caesar fell in love with her she was restored to the throne withhis power --- Antony was charmed by her ----Their tragic love has been immortalized by Shakespeare in his Antony and Cleopatra 幻灯片 17 ----- “ Had Cleopatra's nose been shorter, the face of the world would have changed” “Cleopatra’ nose” becomes a famous historical hypothesis to show the many possibilities of history changes. 幻灯片 18 埃及艳后 Cleopatra 导演: 约瑟夫 L. 曼凯维奇 (Joseph L. Mankiewicz) 主演: Elizabeth Taylor ,伊丽莎白·泰勒 Rex Harrison雷克斯·哈里森 Richard Burton理查德·波顿 幻灯片 19 幻灯片 35 (5) Constantine the Great --------In 3rd century, Roman faced the crisis of separation ---------a new form of the government was established: the Tetrarchy (4 Emperors） 外国语学院童林汇总 ---------- Constantine being one of them ----------in 324 defeated other emperors ----------330 moved the capital from Rome to Byzantium---Constantinople (Istanbul today) ----------the first emperor to convert to Christianity 幻灯片 36 3. Roman mythlology (1) similarites: Roman methology was transplanted almost entirely from Greek legend GreekRoman ZeusJupiter HeraJuno AphroditeVenus AresMars ErosCupid . 幻灯片 37 (2) Differences Greek: behaved spitefully and immorally; Roman： free from these weakness. 幻灯片 38 A myth from Roman mythology Cupid and His mortal Psyche wings gold bow; gold arrow, lead arrow  幻灯片 39 4. Roman literature 4.1Prose (散文) Marcus Tullius Cicero( 西塞罗) （106-43 B.C.） -------- philosopher, statesman, orator and consul, distinguished writer of Latin prose -------。