中医中药终结版MedicalEnglish.ppt

BenefitsIt can help you: 1、Rapidly grasp the latest medical news worldwide; 快速掌握国际最新医学动态； 2、Precisely comprehend medical literatures in English; 精确理解医学英语专业文献； 3、Greatly promote medical exchanges with foreigners; 极大促进与国外人士的医学交流 4、Efficiently publish medical works and papers in English. 有效出版英文医学著作与论文 Targets & Contents:1、Grasp the parts and physiology of some major body systems.2、Get familiar with the pathology and according treatment of some major body systems. 3、Learn some basic skills on medical translation, case report writing, and abstract writing. 4、Your suggestions? Classification of Medical Terms（（（（1 1））））Daily English Words with Medical MeaningsDaily English Words with Medical Meanings 普通英语词汇特定医学含义普通英语词汇特定医学含义例一：In such cases, heart murmur is often present.[译文] 这类病例常出现心脏杂音。

例二：Lymph nodes are enlarged but are not tender.[译文] 淋巴结肿大，但无触痛例三：Don’t break the blisters or you‘ll get a secondary infection.[译文] 不要弄破水疱，以免继发感染Classification of Medical Terms（（（（2 2））））Medical terms transformed from Greek and Latin wordsMedical terms transformed from Greek and Latin words 英语化的拉丁语或希腊语词汇英语化的拉丁语或希腊语词汇For example：aluminum 铝 calcium 钙 magnesium 镁aspirin阿司匹林 penicillin青霉素 vitamin 维他命atropine 阿托品 acetate 醋酸盐 phospate 磷酸盐（（（（3 3））））Medical terms composed ofMedical terms composed of Greek and Latin parts Greek and Latin parts 含有拉丁源、希腊源词素的合成词含有拉丁源、希腊源词素的合成词 (about 400 parts altogether)For example：bronch/o/pneumon/itis 支气管肺炎支气管 肺 炎症gastr/o/duodeno/scopy 胃十二指肠镜检查 胃 十二指肠 镜检Composition Rules of Medical Words英文parasympath omimet ic意思副交感combining vowel(root+o=combining form)类似……的成分prefix rootrootsuffixFor example：parasympathomimeticRules for the Combining Vowel保留或删除规则：1）保留：后接的构词形或后缀以辅音字母为词首。

如：gastropexy(胃固定术)，gastrocele(胃彭出)2）删除：后接的构词形或后缀以元音字母为词首如：gastralgia(胃痛)，gastritis(胃炎)3）保留：若连接的是两个词根，即使以元音字母为词首如：gastroenteritis(胃肠炎)，electroencephalogram(脑电图)Categories: -o-: cardiopathy;ribosome;erythrocyte -i- : centimeter; multipleSingular and Plural Forms of Medical Terms单数复数例词单数例词复数中文意思-a-aescapulascapulae肩胛骨-ix-icesappendixappendices阑尾-ex-icescortexcortices皮质-is-esdiagnosisdiagnoses诊断-ma-matafibromafiberomata纤维瘤-on-aganglionganglia神经节-um-aatriumatria心房-us-ibronchusbronchi支气管Smaller Forms of Medical Terms小词成分原词意思小词意思-ulavalve瓣膜valvula小瓣-ulenode结节nodule小结节vein静脉venule小静脉-cletuber结节tubercle小结节-iolebronchus支气管bronchiole细支气管artery动脉arteriole小动脉One Word in Three Forms 大多数关于人体解剖具有统一词义的医学术语由于词源不同，既可用普通英语词汇表达，也可用拉丁或希腊词源构成的词汇表达而构成“一词三式”的现象。

如：体 – body; soma; corpus肾炎--kidney inflammation；renitis；nephritis肺病--lung disease；pulmonary disease； pneumopathyOne Word in Three Forms一词三式在词根中的体现：骨：bone(英文)；osse(o)-(拉丁语)；oste(o)-(希腊语)肾: kidney； ren(o)-；nephr(o)-血：blood; hema-;hemato-;-emia(后缀)胸：chest；thoraco-；pecto-重音规则p首先，要学会分音节（syllable），一般一个元音为一个音节，如：e/so/pha/go/je/ju/no/ga/stro/sto/mo/sis (食管空肠胃吻合术)含有12个音节1、单音节词本身就是重读音节，如：lung，heart2、双音节词重音落在第一音节上，如：‘stomach，’gastric，‘kidney，’renal3、大多数多音节词的重音落在倒数第二音节或倒数第三音节上，如：gas‘tritis，gastromy’otomy（幽门切开术）。

但是，也有例外的情况，如：‘gastroscope（胃镜） Suggested Referencesp白永权白永权 《《医学专业英语医学专业英语》》 人民卫生出版社人民卫生出版社 2005年年11月月p杨明山杨明山《《医学英语新教程医学英语新教程》》世界图书出版社世界图书出版社 2006年年3月月p何筑丽何筑丽 《《医学英语写作与翻译医学英语写作与翻译》》 高等教育出版社高等教育出版社 2002年年10月月p杨一华杨一华 《《医学英语词汇高级教程医学英语词汇高级教程 》》 人民军医出版社人民军医出版社 2009年年5月月p万学红万学红 《《中英对照内科查房中英对照内科查房》》化学工业出版社化学工业出版社 2007年年2月月pLinda 《《实用医学英语会话实用医学英语会话》》 中国水利水电出版社中国水利水电出版社 2007年年9月月p陈社胜陈社胜 《《医学英语视听说教程医学英语视听说教程1-3册册》》 复旦大学出版社复旦大学出版社 2006年年9月月p李朝品李朝品 《《医学论文英文摘要写作医学论文英文摘要写作》》 人民卫生出版社人民卫生出版社 2009年年7月月p洪班信洪班信 《《英语医学论文及摘要写作英语医学论文及摘要写作》》 北京大学医学出版社北京大学医学出版社 2008年年4月月p王亚娜王亚娜 《《高级医学英语写作教程高级医学英语写作教程》》 世界图书出版公司世界图书出版公司 2012年年2月月pWilfred 《《风暴式医学教程风暴式医学教程Mosby‘s Crash Course》》科学出版社科学出版社 p孙海晨孙海晨 《《汉译英使用技能训练汉译英使用技能训练》》 外文出版社外文出版社 1998年年1月月p李长栓李长栓 《《非文学翻译理论与实践非文学翻译理论与实践》》中国对外翻译出版公司中国对外翻译出版公司 2004年年12月月 Toolsp查英文文献：查英文文献：pubmed (注意勾上注意勾上free limit)p医学英文专著：医学英文专著：freemedicalbooks; p freebooks4doctorsp翻译、翻译、ppt及文档等：及文档等：google（港版）（港版）+高级搜索高级搜索p词典：有道等词典词典：有道等词典p中医英语：中医英语：www.shen-p中医教材、典籍等：中医中医教材、典籍等：中医E百，王氏中医世家百，王氏中医世家Human BodypStudies of human body: 解剖学，生理学，生物学，细胞学，胚胎学，组织学，内分泌学，血液学，免疫学，心理学等。

pBody systems:骨骼系统，肌肉系统，循环系统，呼吸系统，神经系统，内分泌系统，泌尿系统，生殖系统，消化系统及皮肤Skeletal SystempThis system is made of:pBonespJointspCartilagepFunctions：pProvide support and protectionpProvide points of attachmentBone ShapesMuscular SystempFunctions:pMove the bodypProduce heat to maintain constant body temperatureMuscular SystempThis system is made of:pStriated muscles (skeletal and cardiac muscles)pNon-striated muscles (smooth muscles)pOrpVoluntary muscles (skeletal muscles)pInvoluntary muscles(cardiac muscles and smooth muscles)Circulatory SystemCirculatory SystempFunctions:pDistribute needed materials (nutrients, trace elements, oxygen, etc.)pRemove unneeded materials (waste products, excessive elements, etc.)pServe as a part of the body’s defense system (antibodies and WBC in the blood)Circulatory SystempThis system is made of:pHeart (nearly two identical halves)pblood vessels (artery, vein, capillary)pbloodRespiratory SystemRespiratory SystempFunctions:pTake in oxygenpExpel carbon dioxide and water vaporpThis system is made of:pnose/ mouthpthroat (pharynx and larynx)ptracheapbronchus (pl. bronchi)pair sacsDigestive SystempFunctions:pTake in foodpBreak down food into small moleculespAbsorb nutrients and waterpExpel dry food residuesDigestive SystempThis system is made of:pmouth (saliva)pesophaguspstomach (gastric acid, enzymes)psmall intestine (duodenum,jejunum,ileum)plarge intestine (cecum, colon, rectum)pAccessory digestive organs:pliver and gallbladder (bile)ppancreas (pancreatic enzymes)Urinary SystemUrinary SystempFunctions:pmaintain normal levels of water and certain small molecules, such as sodium and potassium.pThis system is made of:pkidneypureterpbladderpurethraEndocrine SystemEndocrine SystempFunctions:pcontrol body activities by hormones produced by a variety of endocrine glands.pThis system is made of:ppituitarypthyroid (parathyroid)padrenal glandppancreasptestis / ovaryNervous SystemNervous SystempFunctions:pcontrol body activities by nerves.pThis system is made of:pbrainpspinal cord (protected by spinal column)pnerves (peripheral and central nerves)Reproductive SystemoviductReproductive SystempFunctions:pproduce, transport and maintain viable sperm;pproduce male sex hormone (testosterone).pOrpproduce and transport ovum (pl. ova);peliminate or nourish an ovum;pproduce female sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone).The Skin (Integumentary Systems)SkinpFunctions:pkeep out foreign substances;pprevent excessive water evaporation;pprovide tactile information;pkeep constant body temperature.Translation ExercisepCase Reportp Patient Li Hua, male, 69 years old, a retired teacher, was admitted on June 6, 1989, because of palpitation for one year and becoming worse in recent 5 months.p The patient was quite well until one year before May, 1988. He felt slight palpitation and dyspnea during hard work, fast walk, or climbing stairs. There was swelling of legs in the evening, but he felt better after having a rest. In recent 5 months, palpitation and dyspnea became so serious that he could neither walk nor lie down. He had to sit up during the whole night. Sometimes he coughed with small amounts of sputum, but without blood. He had no chill, fever, chest pain or sore joints. The urinating was normal.Terminology Study (1)p1. cell: 表示细胞的前缀为表示细胞的前缀为-cyto，如，如cytology (细胞学细胞学)，，cytoskeleton (细胞骨架细胞骨架)，，cytochrome (细胞色素细胞色素)，，cytoplasm (细胞质细胞质)。

表示细胞的后缀是表示细胞的后缀是-cyte，如，如monocyte (单核细胞单核细胞)，，leukocyte (白细胞白细胞)，，thrombocyte (血小板，凝血细胞血小板，凝血细胞)，，lymphocyte (淋巴细胞淋巴细胞)p2. tissue: 表示组织的前缀为表示组织的前缀为histo-，如，如histology (组织学组织学)，，histone (组蛋白组蛋白)，，histopathology (组织病理学组织病理学)，，histamine (组组胺胺)p3. anatomy: -tomy为表示切开的后缀，如为表示切开的后缀，如laparotomy (剖腹术剖腹术)，，thoracotomy (胸廓切开术胸廓切开术)，，tracheotomy (气管切开术气管切开术)p4. microscope: -scope为表示镜或检查仪器的后缀，如为表示镜或检查仪器的后缀，如endoscope (内窥镜内窥镜)，，funduscope (眼底镜眼底镜)，，stethoscope (听诊器听诊器)Terminology Study (1)p5. -some: 表示体，如表示体，如chromosome (染色体染色体)，，lysosome (溶酶体溶酶体)，，ribosome (核糖体核糖体)，，centrosome (中心体中心体)。

p6. -plasm: 表示浆，如表示浆，如cytoplasm (细胞浆，细胞质细胞浆，细胞质)，，plasma (血浆血浆)，，endoplasmic reticulum (内质网，简内质网，简称称ER) p7. mito-: 表示线，有丝分裂，如表示线，有丝分裂，如mitochondria (线粒体线粒体)，，mitogenic (促有丝分裂的促有丝分裂的)，，mitosis (有丝分裂有丝分裂)p8. chromato-/chromo-: 表示染色质，颜色，如表示染色质，颜色，如chromatin (染色质染色质)，，chromatography (色谱分析色谱分析) ，，chromasome (染色体染色体)Terminology Study (2)p1. collagen胶原胶原: collagenic 为其形容词形式；为其形容词形式；collagen+-ase = collagenase (胶原酶胶原酶) p2. embryotic: 表示胚胎的前缀为表示胚胎的前缀为embryo-，如，如embryology (胚胎学胚胎学)，，embryogenesis (胚胎发生胚胎发生)。

p3. pelvic: pelvi-为表示盆，肾盂的前缀，如为表示盆，肾盂的前缀，如pelvis (骨盆，肾盂骨盆，肾盂)，，pelvimetry (骨盆测量骨盆测量)，，pelvilithotomy (肾盂切开取石术肾盂切开取石术)，，pelviureteroradiography (肾盂输尿管造影肾盂输尿管造影)p4. hemopoiesis: -poiesis为表示产生或制造的后缀，如为表示产生或制造的后缀，如erythropoiesis (红细胞生成红细胞生成)，，lymphocytopoiesis (淋巴细胞生成淋巴细胞生成)Terminology Study (2)p5. macrophage巨噬细胞巨噬细胞: -phage，，-phagia，，phago- 均为吞噬的均为吞噬的含义，如含义，如bacteriophage (噬菌体噬菌体)，，dysphagia (吞咽困难吞咽困难) ，，phagocyte (吞噬细胞吞噬细胞)p6. osteoporosis骨质疏松骨质疏松: osteo-表示骨，如表示骨，如osteomalacia骨软化，骨软化，osteomyelitis (骨髓炎骨髓炎)。

Porosis是空洞形成，骨痂形成的意思是空洞形成，骨痂形成的意思The Skeletal SystempMain bones of the human body:p头骨，面骨，上颌骨（maxilla），下颌骨（mandible），椎骨，锁骨（clavicle），胸骨（sternum），肋骨，肩胛骨（scapula），肱骨（humerus），桡骨（radius），尺骨（ulna），腕骨（carpal bone），掌骨（metacarpal），指骨（phalanges），盆骨（pelvic bone），股骨（femur），胫骨（tibia），腓骨（fibula），踝骨（tarsal bone），跖骨（metatarsal bone），趾骨（phalanges of toes）Terminology Study (3)p1. diaphysis骨干骨干: dia-表示通过，横过，如表示通过，横过，如diameter (直径直径)，，dialysis (透析透析)，，diarrhea (腹泻腹泻) physis表示生长之物表示生长之物p2. epiphysis骨骺骨骺: epi-表示在表示在…之上，在之上，在…之外，如之外，如epicardium (心心外膜外膜)，，epidermis (上皮上皮)。

p3. sesamoid籽骨籽骨: -oid表示表示…样的，类样的，类…的，如的，如rheumatoid (类风类风湿的湿的)，，sigmoid (乙状的乙状的)，，steroid (类固醇类固醇)，，lipoid (类脂类脂) p4. endochondral软骨内的软骨内的: endo-表示内，如表示内，如endocrine (内分泌内分泌)，，endoscope (内窥镜内窥镜)，，endotoxin (内毒素内毒素)chondro-表示软骨，表示软骨，如如chondrocyte (软骨细胞软骨细胞)，，chondroma (软骨瘤软骨瘤)Terminology Study (3)p5. osteoclast破骨细胞破骨细胞/ osteoblast成骨细胞成骨细胞: -clast 表示破坏，如表示破坏，如chromosome clastgen (染色体阻断剂染色体阻断剂)；；-blast 表示胚胞，芽，如表示胚胞，芽，如myeloblast (成髓细胞，原始粒细胞成髓细胞，原始粒细胞)p6. calcitonin降钙素降钙素: calci-表示石灰，钙，如表示石灰，钙，如calcification (钙化钙化)，，calcium (钙钙)；；ton-表示紧张，张力，如表示紧张，张力，如muscle tone (肌张力肌张力)，，ophthalmotonometer (眼压计眼压计)；；-in有物质的意思，如有物质的意思，如insulin (胰胰岛素岛素)，，vitamin (维生素维生素)，，penicillin (青霉素青霉素)，， erythromycin (红霉素红霉素)。

p7. parathormone 甲状旁腺激素：甲状旁腺激素：para-有表示旁，副的意思，如有表示旁，副的意思，如parathyroid (甲状旁腺甲状旁腺)，，parasympathetic (副交感的副交感的)p8. phosphate磷酸盐：磷酸盐：phospho-表示磷，如表示磷，如phospholipid (磷脂磷脂)；；-ate有有…酸盐意思，如酸盐意思，如nitrate (硝酸盐硝酸盐)Terminology Study (4)p1. orthopedics矫形外科，骨科矫形外科，骨科: ortho-表示直的，正常的，如表示直的，正常的，如orthotopic (常位的，正位的常位的，正位的)，，orthopnea (端坐呼吸端坐呼吸) p2. phosphatase磷酸酶磷酸酶: -ase表示酶，如表示酶，如amylase (淀粉酶淀粉酶)，，proteinase (蛋白酶蛋白酶)，， lipase (脂肪酶脂肪酶)p3. osteomyelitis骨髓炎骨髓炎: -myelo表示髓，如表示髓，如myelitis (脊髓炎脊髓炎)，，myelography (脊髓造影脊髓造影)，，myeloma (骨髓瘤骨髓瘤) 。

p4. osteomalacia骨软化骨软化: -malacia表示软化，如表示软化，如encephalomalacia (脑软化脑软化)Terminology Study (4)p5. neoplasm新生物，瘤新生物，瘤: neo- 表示新，如表示新，如neocortex (新皮质新皮质)；；neonatal (新生儿新生儿)p6. osteosarcoma骨肉瘤骨肉瘤: sarco-表示肉，如表示肉，如sarcoid(肉样的，类肉肉样的，类肉瘤瘤) ；；-oma表示瘤，如表示瘤，如fibroma (纤维瘤纤维瘤)，，lipoma (脂肪瘤脂肪瘤) p7. corticosteroid 皮质类固醇：皮质类固醇：cortico-表示皮质，如表示皮质，如cortisol (皮质皮质醇醇)，，corticospinal (皮质脊髓的皮质脊髓的) p8. ankylosis 关节僵硬：关节僵硬：-osis表示病态，如表示病态，如acidosis (酸中毒酸中毒)，，alkalosis (碱中毒碱中毒)，，thrombosis (血栓形成血栓形成)，，cervical spondylosis （颈椎病）。

颈椎病）Translation ExercisepCase Reportp Patient Li Hua, male, 69 years old, a retired teacher, was admitted on June 6, 1989, because of palpitation for one year and becoming worse in recent 5 months.p The patient was quite well until one year before May, 1988. He felt slight palpitation and dyspnea during hard work, fast walk, or climbing stairs. There was swelling of legs in the evening, but he felt better after having a rest. In recent 5 months, palpitation and dyspnea became so serious that he could neither walk nor lie down. He had to sit up during the whole night. Sometimes he coughed with small amounts of sputum, but without blood. He had no chill, fever, chest pain or sore joints. The urinating was normal. (to be continued…)Translation ExercisepThere was nothing else abnormal in the case history review except a cured lobar pneumonia in 1949. He had no history of drug allergy.pPersonal history: The patient was born in Xi’an in 1923. He had been to the south of China but did not contact contaminated water. He smoked about 10 cigarettes daily. He got married in 1945. His wife was healthy. They had a daughter who was also healthy. His father died of stomach cancer. His mother was well.pPhysical Examination: T. 36.8℃, P. 96/min, R. 28/min, BP. 23.5/ 13.3 kPa. The patient, an old fatty man who developed well and moderately nourished, was lying in bed with a semireclining position. He looked pale and suffered from general edema. He was mentally normal and cooperative in the examination. There was no eruption, no jaundice, no purpura on the skin, and the lymph nodes were not palpable. (to be continued…)Terminology Study (3)p1. diaphysis骨干骨干: dia-表示通过，横过，如表示通过，横过，如diameter (直径直径)，，dialysis (透析透析)，，diarrhea (腹泻腹泻) 。

physis表示生长之物表示生长之物p2. epiphysis骨骺骨骺: epi-表示在表示在…之上，在之上，在…之外，如之外，如epicardium (心心外膜外膜)，，epidermis (上皮上皮)p3. sesamoid籽骨籽骨: -oid表示表示…样的，类样的，类…的，如的，如rheumatoid (类风类风湿的湿的)，，sigmoid (乙状的乙状的)，，steroid (类固醇类固醇)，，lipoid (类脂类脂) p4. endochondral软骨内的软骨内的: endo-表示内，如表示内，如endocrine (内分泌内分泌)，，endoscope (内窥镜内窥镜)，，endotoxin (内毒素内毒素)chondro-表示软骨，表示软骨，如如chondrocyte (软骨细胞软骨细胞)，，chondroma (软骨瘤软骨瘤)Terminology Study (3)p5. osteoclast破骨细胞破骨细胞/ osteoblast成骨细胞成骨细胞: -clast 表示破坏，如表示破坏，如chromosome clastgen (染色体阻断剂染色体阻断剂)；；-blast 表示胚胞，芽，如表示胚胞，芽，如myeloblast (成髓细胞，原始粒细胞成髓细胞，原始粒细胞)。

p6. calcitonin降钙素降钙素: calci-表示石灰，钙，如表示石灰，钙，如calcification (钙化钙化)，，calcium (钙钙)；；ton-表示紧张，张力，如表示紧张，张力，如muscle tone (肌张力肌张力)，，ophthalmotonometer (眼压计眼压计)；；-in有物质的意思，如有物质的意思，如insulin (胰胰岛素岛素)，，vitamin (维生素维生素)，，penicillin (青霉素青霉素)，， erythromycin (红霉素红霉素)p7. parathormone 甲状旁腺激素：甲状旁腺激素：para-有表示旁，副的意思，如有表示旁，副的意思，如parathyroid (甲状旁腺甲状旁腺)，，parasympathetic (副交感的副交感的)p8. phosphate磷酸盐：磷酸盐：phospho-表示磷，如表示磷，如phospholipid (磷脂磷脂)；；-ate有有…酸盐意思，如酸盐意思，如nitrate (硝酸盐硝酸盐)Bonesp1. 骨的形状和结构p2. 骨的重塑p3. 骨生长的影响因素BonespStructure of a long bone:p长大于宽，由一个骨干和若干骨骺组成。

p其弯曲结构可在不同点吸收重力，并使受力均匀pExamples of the long bone:p肱骨，股骨，桡骨，尺骨，掌骨，胫骨，指骨等BonespStructure of a long bone:Bone Cell ProductionBonespStructure of a short bone:p长约等于宽，由薄层骨密质和骨松质组成pExamples of the short bone:p腕骨，踝骨等BonespStructure of a flat bone:p较薄，由大致平行的密质骨板含一层骨松质组成p提供大范围的保护和附着点pExamples of the flat bone:p头骨，胸骨，肋骨，肩胛骨BonespStructure of an irregular bone:p形状复杂，不属于以上3类p骨密质和松质含量不一pExamples of the flat bone:p椎骨，面骨等pAdditional bone:缝间骨，籽骨（髌骨）Bonesp骨的重塑：骨髓腔近端骨骼的破坏和骨骺远端骨的生成p各部位速率不一p该功能有2个作用，即新组织可代替磨损或受伤的骨骼，和储存钙质。

Bone remodeling at the cell levelp骨的重塑：由去除钙质的破骨细胞和沉积钙质的成骨细胞作用而成若钙质沉积过多，则成骨刺，骨结块；若流失过多，则形成骨质疏松；若重塑过快，则成变形性骨炎Bone remodeling at the cell levelp骨吸收的过程：破骨细胞释放分泌蛋白质溶解酶消化胶原蛋白质和其它有机质，释放酸类使骨盐溶解p镁元素缺乏可抑制该进程Bone remodeling at the cell levelpFactors of bone growth and replacement:pA.钙、磷、锰元素pB.维生素DpC.垂体分泌的生长激素，甲状腺分泌的降钙素，甲状旁腺分泌的甲状旁腺激素，性激素（双刃剑：促进新骨生长&引起骺板中软骨细胞退化）Review（Bone Remolding）Terminology Study (4)p1. orthopedics矫形外科，骨科矫形外科，骨科: ortho-表示直的，正常的，如表示直的，正常的，如orthotopic (常位的，正位的常位的，正位的)，，orthopnea (端坐呼吸端坐呼吸) 。

p2. phosphatase磷酸酶磷酸酶: -ase表示酶，如表示酶，如amylase (淀粉酶淀粉酶)，，proteinase (蛋白酶蛋白酶)，， lipase (脂肪酶脂肪酶)p3. osteomyelitis骨髓炎骨髓炎: -myelo表示髓，如表示髓，如myelitis (脊髓炎脊髓炎)，，myelography (脊髓造影脊髓造影)，，myeloma (骨髓瘤骨髓瘤) p4. osteomalacia骨软化骨软化: -malacia表示软化，如表示软化，如encephalomalacia (脑软化脑软化)Terminology Study (4)p5. neoplasm新生物，瘤新生物，瘤: neo- 表示新，如表示新，如neocortex (新皮质新皮质)；；neonatal (新生儿新生儿)p6. osteosarcoma骨肉瘤骨肉瘤: sarco-表示肉，如表示肉，如sarcoid(肉样的，类肉肉样的，类肉瘤瘤) ；；-oma表示瘤，如表示瘤，如fibroma (纤维瘤纤维瘤)，，lipoma (脂肪瘤脂肪瘤) p7. corticosteroid 皮质类固醇：皮质类固醇：cortico-表示皮质，如表示皮质，如cortisol (皮质皮质醇醇)，，corticospinal (皮质脊髓的皮质脊髓的) 。

p8. ankylosis 关节僵硬：关节僵硬：-osis表示病态，如表示病态，如acidosis (酸中毒酸中毒)，，alkalosis (碱中毒碱中毒)，，thrombosis (血栓形成血栓形成)，，cervical spondylosis （颈椎病）颈椎病）Osteoporosis （Glossary Preview）p1.osteoporosis A.衰败；退化p2.degenerate B.椎骨整复术p3.bone density C.镇静p4.testosterone D.压迫性骨折p5.estrogen E.骨质疏松p6.insidiously F.骨密度p7.vertibroplasty G.暗中加剧的pression fracture H.睾酮p9.thoracic I.雌激素p10.intravenous J.静脉注射的p11.sedation K.转移p12.fluoroscope L.胸廓的p13.metastasize M.荧光镜p14.brittle N.易碎的OsteoporosispShort-Answer Questionsp1.What disease is osteoporosis?pBone thinning disease.p2.Why does the traditional thought about osteoporosis need adjusting?pIt is impacting more and more men.p3.How many men in the U.S. have osteoporosis?pFive million men.p4.Why are most people unaware that they actually have osteoporosis?pIt is a painless process.p5.At what age is a man’s risk of osteoporosis equal to that a woman?pSixty-five or seventy.p6.At what age did David have his osteoporosis?pBy his mid-fifties.OsteoporosisNote Taking1.The causes of osteoporosis (6 points):p2.The causes of bone loss:pA.in womenpB.in menp3.The way to diagnose osteoporosis:p4.Prevention and treatment (5 points):OsteoporosisNote Taking1.The causes of osteoporosis (6 points):pA. the decrease in bone densitypB. genetic predispositionpC. the bone breakdownpD. lack of calcium in the dietpE. sedentary lifestylepF. complicated hormonal imbalancep2.The causes of bone loss:pA.in women：loss of estrogenpB.in men:loss of testosterone productionOsteoporosisNote Taking3.The way to diagnose osteoporosis:pgetting screen and bone density test.p4.Prevention and treatment:pA. hormone therapypB. taking adequate calcium vitamin D supplementationpC. weight-bearing exercisespD. avoiding being sedentarypE. avoiding smoking and excessive alcohol useTranslate the following into Englishp心血管系统 感觉器官p细胞分裂与繁殖 胶原蛋白p横纹肌 锁骨p内分泌科 肌肉附着点p传导电冲动 血液学p受精卵 溶酶体p毛细血管 垂体p无机基质 纤维结缔组织p血小板 机械和化学过程p附属器官 呼出二氧化碳Answerspcardiovascular system; sense organspcell division and reproduction; collagenpstriated muscles; clavicle/collar bonependocrinology; attachment of musclespconduct electrical impulse; hemotologypfertilized egg/ovum; lysosomepcapillary; pituitarypinorganic matrix; fibrous connective tissue platelet/thrombocyte; mechanical and chemical process;paccessory organs; exhale carbon dioxideTerminology Study (5)p1. cardiac心脏的，贲门的心脏的，贲门的: cardio-/cardium表示心脏，贲门，如表示心脏，贲门，如cardiovascular (心血管的心血管的)，，endocardium (心内膜心内膜)，，epicardium (心外膜心外膜)，，pericardium (心包心包)，，cardiospasm (贲门贲门痉挛痉挛)，，cardiac sphincter (贲门括约肌贲门括约肌) 。

p2. biceps二头肌二头肌: bi-表示二，如表示二，如bicycle (自行车自行车)，，bicuspid valve (二尖瓣二尖瓣) p3. triceps三头肌三头肌: tri-表示三，如表示三，如tricuspid (三尖瓣三尖瓣)，，trigeminus (三叉神经三叉神经) p4. sinoatrial窦房的窦房的: sino-表示窦，鼻窦表示窦，鼻窦(sinus)，如，如sinusitis (鼻窦鼻窦炎炎)Terminology Study (5)p5. hypertrophy肥大肥大: hyper- 表示过多，如表示过多，如hypertension (高血压高血压)；；hyperplasia (增生增生)，，hyperthyroidism (甲亢甲亢)；；-trophy表示营表示营养，如养，如dystrophy (营养不良营养不良)，，neurotrophy (神经营养神经营养)p6. atrophy萎缩萎缩: a-表示不，无，缺少，如表示不，无，缺少，如amenorrhea(闭经闭经) ，，asymptomatic (无症状的无症状的)，，aphasia (失语症失语症) 。

p7. fibrous 纤维的：纤维的：fibro-表示纤维，如表示纤维，如fibroblast (成纤维细胞，纤成纤维细胞，纤维母细胞维母细胞)，，fibroma (纤维瘤纤维瘤) ，，fibrocartilage (纤维软骨纤维软骨)Fleshy BellyInsertion and Origin of MusclesFasciaMuscle Hypertrophy/AtrophyTerminology Study (6)p1. myasthenia肌无力肌无力: my(o)-表示肌，如表示肌，如myocarditis (心肌炎心肌炎)，，myoatrophy (肌萎缩肌萎缩)，，myositis (肌炎肌炎)；；asthen(o)表示衰弱，无表示衰弱，无力，如力，如asthenia (无力无力)，，asthenopia (视力疲劳，视衰视力疲劳，视衰) ；；-ia表示病表示病况，如况，如arrhythmia(心律不齐心律不齐)，，dysphagia(吞咽困难吞咽困难)p2. myositis肌炎肌炎: -itis表示炎症，如表示炎症，如rhinitis (鼻炎鼻炎)，，sinusitis (鼻鼻窦炎窦炎)，，hepatitis (肝炎肝炎) ，，nephritis (肾炎肾炎)。

p3. polymyositis/ dermatomyositis多发性肌炎多发性肌炎/ 皮肌炎皮肌炎: poly-表表示多，如示多，如polyuria (多尿多尿)，，polymorphonuclear (多形核的多形核的) ；；derm(ato)-表示皮肤，如表示皮肤，如dermatology (皮肤病学皮肤病学), dermatitis (皮炎皮炎), dermatome (皮区，皮片，皮刀皮区，皮片，皮刀)p4. myopathy肌病肌病: -pathy表示病，如表示病，如myocardiopathy (心肌病心肌病)，，dermopathy (皮肤病皮肤病)Terminology Study (6)p5. sclerosis硬化症硬化症: sclero- 表示硬化，巩膜，如表示硬化，巩膜，如arteriosclerosis (动脉硬化动脉硬化)，，atherosclerosis (动脉粥样硬化动脉粥样硬化)，，scleritis (巩膜炎巩膜炎)p6. panhypopituitarism全垂体机能减退全垂体机能减退: pan-表示全部，泛，如表示全部，泛，如panangitis (全血管炎全血管炎) ，，panarthritis (全身关节炎全身关节炎)，，pancarditis (全心炎全心炎) ；；hypo-表示下，低，少，如表示下，低，少，如hypotension (低血压低血压)，，hypothyroidism (甲状腺功能低下甲状腺功能低下)，，hypocalcemia (低低血钙血钙)。

p7. dystrophy营养不良：营养不良：dys-表示不良，异常，障碍，如表示不良，异常，障碍，如dysentery (痢疾痢疾)，，dysphagia (吞咽困难吞咽困难) ，，dyspnea (呼吸困难呼吸困难)，，dysmenorrhea (月经困难，痛经月经困难，痛经)p8. neuromuscular神经肌肉的：神经肌肉的：neuro-表示神经，如表示神经，如neurasthenia (神经衰弱神经衰弱)，，neuritis (神经炎神经炎)，，neurosis (神经官神经官能症能症)，，neurotransmitter (神经递质神经递质)Terminology Study (6)p9. thymectomy胸腺切除术胸腺切除术: thymus 是胸腺的意，是胸腺的意， -ectomy 表示切表示切除术，如除术，如splenectomy (脾切除术脾切除术)，，thyroidectomy (甲状腺切除术甲状腺切除术)p10. plasmapheresis血浆提取法：其中血浆提取法：其中plasma表示血浆，表示血浆，pheresis是提取法的意思，如是提取法的意思，如lymphapheresis (淋巴细胞除去法淋巴细胞除去法)，，platelets pheresis (血小板分离术血小板分离术)。

p11. acetylcholine乙酰胆碱乙酰胆碱: aceto-表示乙酰，表示乙酰，acetyl是乙酰基的意是乙酰基的意思，而思，而chole-/chol(o)-表示胆，胆汁，表示胆，胆汁，choline是胆汁素，胆碱的意思是胆汁素，胆碱的意思Terminology Study (7)p1. gastrointestinal胃肠的胃肠的: gastr(o)-表示胃，如表示胃，如gastrectomy (胃切除术胃切除术)，，gastritis (胃炎胃炎)，，gastroscopy (胃镜检查胃镜检查)p2. pericarditis心包炎心包炎: peri-表示周围，如表示周围，如pericardium (心包心包)，，periosteum (骨膜骨膜)，，peridontitis (牙周炎牙周炎) p3. pleuritis胸膜炎胸膜炎: pleur(o)-表示胸膜，如表示胸膜，如pleurisy (胸胸膜炎膜炎)，，pleurocentesis (胸腔穿刺术胸腔穿刺术) ，，pleurorrhea (胸膜腔渗液胸膜腔渗液)p4. pulmonary肺的肺的: pulmo-表示肺，如表示肺，如pulmogram (肺肺X片片)，，pulmometer (肺量计肺量计)。

Terminology Study (7)p5. nocturnal夜间的夜间的: noct-表示夜，如表示夜，如nocturia (夜尿症夜尿症)，，noctambulism (梦游症梦游症)p6. dyspnea呼吸困难呼吸困难: -pnea表示呼吸，如表示呼吸，如orthopnea (端坐呼吸端坐呼吸)，，tachypnea (呼吸急促呼吸急促)，，bradypnea (呼吸过慢呼吸过慢) p7. stethoscope听诊器听诊器: stetho-表示胸，如表示胸，如stethoparalysis (胸肌麻痹胸肌麻痹)，，stethoscopy (听诊器检查听诊器检查) ，，stethometer (胸围计胸围计)Congenital Myasthenia p1.congenital A.先天的p2.stump B.使为难；障碍p3.nuromuscular C.神经肌肉的p4.olive D.橄榄p5.negative E.消极的；阴性的p6.pediatric F.儿科的p7.neurologist G.神经专家p8.conventional test H.传统的测试p9.electrodiagnostic I.电诊法的p10. referral J.转诊病人p11.genetics K.遗传学p12.down for the count L.完败p13.canine companion M.犬类同伴p14.be attuned to N.与…协调，合拍Congenital MyastheniaTrue or Falsep1. Not many doctors know well congenital myasthenic syndrome.p2. At first glance, you would guess that something isn’t quite right with Aryela and Brianna Fawcett.p3. Years of diagnostic tests didn’t reveal what was wrong with Aryela and Brianna Fawcett.p4. Dr. Constance Bowe didn’t know what to do with Aryela and Brianna Fawcett when their exam was completely normal.p5. It was electrodiagnostic tests that suggested the diagnosis of congenital myasthenic syndrome.p6. Conventional tests don’t show any obvious abnormalities in the case of congenital myasthenic syndrome.Congenital MyastheniaTrue or Falsep7. Congenital myasthenic syndrome is a problem of muscle damage.p8. Aryela and Brianna Fawcett are unable to walk all the time.p9. The treatment for Aryela and Brianna is medication.p10. A canine is trained to comfort the girls.p11. The two doctors aim to unlock the mysteries of myasthenia and to ensure that other doctors can more easily treat it.p12. More than 70 patients have now been suspected of having congenital myasthenic syndrome.Terminology Study (7)p1. gastrointestinal胃肠的胃肠的: gastr(o)-表示胃，如表示胃，如gastrectomy (胃切除术胃切除术)，，gastritis (胃炎胃炎)，，gastroscopy (胃镜检查胃镜检查)。

p2. pericarditis心包炎心包炎: peri-表示周围，如表示周围，如pericardium (心包心包)，，periosteum (骨膜骨膜)，，peridontitis (牙周炎牙周炎) p3. pleuritis胸膜炎胸膜炎: pleur(o)-表示胸膜，如表示胸膜，如pleurisy (胸胸膜炎膜炎)，，pleurocentesis (胸腔穿刺术胸腔穿刺术) ，，pleurorrhea (胸膜腔渗液胸膜腔渗液)p4. pulmonary肺的肺的: pulmo-表示肺，如表示肺，如pulmogram (肺肺X片片)，，pulmometer (肺量计肺量计)Terminology Study (7)p5. nocturnal夜间的夜间的: noct-表示夜，如表示夜，如nocturia (夜尿症夜尿症)，，noctambulism (梦游症梦游症)p6. dyspnea呼吸困难呼吸困难: -pnea表示呼吸，如表示呼吸，如orthopnea (端坐呼吸端坐呼吸)，，tachypnea (呼吸急促呼吸急促)，，bradypnea (呼吸过慢呼吸过慢) p7. stethoscope听诊器听诊器: stetho-表示胸，如表示胸，如stethoparalysis (胸肌麻痹胸肌麻痹)，，stethoscopy (听诊器检查听诊器检查) ，，stethometer (胸围计胸围计)。

Blood Flow in the HeartHeartbeatThe HeartPulmonary CircuitAortaCircuitsVenuleMyocardiumCoronary ArteryPericarditisAneurysmAneurysmPulmonary edemaCommon Heart Diseases心衰（heart failure）；心律失常（a’rrhythmia）；高血压（hypertension）；动脉粥样硬化（atheroscle‘rosis）；心脏瓣膜病（valvular heart disease）；感染性心内膜炎（infective endocar’ditis）；心肌疾病（myocar’ditis）；心包疾病（disease of the pericar‘ditis）;先天性心脏病（congenital heart disease）Common Heart Examinations心尖搏动（apical impulse）；震颤（thrill）；心浊音界（cardiac dullness）；心率和心律（heart rate and rhythm）；心音（heart sound）；心脏杂音（cardiac murmurs）；心肌酶（cardiac enzyme）；心肌蛋白（myocardin；heart protein）；心电图（ECG electro‘cardiogram）；超声心动图（UCG ultrosonic cardiogram/ echo’cardiogram)；冠状动脉照影（coronary angi‘ography）Translation Exercise(Morning shift meeting)Mr. A, in bed 5, ward 2，male, 43 years old, came in yesterday complaining of shortness of breath after exertion for one year, worsening over the past half-month. He was diagnosed with dilated cardiomyopathy, and given furosemide(呋塞米) 20mg iv qd, as well as lanatoside C（毛花苷C） 0.2mg iv qd, captopril （卡托普利） 12.5mg tid, metoprolol （美托洛尔） 12.5mg bid and potassium chloride（氯化钾） 10 ml tid. His urine volume from admission till now is 1000ml, and he is breathing easier.Chinese第二病房5床，A先生，男性，43岁。

主诉“活动后气短1年，加重半月”昨天入院诊断为扩张型心肌病，给予呋塞米20mg静脉推注，每天1次，毛花苷C 0.2g静脉推注，每天一次，卡托普利12.5mg，每天3次，美托洛尔12.5mg，每天两次氯化钾10ml，每天3次入院到现在尿量1000ml病人气促好转Translation ExercisepCase Report (record part)p Patient Li Hua, male, 69 years old, a retired teacher, was admitted on June 6, 1989, because of palpitation for one year and becoming worse in recent 5 months.p The patient was quite well until one year before May, 1988. He felt slight palpitation and dyspnea during hard work, fast walk, or climbing stairs. There was swelling of legs in the evening, but he felt better after having a rest. In recent 5 months, palpitation and dyspnea became so serious that he could neither walk nor lie down. He had to sit up during the whole night. Sometimes he coughed with small amounts of sputum, but without blood. He had no chill, fever, chest pain or sore joints. The urinating was normal. Translation ExercisepThere was nothing else abnormal in the case history review except a cured lobar pneumonia in 1949. He had no history of drug allergy.pPersonal history: The patient was born in Xi’an in 1923. He had been to the south of China but did not contact contaminated water. He smoked about 10 cigarettes daily. He got married in 1945. His wife was healthy. They had a daughter who was also healthy. His father died of stomach cancer. His mother was well.pPhysical Examination: T. 36.8℃, P. 96/min, R. 28/min, BP. 23.5/ 13.3 kPa. The patient, an old fatty man who developed well and moderately nourished, was lying in bed with a semireclining position. He looked pale and suffered from general edema. He was mentally normal and cooperative in the examination. There was no eruption, no jaundice, no purpura on the skin, and the lymph nodes were not palpable. Translation ExercisepThe head, eyes, nose, ears, mouth were normal while the lips were cyanotic. The neck was soft, there was no venous engorgement. Thyroid glands were not palpable, there were no thrill or brunt（冲击感）. The trachea was in midline. The chest and respiratory movements were symmetrical. There was no abnormal dullness but some moist rales were heard in the base areas of the both lungs. The points of maximal impulse (PMI) were not visible but palpable in 5th costal interspace, 14cm from the middle line, and there was no thrill. The cardiac dullness was as follows（略）:Translation ExercisepThe distance from midsternal line to midclavicular line was 10cm. The heart rate was 96/min, regular. There was a grade Ⅱ soft blowing like systolic murmur at the apex, P2>A2, but no pericardium friction sound was heard. Abdominal wall was soft without tenderness. The liver was palpable 2cm below the costal margin with slight tenderness. The spleen was not palpable and there was no shifting dullness. The rest was normal. pImpression:p1. Hypertension and heart diseasep2. degree Ⅲ heart failureTerminology Study (8)p1. atherosclerosis动脉粥样硬化动脉粥样硬化: athero-表示表示动脉粥样化，粉瘤，如动脉粥样化，粉瘤，如atheroma (动脉粥样化，粉动脉粥样化，粉瘤瘤)，，atheromatous plaque (动脉粥样斑动脉粥样斑)。

p2. thrombosis血栓形成血栓形成: thrombo-表示血栓，表示血栓，如如thrombocyte (凝血细胞，血小板凝血细胞，血小板)，，thrombus (血栓血栓)，，thromboembolism (血栓血栓栓塞，栓塞，embolism栓塞，栓塞，embolus栓子栓子) Coronary ArteryAtherosclerosisAtherosclerosisThrombosisEmbolismBasic Knowledge of Coronary DiseaseQ: What is the main risk factor in coronary heart disease in China?A: Hypertension.Q: What is the gold standard for diagnosing coronary heart disease in China?A: Selective coronary angiography.Q: What is the typical ECG change in stable angina pectoris?A: ST segment depression and T wave flatness or inversion.Q: Which serum enzyme is specific to acute myocardial infarction?A: CK, CK-MB（肌酸激酶同工酶）（肌酸激酶同工酶）, troponin[‘trɔpənin] (肌钙蛋白).Q: What is helpful to differentiate acute myocardial infarction(AMI) and acute pericarditis in ECG?A: The presence of abnormal Q wave.Q: What is a common arrhythmia in early AMI?A: Ventricular premature beats and ventricular tachycardia.Basic Knowledge of Coronary DiseaseQ: What is the first choice for AMI patients with third degree atrioventricular block?A: A temporary pacemaker.Q: Which coronary artery is most involved?A: Left anterior descending branch.Q: What is suggested when the systolic murmur arises in AMI accompanied with worsening cardiac dysfunction, without thrill?A: Dysfunction or rupture of papillary [pə‘piləri乳突乳突的的] muscles.Q: Which condition suggests AMI in elderly?A: Shock of unknown origin, severe arrythmia, heart failure of unknown origin or acute, lasting chest pain.Translate the following into Englishp类风湿性关节炎 肌营养不良p左心室 舒张期p心悸气短 药房p妇产科 局限性肌萎缩p肱三头肌 发病高峰期p冠心病 体循环p细小动脉 甲状腺p上腔静脉 不随意纹状肌p二尖瓣 动脉粥样硬化p良性增生 弥散性缺血Translate the following into Englishprheumatoid arthritis; muscular dystrophy; left ventricle; diastole; palpitations and shortness of breath; pharmacy/ dispensary; gynecology and obstetrics; localized muscle atrophy; triceps muscle; peak age of onset; coronary heart disease; systemic circulation; arteriole; thyroid gland; superior vena cana; involuntary striated muscle; bicuspid/ mitral valve; atherosclerosis; benign hyperplasia; diffuse ischemiaSituational Dialogues – 2 Times(Blank Filling) 6:301)D: Hello, my name is Dr.Lee. I am a doctor of ________ ________. Can I help you? P: Yes, please! I need to see a doctor and I don’t know who to ______.2) D: Mr. Smith, I need to ____ you into hospital and do ______ _____. You may need _______. P: How long will I have to stay in hospital, and when will you know if I am to have surgery?3) P: Can you help me? I have to see Professor Liu and she is a _____________. D: The Obstetric-gynecology Department is on the second floor, you can take the elevator or stairs and you will see the ______ _____in front of you.Situational Dialogues4)D: I’m looking for the Pediatric Department. Can you tell me where to go please? P: The Pediatric department is in building A. Please go out of this building and turn right. The building is on your right. The Pediatric Department is on the 3rd floor, and you will find the __________ and stairs on the right when you ______the building.5) D: You have a problem with your eyes, so you will need to see an ophthalmologist. The nurse will take you to the ______________ Department. P: Thank you very much.6) P: I have an ear ____. Can you tell me which doctor I need to see? D: For your problem, you need to go to the department ____________________ and see a ________ there.Situational Dialogues7)D: I have an ___________ to see Dr.Wang in the dermatology department but no one seems to understand. P: The ____________is unable to see you today, so you will need to come back another day or make an appointment.8) P: So Dr. Lee, what do the _______ of my tests _______? D: You seem to have a problem with your kidney and I need to refer you to a __________.9) P: Could you tell me where the _______ __________is please? D: The neurology department is on this floor. Please ______ the red line painted on the floor.Situational Dialogues10)D: Mr. Davies, your ______________ seems to be a little higher. P: Will I need to take any medication for this. D: I have __________ for you some medication, and please take this _____ to the Pharmacy Department. The nurse will show you the way.11) D: Now that I have __________you, Miss Smith. I have to do some tests. P: What tests are you going to do? D: You need a blood test. Please take this form to the __________ Department and it is on the second floor. You will need to go to the third floor to collect your results.12)D: You will be having surgery this afternoon. And the ________________(麻醉：anesthesia) will come and see you this morning. P: Thank you very much!Situational Dialogues13) P: I have to have an _____ test, but I didn’t understand what the nurse said. So I don’t know where to go. Can you help me? D: The ___________ Department is on the fourth floor. Please follow me.Situational Dialogues (Bank Filling)6:301)D: Hello, my name is Dr.Lee. I am a doctor of ________ ________. Can I help you? P: Yes, please! I need to see a doctor and I don’t know who to________.2) D: Mr. Smith, I need to ______you into hospital and do ______ _____. You may need _______. P: How long will I have to stay in hospital, and when will you know if I am to have surgery?3) P: Can you help me? I have to see Professor Liu and she is a _____________. D: The Obstetric-gynecology Department is on the second floor, you can take the elevator or stairs and you will see the ______ _____in front of you.internal medicinefurther testssurgerynurses deskgynecologistadmitchooseSituational Dialogues4)D: I’m looking for the Pediatric Department. Can you tell me where to go please? P: The Pediatric department is in building A. Please go out of this building and turn right. The building is on your right. The Pediatric Department is on the 3rd floor, and you will find the __________ and stairs on the right when you ______the building.5) D: You have a problem with your eyes, so you will need to see an ophthalmologist. The nurse will take you to the ______________ Department. P: Thank you very much.6) P: I have an ear ____. Can you tell me which doctor I need to see? D: For your problem, you need to go to the department ___________________ _ and see a ________ there.elevatorsophthalmologyEar, Nose and Throat DepartmentspecialistenteracheSituational Dialogues7)D: I have an ___________ to see Dr.Wang in the dermatology department but no one seems to understand. P: The ____________is unable to see you today, so you will need to come back another day or make an appointment.8) P: So Dr. Lee, what do the _______of my tests______? D: You seem to have a problem with your kidney and I need to refer you to a __________.9) P: Could you tell me where the ___________________is please? D: The neurology department is on this floor. Please ______ the red line painted on the floor.appointmentdermatologistresultsurologistneurology departmentshowfollowSituational Dialogues10)D: Mr. Davies, your _____ ________ seems to be a little higher. P: Will I need to take any medication for this. D: I have __________ for you some medication, and please take this _____ to the Pharmacy Department. The nurse will show you the way.11) D: Now that I have __________you, Miss Smith. I have to do some tests. P: What tests are you going to do? D: You need a blood test. Please take this form to the __________ Department and it is on the second floor. You will need to go to the third floor to _____ your results.12)D: You will be having surgery this afternoon. And the ________________(麻醉：anesthesia) will come and see you this morning. P: Thank you very much!blood pressureprescribedformexaminedHematologyanesthesiologistcollectSituational Dialogues13) P: I have to have an ____ test, but I didn’t understand what the nurse said. So I don’t know where to go. Can you help me? D: The ___________ Department is on the fourth floor. Please follow me.CardiologyECGFull Name of Some Medical Abbr.pbis in diē; blood pressurepchief complaint; count per minutepelectrocardiogram; electroencephalogrampgeneral condition; history ofpimmunoglobulin; intramuscular injectionpimpression; international unitpno appreciable disease; on examinationppulse; physical examination;pquater in diē; respiration;p red blood cells; recipeptemperature; thyroglobinptriglyceride; ter in diēpunit; upper respiratory infectionpwhite blood cellsTerminology Study (9)p1. bronchiole细支气管细支气管: broncho-表示支气管，表示支气管，如如bronchitis (支气管炎支气管炎)，，bronchopneumonia (支气管肺炎支气管肺炎)，，bronchoscopy (支气管镜检支气管镜检)，，-iole表示小，如表示小，如arteriole (小动脉小动脉)，，centriole (中心小体中心小体)。

p2. intercostal肋间的肋间的: inter-表示间，中间，如表示间，中间，如interleukin (白介素白介素)，，intermittent (断断续续断断续续的的)；；costo-表示肋，如表示肋，如costectomy (肋骨切除术肋骨切除术) ，，costodiaphragmatic recess(肋膈隐窝肋膈隐窝)Unit 5 The Respiratory SystemIn this passage you will learn:1.Basic structure and primary functions2.Associated medical termsRespiratory SystemLung LobesLung LobesPharynxLarynx and TracheaRespiratory SystemRib CageDiaphragmRespirationTerminology Study (10)p1. streptococcal链球菌的链球菌的: strepto-表示链的，如表示链的，如streptomycin (链霉素链霉素)，，streptokinase (链激酶链激酶)。

p2. histamine组胺组胺: histo-表示组织，如表示组织，如histology (组织组织学学)，，histocompatible (组织相容的组织相容的)；；amin(e)表示胺表示胺（音译拉明，阿明，他明，他命等），如（音译拉明，阿明，他明，他命等），如aromatic amine (芳香胺类芳香胺类)，，dopamine (多巴胺多巴胺) ，，vitamine （维他命）（维他命）dichloramine(二氯胺二氯胺)；；phentolamine (酚妥拉明酚妥拉明)p3. pneumoconiosis尘肺病尘肺病: coni-表示微尘，如表示微尘，如coniosis (粉尘病粉尘病), conifibrosis (肺尘性纤维变性肺尘性纤维变性), dermatoconiosis (皮肤尘埃沉着病皮肤尘埃沉着病), coniophage (噬噬尘细胞尘细胞)Terminology Study (10)p4. bronchiectasis支气管扩张支气管扩张: -ectasis表示扩张，膨胀，表示扩张，膨胀，如如angiectasis (血管扩张血管扩张)，，atelectasis (肺不张肺不张)，，gastrectasis (胃扩张胃扩张)，，pyelectasis (肾盂扩张肾盂扩张)。

p5. hypoxia缺氧缺氧: hypo-表示低，下，减退，如表示低，下，减退，如hypocalcemia (低血钙低血钙)，，hypothalamus (下丘脑下丘脑)，，hypothyroidism (甲状腺功能低下甲状腺功能低下)；；ox-表示氧，如表示氧，如oxidant (氧化剂氧化剂)，，oxidase (氧化酶氧化酶) ，，oxide (氧化物氧化物)p6. hypercapnia高碳酸血症高碳酸血症: capn-表示二氧化碳，如表示二氧化碳，如hypocapnia (碳酸过少碳酸过少), capneic (适二氧化碳的适二氧化碳的); -ia表表示疾病情况示疾病情况, 如如arrhythmia (心律不齐心律不齐), dysphagia (吞吞咽困难咽困难)PneumoniaTuberculosisAsthmaPulmonary edemaPneumothoraxPneumoconiosisEmphysemaEmphysemaCiliaDialogue 1: ColdD: What seems to be the problem?P: I think I have a cold.D: How long have you been sick?P: For two days.D: What symptoms do you have?P: I have a runny nose and I ache all over.D: Do you have a fever?P: I haven’t taken my temperature yet, but I feel feverish.D: Do you have a cough?P: No, I don’t. Dialogue 1: ColdD: Do you have a sore throat?P: Yes, my throat feels swollen. It’s sore.D: I want to look at your throat. Open your mouth. Please say “Ah”.D: It’s only a common cold. Nothing to worry about. You should rest for a few days, I’ll write you a certificate for three days’ leave. Here is some integrated Chinese and Western medicine, which is very effective for treating cold. You’ll be fine in a few days. Dialogue 2: Influenza [,influ'enzə] Intern: Good morning, Dr. Zhang.D: Good morning. Let’s make the morning ward-round.Intern: OK, This is a new patient who was hospitalized last night because of febrile convulsion. He is two-year-old boy.D: How about his temperature? Have any antipyretics and sedatives been given?Intern : His temperature is as high as 40.2℃℃(centigrate). Aspirin[‘æspərin] has been given orally. The dose is 150mg. And sodium Luminal [’lju:minəl] (鲁米那，tranquilizer) was given intramuscularly. The dose is 75mg. Drugs have already quieted him downDialogue 2: Influenza [,influ'enzə] D: Anything else?Intern: Also gave him some fluid, I mean, 500ml of 10% glucose['ɡlu:kəus] solution with vitamin C 1.0g by intravenous drip, and placed an ice bottle on his forehead.D: Well done. Pass me his medical record please.Intern : Here it is.D: Thank you. Let me see…present illness.Dialogue 2: Influenza [,influ'enzə] Intern: The boy had a fever yesterday, with clear nasal discharge, mild cough, headache, sore throat, anorexia, vomiting and mild diarrhea. His parent regarded it as common cold, and given him some Aspirin. The following day, Penicillin was given by intramuscular injection, with dose of 400,000 U each time, twice a day. It seems not effective.Dialogue 2: Influenza [,influ'enzə] D: Has he ever had the history of febrile convulsion?Intern: Yes, the attack occurs each time his temperature is over 39℃℃.D: Is there any epidemic fever in his kindergarden.Intern : Yes, Two-thirds of children in his kindergarden have fever this week. They have the symptoms similar to his.D: I see, let me take physical examination for him. Dialogue 2: Influenza [,influ'enzə] Intern: No abnormal signs except for redness and enlargement of his tonsils. D: No rashes?Intern: No.D: Any blood test?Intern: Yes. White blood cell show WBC4000/mm3, N 34%, L 66%. May I think of this case as the infection of upper respiratory tract?Dialogue 2: Influenza [,influ'enzə] D: Yes, but what’s the causative pathogen?Intern: Upon analysis of clinical characteristics, laboratory and epidemic data, we can almost confirm the diagnosis of influenza. The causative pathogen is surely influenza virus, do you agree?D: Yes, I think so. It’ll be much more perfect that we have the evidence about isolation of virus.Dialogue 2: Influenza [,influ'enzə] Intern: May I consider the prognosis of influenza is generally good?D: Yes, in general speaking, it’s not poor, but it’s no harm to keep an eye on the underlying problems, for example, brain damage, myocarditis, etc. Oh, it’s time for us to give our orders. Stop here.Unit 6 The Digestive SystemIn this passage you will learn:1.Basic structure and primary functions2.Associated medical termsPalatePalateEpiglottisPalatePharynxStomachStomachStomach UlcerSmall IntestinePancreasPancreasPancreasLiver and GallbladderLarge IntestineTerminology Study (11)p1. antibody抗体抗体: anti-表示反对，抵抗，如表示反对，抵抗，如antibiotics (抗生素抗生素)，，antigen (抗原抗原)，，anticoagulant (抗凝血剂抗凝血剂)。

p2. lysozyme溶菌酶溶菌酶: lyso-表示溶解，如表示溶解，如lysosome (溶酶溶酶体体)，，lysis (细胞细菌等溶解细胞细菌等溶解)，，lysate (溶解物，裂解物溶解物，裂解物)；；-zyme相当于相当于enzymep3. hydrochloric盐酸的，氯化氢的盐酸的，氯化氢的: hydro-表示水，氢，表示水，氢，如如hydronephrosis (肾盂积水肾盂积水), hydrocortisone (氢化氢化可得松可得松); chloro-表示绿，氯，如表示绿，氯，如chlorophyll (叶绿素叶绿素), chloroacetic acid (氯乙酸氯乙酸)，，chloromycetin (氯霉素氯霉素)Terminology Study (11)p4. biliary胆汁的、胆管的胆汁的、胆管的: bili-表示胆汁，如表示胆汁，如bilirubin (胆胆红素红素), urobilin (尿胆素尿胆素)p5. hemoglobin血红蛋白血红蛋白: globin表示球蛋白，如表示球蛋白，如myoglobin (肌红蛋白肌红蛋白)，，oxyhemoglobin (氧和血红蛋氧和血红蛋白白)，，hemoglobinolysis (血红蛋白分解血红蛋白分解)。

p6. enterohepatic肝肠的肝肠的: enter-表示肠，如表示肠，如enteritis (肠炎肠炎)，，enteroplegia (肠麻痹肠麻痹) ；；hepato表示肝，如表示肝，如hepatitis B(乙型肝炎乙型肝炎)，，hepatomegaly (肝肿大肝肿大), hepatotoxicity (肝毒性肝毒性)VilliVilliTerminology Study (12)p1. lipid脂肪脂肪: lipo-表示脂肪，如表示脂肪，如lipoid (脂样的脂样的), lipoidosis (脂质沉积脂质沉积), lipolysis (脂肪分解脂肪分解), lipoma (脂肪瘤脂肪瘤), lipotrophy (亲脂性亲脂性)p2. malformation畸形畸形: mal-表示不良，恶劣，如表示不良，恶劣，如malabsorption (吸收不良吸收不良)，，maleruption (错位长出错位长出)，，malfuntion (机能障碍机能障碍) p3. necrotic坏死的，坏疽的坏死的，坏疽的: necro-表示坏死，尸体，如表示坏死，尸体，如necrosis (坏死坏死), necropsy (验尸验尸), necrocytosis (细细胞坏死胞坏死), necrosteosis (骨坏死骨坏死)。

p4. carcinoma癌癌: carcino-表示癌表示癌, 如如carcinogen (致癌致癌物质物质), carcinoid (类癌瘤类癌瘤), carcinostatic (抑癌的抑癌的)Dialogue 1: Upper Alimentary Tract HemorrhageD: What seems to be the problem?P: I feel a pain in my stomach.D: Point out the place where you feel a pain. Do you have a good appetite?P: No, I have no appetite.D: How long have you lost your appetite?P: For two weeks.D: Do you have a sense of gastric distention after meals?P: Yes, I have a feeling of distention in my stomach after meals.D: Do you have a stomach-ache before meals?P: Yes, I have a bad stomach-ache.D: How long after meals do you feel a stomach-ache?P: About 3 to 4 hours.D: Do you feel a pain when you are hungry?P: Yes.D: May your pain be relieved if you take some food?P: Yes, it’s a little relieved.D: What kind of pain do you have?P: It’s like burning.D: When does it feel most painful?P: At midnight.D: Do you have the taste of sour liquid in your mouth?P: Yes, terrible.D: Do you belch?P: A little.D: Do you ever vomit?P: Not frequently, but I vomited yesterday seriously.D: What did you vomit, food or blood?P: I vomited food with a lot of blood.D: Was the blood you vomited red or black?P: Like coffee.Dialogue 1: Upper Alimentary Tract HemorrhageD: Have your stools changed in color?P: I have black stool for two times.D: Well, I think you have hemorrhage in upper alimentary tract. This is due to the gastro-duodenal ulcer, but other diseases must excluded: gastric cancer, cirrhosis and so on.P: Oh! Is that serious? Couldn’t I have an operation?D: No, but you’d better do an X-ray on the stomach and fibrogastroendoscopy. We’ll check on the blood as well. You should be given some fluid by intravenous drip immediately. Don’t eat anything for 24 hours and take a good rest. I’m sure you’ll soon be up and about.Dialogue 1: Upper Alimentary Tract HemorrhageDialogue 2: Intestinal ObstructionP: Doctor, I’ve had abdominal pains and vomiting for the past three days.D: What kind of pain is it?P: Like colic, with spasms every 4 or 5 minutes.D: When did the vomiting first start?P: Two days ago. I’ve had five bouts of nausea and vomiting up to now.D: How about your bowel movement?P: Nothing for 2 days.D: Any wind?P: Not since last night.D: Have you ever had any abdominal surgery?P: I had may appendix out, but that was a long time ago.D: Have you had anything like this before?P: No, it’s the first time.D: Now, please lie on your back, bend your knees and relax. Let me examine you. I’m afraid you have an intestinal obstruction. We’ll do some X-rays to confirm this.P: Will an operation be necessary?D: Since you have a fever and some muscle rigidity in the abdomen, there is the possibility of intestinal strangulation (绞窄绞窄). Immediate surgery is necessary.P: Is there any danger?D: No, don’t worry, just leave everything to us. Everything will be all right.Dialogue 2: Intestinal ObstructionTranslate the following into Englishp听诊器 牵涉痛p食欲不振 碳水化合物 p盐酸 直肠和肛门p胃肠蠕动 慢性萎缩性胃炎p胃窦 肺水肿p贲门括约肌 利尿剂 p肋软骨 胰酶p坏死组织 主动脉瓣p肠肝循环 十二指肠溃疡p血红蛋白 阵发性气道阻塞Answerspstethoscope; referred pain; poor appetite; carbohydrate; hydrochloric acid; rectum and anus; gastrointestinal peristalsis; chronic atrophic gastritis; gastric antrum; pulmonary edema; cardiac sphincter; diuretics; costal cartilage; pancreatic enzyme; necrotic tissue; aortic valve; enterohepatic circulation; duodenal ulcer; hemoglobin; episodic/ paroxysmal airways obstructionSituational Dialogues (25:28)1.D: Mrs. smith, can you tell me what is the problem? P: I have had ( ) now for a few days.2. D: Mr. Jones, where does your ( )? P: It hurts just behind my kneecap.3. D: Can you tell me what the problem is? P: I have ( ) in my shoulder and tingling（麻刺感）in my fingers. D: can you show me where? P: Yes, it’s just near my ( ).Situational Dialogues4. P:I have a red, blotchy（有泡的）( ) on my body; I have had it for two days now. D: Is it ( )? Does it cause any pain? P: No, it doesn’t really hurt but stings if I ( ) it. D: Do you have any other problems, ( )? P: No, there is nothing else wrong.5. D: Have you been feeling breathless, since you have had this chest pain? P: Yes, I have been feeling a little breathless. D: How bad is your chest pain and what does it feel like? P: It feels like ( ) when I ( ).6. D: How can I help you? P: I ( ) and I have ( ) quite badly, I think I may need a suture（缝合）. D: Ok, let me have a look.Situational Dialogues7. D: You are looking quite pale, Mrs. Smith. Do you have any abdominal pain? P: Only a ( ) on the right side. D: Do you have your bowels open regularly? What color are your ( )? P: Yes, quite regularly. I’m not sure what color they are, but they are a bit pale. D: What do you mean by regularly? How many times a day? P: I have my bowels open usually once a day, sometimes every other day.8. D: So tell me what’s your problem? P: I have ( ) a few times, and feel ( ) though I don’t know why. D: Have you eaten anything that might have made you feel this way? P: No, I didn’t think so. D: Do you have any other ( )? Abdominal pain or headache? P: No. D: Are you on any ( )?Situational Dialogues (25:28)1.D: Mrs. smith, can you tell me what is the problem? P: I have had ( ) now for a few days.2. D: Mr. Jones, where does your ( )? P: It hurts just behind my kneecap.3. D: Can you tell me what the problem is? P: I have ( ) in my shoulder and tingling（麻刺感）in my fingers. D: can you show me where? P: Yes, it’s just near my ( ).a severe stomachacheknee hurtan aching feelingcollarboneSituational Dialogues4. P:I have a red, blotchy（有泡的）( ) on my body; I have had it for two days now. D: Is it ( )? Does it cause any pain? P: No, it doesn’t really hurt but stings if I ( ) it. D: Do you have any other problems, ( )? P: No, there is nothing else wrong.5. D: Have you been feeling breathless, since you have had this chest pain? P: Yes, I have been feeling a little breathless. D: How bad is your chest pain and what does it feel like? P: It feels like ( ) when I ( ).6. D: How can I help you? P: I ( ) and I have ( ) quite badly, I think I may need a suture （缝合）. D: Ok, let me have a look.rashitchingscratchabdominal paina sharp painbreathe infell overcut my armSituational Dialogues7. D: You are looking quite pale, Mrs. Smith. Do you have any abdominal pain? P: Only a ( ) on the right side. D: Do you have your bowels open regularly? What color are your ( )? P: Yes, quite regularly. I’m not sure what color they are, but they are a bit pale. D: What do you mean by regularly? How many times a day? P: I have my bowels open usually once a day, sometimes every other day.8. D: So tell me what’s your problem? P: I have ( ) a few times, and feel ( ) though I don’t know why. D: Have you eaten anything that might have made you feel this way? P: No, I didn’t think so. D: Do you have any other ( )? Abdominal pain or headache? P: No. D: Are you on any ( )?slight achestoolsvomitednauseoussymptomsmedicationDialogue: Choose the Best Answer1.What was wrong with the patient last night? a. The pain in his belly is awful and he vomited up some blood. b. He felt nausea and vomited. c. He got an awful ache in his belly. d. The pain stayed in one place and he felt sick.2. Which of the following statements is not true? a. The pain in his belly has lasted three weeks. b. The pain comes and goes with no special time. c. He had never thrown up any blood before. d. He felt awful last night and went to see the doctor immediately.3.What color is the patient’s stools? a. dark red b. brown c. black d. sandy coloredDialogue: Choose the Best Answer4. What about the patient’s appetite? a. He has a good appetite. b. He feels sick at the sight of the food. c. His appetite is as good as usual. d. He doesn’t want to eat anything at all.5. Which of the following statements is true? a. The patient is a heavy smoker. b. He has felt quite sick. c. He weighs as much as before. d. His ankles have been swollen.Answers ADDBCTerminology Study (13)p1. amino acid氨基酸氨基酸: amino表示氨基的，如表示氨基的，如aminophylline (氨茶碱氨茶碱), aminoglycosides (氨基糖苷氨基糖苷类类), aminoacidemia (氨基酸血症氨基酸血症)。

p2. renin肾素肾素: ren(o)-表示肾，如表示肾，如renal (肾的肾的)，，adrenaline (肾上腺素肾上腺素)，，renopathy (肾病肾病) ，，renovascular hypertension (肾血管性高血压肾血管性高血压)p3. erythropoietin红细胞生成素红细胞生成素: erythro-表示红，如表示红，如erythropoiesis (红细胞生成红细胞生成), erythrocyte (红细胞红细胞), erythromycin (红霉素红霉素)p4. retroperitonel腹膜后的腹膜后的: retro-表示后、反表示后、反, 如如retroflexion (后屈后屈), retrospective study (回顾性研回顾性研究究), retrostalsis (逆蠕动逆蠕动)，，retrovirus (逆转录病毒逆转录病毒)Terminology Study (13)p5. adipose脂肪的脂肪的: adipo-表示脂肪，如表示脂肪，如adipoma (脂肪脂肪瘤瘤), adiponecrosis (脂肪坏死脂肪坏死), adiposis (肥胖病肥胖病)。

p6. angiotensin血管紧张素血管紧张素: angi(o)-表示血管，如表示血管，如angiography (血管造影术血管造影术)，，angioma (血管瘤血管瘤)，，cholangitis (胆管炎胆管炎) ，，angioplasty (血管成形术血管成形术)p7. glomerulus肾小球肾小球: glomerulo-表示肾小球，如表示肾小球，如glomerulonephritis (肾小球肾炎肾小球肾炎), glomerulosclerosis (肾小球硬化症肾小球硬化症)p8. nitrogenous含氮的含氮的: nitro-表示硝基表示硝基, 如如nitroamine (硝胺硝胺), nitrofuran (硝基呋喃硝基呋喃), nitrogen (氮氮)，，nitroglycerin (硝酸甘油硝酸甘油)Unit 7 The Urinary SystemIn this passage you will learn:1.Basic structure and primary functions2.The mechanism of kidney in producing urine3. Associated medical termsTerminology Study (14)p1. somatotropin生长激素生长激素: somato-表示体，躯体，如表示体，躯体，如somatopsychic (身心的身心的), somatostatin (生长抑素生长抑素), somatome (体节体节)；；tropin相当于相当于tropic hormone，其，其中中-trop(ic)表示向表示向..的的, 促促..的的, 如如adrenocorticotropic hormone (促肾上腺皮质激素促肾上腺皮质激素), hydrotropic (向水性的向水性的), lipotropin (促脂素促脂素)。

p2. exocrine外分泌的外分泌的: exo-表示向外，如表示向外，如exodontics (拔拔牙学牙学)，，exogenous (外源性的外源性的)，，exophthalmos (眼球眼球突出症突出症) p3. gonads性腺性腺: gonad(o)-表示性腺，如表示性腺，如gonadotropin (促性腺激素促性腺激素), gonadectomy (性腺切除术性腺切除术), gonadotherapy (性激素疗法性激素疗法)Terminology Study (15)p1. macroscopic宏观的宏观的: macro-表示巨，大，如表示巨，大，如macrophage (巨噬巨噬细胞细胞), macroglobulin (巨球蛋白巨球蛋白), macroanatomy (大体解剖学大体解剖学) p2. autonomic自主的自主的:auto-表示自动的，自身的，如表示自动的，自身的，如autoagglutinin (自身凝集素自身凝集素)，，autoimmune (自体免疫的自体免疫的)，，autopsy (验尸，尸体解验尸，尸体解剖剖) , autodigestion (自体溶解自体溶解)。

p3. sympathetic同情的，交感神经的同情的，交感神经的: sympathetic/ sympatheco-表示交感，同感，如表示交感，同感，如parasympathetic (副交感神经的副交感神经的), sympatheticomimetic (拟交感的；拟交感神经药拟交感的；拟交感神经药), sympathicopathy (交感神经病交感神经病)p4. ganglia神经节神经节: ganglio-表示结，如表示结，如gangliocyte (神经节细胞神经节细胞), ganglion (神经节，腱鞘囊肿神经节，腱鞘囊肿), gangliectomy (神经节切除术神经节切除术), gangliitis (神经节炎神经节炎)Unit 9 The Nervous SystemIn this passage you will learn:1.Basic structure and primary functions2.Associated medical termsNerve Cell (Neuron)Terminology Study (16)p1. genital生殖的生殖的: genit-表示生殖，生殖器，如表示生殖，生殖器，如genitoplasty (生殖器成形术生殖器成形术), urogenital (泌尿生殖的泌尿生殖的), genitalia (生殖器生殖器) 。

p2. spermatozoa精子精子:spermat-表示精子，如表示精子，如spermatogenesis (精子形成精子形成)，，spermatocide (杀精剂杀精剂)，，spermatorrhea (遗精遗精)p3. circumcision包皮环切术包皮环切术: circum-表示环绕，周围，如表示环绕，周围，如circumocular (眼周的眼周的); -cision表示切，如表示切，如excision (切除切除), incision (切开切开), electrocision (电切术电切术)p4. mammary乳房的乳房的: mamm(o)-表示乳房，如表示乳房，如mammoplasty (乳房成形术乳房成形术), mammography (乳房乳房X拍片拍片), mammectomy (乳房切除术乳房切除术), mammitis (乳腺乳腺炎炎)Terminology Study (16)p5. menstrual月经的月经的: men(o)-表示月经，如表示月经，如menopause (绝经绝经), menorrhea (月经过多月经过多), dysmenorrhea (痛经痛经), amenorrhea (闭经闭经)。

p6. corpus luteum黄体黄体:lute-表示黄，如表示黄，如luteoma(黄体黄体瘤瘤)，，lutein (叶黄素，黄体素叶黄素，黄体素) p7. perimetrium子宫外膜子宫外膜: metr(o)-表示子宫，如表示子宫，如endometriosis (子宫内膜异位子宫内膜异位), metroptosis (子宫下子宫下垂垂), metrorrhagia (子宫出血子宫出血)p8. cervix颈部颈部: cervic(o)-表示颈部，子宫颈，如表示颈部，子宫颈，如cervical erosion (子宫颈糜烂子宫颈糜烂), cervical vertebra (颈椎骨颈椎骨), cervicitis (子宫颈炎子宫颈炎), cervicoscope (子宫颈镜子宫颈镜)Translate the following into Englishp肾小球 醛固酮p黄体 糖皮质激素 p肾盂 电解质平衡p夜间呼吸困难 蛛网膜下腔出血p腰穿 下丘脑p皮质和髓质 骨髓炎 p氨基酸 孕酮p周围神经系统 受精卵着床p间质细胞 早产儿p脑脊液 血管紧张素Translate the following into Englishpglomerulus; aldosterone; corpus luteum; glucocorticoid; renal pelvis; balance of electrolytes; nocturnal dyspnea; subarachnoid hemorrhage; lumbar puncture; hypothalamus; cortex and medulla; osteomyelitis; amino acid; progesterone; peripheral nervous system; implantation of a fertilized ovum; interstitial cells; premature infant; cerebrospinal fluid; angiotensinSituational Dialogues (32:39)1.D: Do you have any existing medical health problems? P: No, I don’t. D: Are you on any medication for existing health problems? P:NO, I’m not. D: Are you taking any other medication for any other reason? (e.g. birth control/ vitamins) P: Yes, I take ( ) everyday and I’m on the pill. D: Have you had any illness or physical problems recently? P: No, not that I can think of. D: Have you had any infections or viruses recently? P: Yea, sure. I’ve had a couple of colds nothing bad. D: Do you have a family history of diabetes, heart problems, cancer, lung complaints? P: Yes, my mother has diabetes ( ) only though, and my grandmother died of a ( ).multivitaminsdiet controlledheart attackSituational Dialogues D: Are your vaccinations ( )?P: Yes, I had all the vaccinations I needed to come to China.D: Have you ever had any surgery? What for?P: I had my appendix out when I was 16, nothing else.D: Do you have any allergies?P: Not allergies as such but I do have ( ) to milk and ( ).D: Have you had any medical tests recently?P: No.D: Is there anything you need to tell me, that you think will be useful?P: No, I don’t think so.currentan intolerancewheatSituational Dialogues 2. D: Do you have any existing medical health problems? P: Yes, I have ( )and I’m a ( ). D: Are you on any medication for existing health problems? P: Yes, I take medication for my blood pressure and diabetes. D: What do you take and how often do you have to take it? P: I’ve got the pills here to show you, I take the blood pressure tablets every morning and the diabetic tablets morning and evening. D: How long have you been taking your medication for these problems? P: The blood pressure tablets for the last year, But I have had the tablets for my diabetes for 6 years now. D: Are you taking any other medication for any other reason? (e.g. birth control/ vitamins) P: I take ( )tablets and ( )when I need them for a headache or when my bone ache. hypertensiondiabeticfish oilpainkillersSituational Dialogues D: Have you had any illness or physical problems recently?P: Only the trouble with my blood pressure which was diagnosed this year.D: Have you had any infections and viruses recently?P: I’ve had the ( )like everyone else, haven’t had flu or anything.D: Do you have a family history of diabetes, heart problems, cancer, lung complaints?P: Yes, my father had heart problems so did his mother, and my grandfather had diabetes. My grandmother had ( )cancer.D: Are your vaccinations current?P: Yes they are.D: Have you had any surgery? What for?P: I had my ( )about 20 years ago, appendix when I was very young nothing else.odd coldbowelgall bladder removedSituational Dialogues D: Do you have any allergies?P: No, but I do have hay fever quite badly.D: Have you had any medical tests recently?P: I go to my doctor every month for the nurse to check my blood pressure and check my ( ), nothing else.D: Is there anything you need to tell me that you think will be useful?P: No, not really, but I was thinking that perhaps the difference in the food that I’m eating in China could be a problem with my diabetes.urineTerminology Study (15)p1. macroscopic宏观的宏观的: macro-表示巨，大，如表示巨，大，如macrophage (巨噬巨噬细胞细胞), macroglobulin (巨球蛋白巨球蛋白), macroanatomy (大体解剖学大体解剖学) 。

p2. autonomic自主的自主的:auto-表示自动的，自身的，如表示自动的，自身的，如autoagglutinin (自身凝集素自身凝集素)，，autoimmune (自体免疫的自体免疫的)，，autopsy (验尸，尸体解验尸，尸体解剖剖) , autodigestion (自体溶解自体溶解)p3. sympathetic同情的，交感神经的同情的，交感神经的: sympathetic/ sympatheco-表示交感，同感，如表示交感，同感，如parasympathetic (副交感神经的副交感神经的), sympatheticomimetic (拟交感的；拟交感神经药拟交感的；拟交感神经药), sympathicopathy (交感神经病交感神经病)p4. ganglia神经节神经节: ganglio-表示结，如表示结，如gangliocyte (神经节细胞神经节细胞), ganglion (神经节，腱鞘囊肿神经节，腱鞘囊肿), gangliectomy (神经节切除术神经节切除术), gangliitis (神经节炎神经节炎)Nerve Cell (Neuron)Terminology Study (16)p1. genital生殖的生殖的: genit-表示生殖，生殖器，如表示生殖，生殖器，如genitoplasty (生殖器成形术生殖器成形术), urogenital (泌尿生殖的泌尿生殖的), genitalia (生殖器生殖器) 。

p2. spermatozoa精子精子:spermat-表示精子，如表示精子，如spermatogenesis (精子形成精子形成)，，spermatocide (杀精剂杀精剂)，，spermatorrhea (遗精遗精)p3. circumcision包皮环切术包皮环切术: circum-表示环绕，周围，如表示环绕，周围，如circumocular (眼周的眼周的); -cision表示切，如表示切，如excision (切除切除), incision (切开切开), electrocision (电切术电切术)p4. mammary乳房的乳房的: mamm(o)-表示乳房，如表示乳房，如mammoplasty (乳房成形术乳房成形术), mammography (乳房乳房X拍片拍片), mammectomy (乳房切除术乳房切除术), mammitis (乳腺乳腺炎炎)Terminology Study (16)p5. menstrual月经的月经的: men(o)-表示月经，如表示月经，如menopause (绝经绝经), menorrhea (月经过多月经过多), dysmenorrhea (痛经痛经), amenorrhea (闭经闭经)。

p6. corpus luteum黄体黄体:lute-表示黄，如表示黄，如luteoma(黄体黄体瘤瘤)，，lutein (叶黄素，黄体素叶黄素，黄体素) p7. perimetrium子宫外膜子宫外膜: metr(o)-表示子宫，如表示子宫，如endometriosis (子宫内膜异位子宫内膜异位), metroptosis (子宫下子宫下垂垂), metrorrhagia (子宫出血子宫出血)p8. cervix颈部颈部: cervic(o)-表示颈部，子宫颈，如表示颈部，子宫颈，如cervical erosion (子宫颈糜烂子宫颈糜烂), cervical vertebra (颈椎骨颈椎骨), cervicitis (子宫颈炎子宫颈炎), cervicoscope (子宫颈镜子宫颈镜)Terminology Study (17)p1. dehydration脱水脱水: de-表示离去，如表示离去，如decalcification (脱钙作用脱钙作用), deoxycholic acid (脱氧胆酸脱氧胆酸), deallergization (脱敏脱敏) , decompensation (失代偿失代偿)。

p2. ultraviolet紫外线的紫外线的: ultra-表示超，过度，如表示超，过度，如ultrasound B (B超超)，，ultrasonography (超声检查超声检查)，，ultracentrifuge (超速离心机超速离心机), ultramicrotome (超薄切片机超薄切片机)p3. lymphatic淋巴的淋巴的: lymph-表示淋巴，如表示淋巴，如lymphocyte (淋巴细胞淋巴细胞)，，lymphangitis (淋巴管炎淋巴管炎), lymphoepithelioma (淋巴上皮瘤淋巴上皮瘤), lymphokine (淋巴因子淋巴因子)p4. albino白化病白化病: alb-表示白，如表示白，如albumin (白蛋白白蛋白), albinism (白白化病化病), staphylococcus albus (白色葡萄球菌白色葡萄球菌)Medical Document (Case History)pGeneral items:pName, Sex/ Gender (Male/Female), pAge/ Date of Birth (DOB),pDate of Admission, Date of Discharge, pNationality, Ethnic Group,pMarital State (Single/ Married), Present Address, Correspondence, Occupation,pComplainer of History (病史陈述者),pReliability（可信度）,pParity (经产次数)Medical DocumentspMain Contents:p1. Chief Complaints (C. C.), p2. Present Illness/ History of Present Illness (P.I.),p3. Past History/ Past Medical History (P.H.), p4. Family History (F.H.),p5. Personal History/ Social History (Per. H.),p6. Medications (曾用药物),p7. Allergies,p8. System ReviewMedical DocumentspMain Contents:p9. Physical Examination (P. E.)p10. Laboratory Data/Studies (Blood Test, Chem-7, ECG, EEG, X-ray Examinations/ Slides, CT, MRI, and other Lab Data)p11. Impression and Diagnosisp12. Hospital Coursep13. Discharge Instructions/ Recommendationsp14. Discharge MedicationsMedical DocumentspChief Complaints:p主诉是记录病人对自己身体不适的诉说，应全面详细，不仅要记录主要症状，还应记录相关细节，如发病时间、持续时间、周期等，但必须有高度概括性。

p1.使用普通词汇和常见的疾病症状名词，如：headache, fever, rigor, chill, insomnia, stomachache, dyspepsia, no appetite, pain in the abdomen, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, dysuria, constipation, dyspnea, cough, difficulty in coughing up sputum, sore throat, dizziness or vertigo, weakness, palpitations, restlessness, etc.Medical DocumentspChief Complaints:p2. 用简单句和省略句，如：pEarly morning cough with whitish yellow sputum for about 10 years.pRetrosternal chest pain for 4 hours.Medical DocumentspChief Complaints:p3. 常用表达方式：pA. 症状+for+时间，如：pSore throat for three days.pB.症状+时间+in duration，如：pHeadache with nausea and vomiting two months in duration.pC.症状+since+时间，如：pCoughing and fever since yesterday.pD.症状+of+时间+duration, 如：pLow fever of 2 – 3 months’ duration.pE. 症状可由表示程度、频率、时间等词修饰，如：night sweat, coughing severe at night, easily agitated, increasing abdominal pain等。

Medical DocumentsChief Complaints Exercise：Paroxysmal vomiting for 3 years with aggravation for 2 days.2. 腹胀有腹水2年余，加重1月 Abdominal distention with ascites for more than 2 years and aggravation for a month.3.腹痛便脓血12小时 1. 阵发性呕吐3年，加重2天Abdominal pain and bloody purulent stool 12 hours in duration. Medical DocumentspPresent Illness:p现病史主要记载当前疾病的发生时间、经过、发病方式、可能诱因、严重程度、发作频率、进展情况、治疗情况等一般用陈述句，常用一般现在时、现在完成时、一般过去时和过去完成时表达p请看下例并请注意词态：Medical DocumentspPresent Illness: This 63-year-old black male with no known cardiac history was standing waiting for a bus when he developed sudden loss of consciousness. He noted no seizure activity. He denied palpitation or chest pain. He came to the Emergency Room where he was not found to be orthostatic hypotension. He claims that he ate breakfast and had no tight collar. He notes no orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, or ankle edema. There is no history of myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, or congestive heart failure. He denies hypertension or diabetes mellitus. He notes former chewing tobacco use. He had a syncopal episode 16 years earlier while standing by a bank.Medical DocumentspPresent Illness:p(1)形容词pA.缓慢、逐渐：slow, chronic, gradual, increasing;pB.突然：sudden, abrupt, fulminate, explosive, acute, sub-acute, all of a sudden;pC.频度：occasional, accidental, often, frequent, recurrent, relapsing, persistent, intermittent, transient, transitory;pD.程度：mild, moderate, medium-degreed, severe, serious, bearable, unbearable;pE.性质、意义：local, generalized, apparent, clear, obvious, definite, distinct, indistinct, insidious, (a/un)symptomatic, (a)febrile.Medical DocumentspPresent Illness:p(2)名词pA.起病、发作：attack, onset, episodes, seizure, spell, bout;pB.疾病变化：progress, (dis)appearance, recurrence, relapse, aggravation, exacerbation, abatement, improvement, worsening.p(3)动词pA.起病、发作：appear, develop, start, begin with, occur, be present;pB.疾病变化：disappear, abate, relieve, improve, better, worsen, aggravate, exacerbate, take a bad/favorable turn, take a turn for the worse/ better, subside, persist;pC.与…有关，先后顺序：relate, associate, accompany, precede, follow, coincide.Medical DocumentspPresent Illness (例句):p1. He began having episodes of cardiac tachycardia.p2. He became breathless/ emaciated/ easily exhausted.p3. On Sunday morning he perceived that his sputum was streaked with blood.p4. He had an abrupt onset of colic pain in his right quadrant.p5. He had an episode of cerebral hemorrhage last year.p6. He suddenly developed a sharp pain in his right upper quadrant of the abdomen.Medical DocumentspPresent Illness (例句): p7. The disease began 3 years ago, but progressed very slowly.p8. The vomiting was preceded by pallor and profuse sweat.p9. On Sunday morning he perceived that his sputum was streaked with blood.p10. Anterior chest discomfort was not related to lying on any particular side.p11. The pain was frequently associated with a sensation of tightness in the chest.p12. Every coughing spell lasts about 3-5 minutes.Medical DocumentspPresent Illness (例句): p13. The syndrome took a favorable turn after two blood transfusion.p14. The pain was aggravated by exertion and alleviated by rest.p15. Her heart rate improved markedly after treatment with ...p16. The most recent episode occurred approximated 2 months ago.p17. Attacks of pain were intensified by deep inspirations.p18. The cold was complicated by pneumonia.p19. There is a gradual onset of edema.Medical DocumentspPast History:p既往史是记录患者曾患过何种疾病及治疗情况。

该部分谓语动词词态常用一般过去时，过去完成时，和过去进行时；一般用词组短语和省略句表达p请看下例并请注意词态：Medical DocumentspPast Illness: General health good. Had lobar pneumonia in 1969, and virus pneumonia in 1979, each time with hemoptysis. A chest X-ray made a few months after the virus pneumonia was said to be negative. He had recurrent episodes of indigestion with epigastric pain relieved by Bisodol (铋索多耳) for a period of time, but denied other gastrointestinal complaints. Had renal colic and passed several stones 20 years ago with no recurrence.Medical DocumentspPast History:p常用表达方式：p在…前一直健康：had been sound/ well until; had enjoyed good health until…p易患：be apt/ liable / subject to…; tend to havep无…史：had no related history of …p曾患：had (suffered from)…p曾因…而住院：be hospitalized for…p无…过敏史：had no history of… sensibility/ allergyMedical DocumentsFamily History：例例2. Mother is alive and well with history of alcohol abuse. Father is deceased. She denied cardiac or asthma family history. 例例3. Positive for cancer in brother, coronary artery disease and valvular disease in father. No hypertension in the family. 例例1. Mother died of lung cancer, a sister of tuberculosis, otherwise negative.例4. Mother died of old age. Father died from a wound. No intimate contact history of AIDS. Some members in the paternal side suffered from hypertension.Medical DocumentspSocial History: The patient lives at home with her boyfriend. The patient does not work. She has no children. She admitted to tobacco use one pack per day for about 20 years. She admitted to alcohol. She only admitted to one ounce beer a day. Apparently she had attempted to quit drinking several times, but was unsuccessful. She denied IVDA (静脉药瘾者). Medical DocumentspMedications: 常合并于既往史中。

pAllergies: 本项有时列在既往史中，有时为引起注意，也常单独列成一项常用词语与表达如下：p过敏：allergy, hypersensitivityp敏感：sensitive, sensiblep对…有（无）过敏史：have a (no) history of allergy to…p具有过敏体质：has an allergic diathesisp药物过敏不详：NKDA (No known drug allergies)p对…（屋内灰尘）过敏：show sensibility to …Medical DocumentsSystem Review：例例2. Cough positive with greenish sputum for about three weeks. 例例1. He denies nausea and vomiting, fever or chills, shortness of breath, cough, abdominal pain or urinary symptoms.例例3. Review of systems was positive only for constipation and mild peripheral edema.Medical DocumentspPhysical Examination：p查体是在问诊(Inquiry)的基础上，医生通过视诊(Inspection)、听诊(Auscultation)、触诊(Palpation)、和叩诊(Percussion)找出与病人疾病相关的体征，帮助作出正确的诊断。

在实际体检中，不一定写得很全面体检记录常用短语，有时用陈述句，有些内容仅记录数据即可p请看下例：Medical DocumentspP.E. : Temperature 96, pulse 78 per minute, respiratory rate 18 per minute, BP 136/70. Patient is an uncomfortable appearing man lying very still on the stretcher. Skin was warm and dry. Sclerae are anicteric. Lungs are clear bilaterally. Heart rate and rhythm are regular. Abdomen is soft, mildly distended, very tender to palpation with rebound in the right upper quadrant but otherwise nontender and bowel sounds are present. Extremities are nonedematous. Neuro exam is grossly intact. Medical Documentsp查体主要包括以下内容：p（1）Physical Data or Physical Signs, 如：p体温：T37℃. The temperature is 37℃ taken by mouth (axilla, rectum)p脉搏：P75/min. Pulse: 75 per minutep心率：HR 80/min. Heart rate: 80 per minute.p呼吸：R33/min. Respiration: 33 per minute.p血压：BP 16/10.5 kpa; BP 150/95 mmHg.p身高：Ht. 175 cmp体重: B.W. / Wt. 80kgMedical Documentsp有时须注明呼吸方式：p呼吸困难：difficult breathing, breathless, dyspnea; 呼吸急促：rapid breathing, short of breath, tachypnea; 呼吸缓慢：slow breathing, bradypnea; 鼻翼呼吸：nasal alar breathing; 张口呼吸：mouth/buccal breathing; 气喘：panting。

p形容血压的常用词语：高high稍高slightly elevated低low正常normal稳定stable坐位（卧位，立位）sitting(lying, standing) BP稳定在BP stablizes at波动于BP fluctuates/ ranges between由...升到rise from…to由…降到drop from… to无法测得undetectable (unobtainable, unrecordable)Medical Documentsp（2）General Appearancep身材(stature)体位(position)姿势(posture)和步态(gait)：肥胖fat, obesity, overweight; 瘦小thin, lean, underweight, slim; 丰满plump；肌肉发达的muscular；身材匀称of proportional build; 壮实strong, husky; 大腹便便potbelly, big-bellied; 自动（被动，强迫）体位：active (passive, compulsive) position; 仰（俯，侧）卧：supine/dorsal (prone, lateral/side); 站立：standing, upright, erect;坐位sitting;胸膝位：knee-chest position; 敏捷：alert; 痉挛：spastic;交叉步态：scissors-like; 不稳：unsteady,unstable; 蹒跚：stagger;共济失调：ataxiaMedical Documentsp（2）General Appearancep体格（physique）与发育（physical development）：发育良好well-developed; 发育不良poorly-developed; 发育欠佳under-developed; 发育不全hypoplasia；超重overweight; 纤弱delicate；虚弱：weakp面色（complexion），面容(appearance)与面部表情(expression)：苍白pale,pallid,pallor病黄色sallow倦怠sluggish淡漠dull appearance呈（急性，危重）病容look (acutely,critically)ill满月脸full-moon/moonlike face病危面容critical face贫血面容anemic faceMedical Documentsp（（2））General Appearancep神态（神态（mental state）、意识（）、意识（consciousness）和感觉）和感觉(senses)：：清醒清醒conscious,sober（半）昏迷（半）昏迷(semi-)comatose, unconscious镇定镇定calm不安不安restless神清合作神清合作alert and cooperative有定向力有定向力oriented能辨别时间地点人物能辨别时间地点人物oriented to time, person and place情绪不稳情绪不稳emotionally unstablep皮肤状况（皮肤状况（skin）：潮红）：潮红flush 轻微（中度、明显）发绀轻微（中度、明显）发绀be faintly (moderately, markedly) syanotic 色素沉着色素沉着pigmentation 黄疸黄疸jaundice, icteric, icterus 黄染黄染be jaundiced 无黄疸无黄疸nonicteric 蜘蛛痣蜘蛛痣spider angioma 局部水肿局部水肿localized edema 全身水肿全身水肿general edema 斑疹斑疹macule 丘疹丘疹 papule 药疹药疹drug eruption 结结节节nodules 脓包脓包pustules 水疱水疱blister 荨麻疹荨麻疹 hives 囊肿囊肿cyst 溃疡溃疡ulcer 脱屑脱屑desquamation 疣疣warts 褥疮褥疮bedsoreMedical Documentsp（2）General Appearancep浅表淋巴结（superficial lymph nodes）：肿大swelling, enlarged颈部（腋下，锁骨上，腹股沟）淋巴结cervical (axillary, supraclavicular, inguinal)可扪及palpable可移动freely movable/ mobile无压痛non-tender质硬hard and firm无明显淋巴结病变no significant lymphadenopathy)p头眼与耳鼻喉（HEENT）： 面部浮肿bloated face口臭foul breath恶臭气息fetid (offensive) breath呼吸带有…味the breath has a strong smell of ...齿龈出血gingival hemorrhage瞳孔等大，反应正常：pupils equal and reactive充血congestion,injected,injection鼻塞blocked up, stuffed up, obstruction流涕running nose扁桃体发红肿大reddened and enlarged/swollen tonsils小片白色渗出物small white patches of exudatesMedical Documentsp（2）General Appearancep颈部（neck）：颈软supple强直stiff, rigid颈静脉怒张JVD (jugular venous distention)颈动脉carotid artery无杂音no bruit甲状腺肿大enlarged thyroidp胸部（chest）：(不)对称（un/a）symmetrical鸡胸chicken-breasted桶装barrel chest突出prominent, bulging凹陷depressed扁平胸flat chest肋间隙intercostals space锁骨中线 mid-clavicular lineMedical Documentsp（2）General Appearancep心脏：心尖搏动apex/apical impulse/beat移位dislocated,displaced心浊音界dullness of heart borders奔马律gallop rhythm喷射性（吹风样）杂音ejection (blowing) murmur收缩期（舒张期）杂音systolic (diastolic) murmur心前区precordium心律不齐arrhythmia 第一(二三四)心音S1(S2,S3,S4)肺（主）动脉音pulmonic (aortic) soundp肺：胸（腹）式呼吸thoracic (abdominal) respiration两肺叩音清both lungs were resonant to percussion两肺音清clear to auscultation bilaterally干(湿)罗音dry (moist) rales哮鸣音wheezesMedical Documentsp（2）General Appearancep腹部：胀distended, distention平软flat and soft蠕动波peristalsis反跳痛rebound tenderness/ tenderness to palpation with rebound弥漫性压痛diffuse tenderness腹水ascites移动性浊音shifting dullness振水音succussion sound气过水声gurgling妊娠纹stretch marks/ striae of pregnancy未触及impalpable肠鸣音亢进active bowel soundp四肢（extremities）：畸形deformity凹陷性（广泛，轻度，中度）水肿pitting (massive, mild, moderate) edemaMedical Documentsp（2）General Appearancep神经系统（Nervous system, Neurological, 略作Neuro或CNS）:十二对颅神经正常the cranial nerves (Ⅰ~Ⅻ) appeared intact偏（单、截、交叉）瘫hemi-(mono-, para-, cross-) paralysis肌张力muscular tone指鼻试验finger-nose test痛（温度，触，震动）觉pain (temperature, tactile, vibratory) sensation深（浅）反射deep (superficial) reflex脑膜刺激征sign of meningeal irritation反射存在（消失，减弱，亢进，不明）reflex present (absent, weak/hypoactive, overactive) p震颤tremorMedical Documentsp（2）General Appearancep骨骼系统（Musculoskeletal system）:肌萎缩muscular atrophies肌无力myasthenia肌肉松弛muscular relaxation抽搐convulsion关节炎arthritis关节病arthrosis/ arthopathy/ joint disease关节僵硬ankylosis关节弹响clicking of joint麻木numbnessp泌尿生殖系统（Genitourinary system）:直肠指诊rectal digital examinationMedical DocumentspLaboratory Data：p该部分记录各种化验室检查结果， 例如：pblood Rt.; WBC count; hemoglobin; platelets; lymphocytes; chem-7 (sodium, potassium, chloride, bicarbonate; creatinine, BUN, glucose, ionized calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase); X-ray slides; CT; MRI.Medical DocumentspImpression and diagnosis：p例：DIAGNOSIS：pA)Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbationpB)Severe aortic stenosis with congestive heart failurepC)Severe coronary artery diseasepD)Chronic renal failurepE)Anemia due to renal diseasepF)DementiapG)ArrythmiapH)Urinary tract infection with PseudomonaspI)Left lower lobe pneumoniapJ)Diabetes mellitusMedical DocumentspDischarge Instructions：p该项记录医生对患者出院后应注意事项、治疗建议、复诊与随访时间， 例如：pThe patient was to follow-up with psychiatrist on 12/04 and was given instructions strictly to not drink any further alcohol, to follow her diabetic diet as tolerated.Medical DocumentspDischarge Medicationss：p该项可简单列出药物与用法，也可用完整句子和段落说明。

p例一：a) Oxycontin 20mg p.o.b.i.d.p b) Ocean Spray nasal spray p.r.n(需要时服用).p c) Prevacid 30mg p.o.q.dayp例二：The patient was discharged on Ultran 50 mg one tab.p.o.q.d., p.r.n. for pain.Medical DocumentspPlease choose the examinations conducted according to the dialogue.p1. Height 2. Weight 3. Checking of pulsep4. Auscultation of heart and lungsp5. Examination of breast and nipplesp6. Examination of urine 7. Examination of stomachp8. Examination of legs 9. Examination of herniap10. Examination of pelvis 11. Rectal examp12. Estimation of blood pressure p13. Blood sample for blood group p14. Examination of abdomenAnswer: 3/4/7/9/11/12。