CITES华盛顿公约介绍.ppt

CITESthe Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and FloraCITES12345INTRODUCTIONCONTENTSSTRUCTURE&OPERATIONINFLUENCELIMITATIONS&CHANLLENGE1INTRODUCTIONSimple￿things￿to￿know￿about￿CITESWhat is CITES?CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora)is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.Since 1973183 parties (97% population)35,000 species of animals and plantsIn three CITES AppendicesLive animals & plantsWildlife products2-1CONTENTSAPPENDIX 1&2AppendixRoughly 5,000 species of animals and 29,000 species of plants are protected by CITEScirca 1200Each protected species or population is included in one of three lists, called appendices.Reflect the extent of the threat to it and the controls that apply to the trade.Appendix￿I￿specimenschimpanzeeSpecimensInclude any living or dead animals and plants0102Inclu de spe cie s thre aten edwit hCirca1200extinction. Trade in specimens of thesespecies is permitted only in exceptionalcircumstances.permitExportpermitor re-export certificate0304ImportAppendix￿I￿specimensAisanchimpanzeechimpanzeeAsian elephantAppendix￿I￿specimensAisanchimpanzeechimpanzeeSnow LeopardAppendix￿I￿specimensAisanchimpanzeechimpanzeeChinese alligatorAppendix-II￿specimensInclude species not necessarily threatened with extinction, but in which trade must be controlled in order to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival.Exportpermitorre-export certificateCirca 21,000No import permit is needed unless required by national lawAppendix￿II specimensgreat white AisanchimpanzeechimpanzeesharkAppendix￿II specimensAmerican black bearAisanchimpanzeechimpanzeeAppendix￿II specimensAisanchimpanzeechimpanzeegreen iguanaAppendix￿II￿specimensAisanchimpanzeechimpanzeeHartmann's mountain zebra A species will not be accepted in the appendix if it is endangered in the wild without any trade threat.Black-faced spoonbill2-2Appendix IIIAppendix IIIAppendix III, about 170 species, are species that are listed after one member country has asked other CITES Parties for assistance in controlling trade in a species. The species are not necessarily threatened with extinction globally. In all member countries, trade in these species is only permitted with an appropriate export permit and a certificate of origin from the state of the member country who has listed the species.Appendix IIIExamples of species listed on Appendix III and the countries that listed them are the two-toed sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni) by Costa Rica, African civet (Civettictis civetta) by Botswana, and the alligator snapping turtle (Macrochelys temminckii) by the USA. 两趾树懒非洲灵猫大鳄龟Appendix III (China)1Corallium Elatius 瘦长红珊瑚2Corallium Japonicum 日本红珊瑚3Corallium Konojio 皮滑红珊瑚4Corallium Secundum 巧红珊瑚Hynobius amjiensis 安吉小鲵Mauremys iversoni 艾氏拟水龟Mauremys megalocephala 大头乌龟Mauremys nigricans 黑颈乌龟Mauremys pritchardi 腊戍拟水龟Mauremys reevesii 乌龟Mauremys sinensis 花龟Ocadia glyphistoma 缺颌花龟Ocadia philippeni 费氏花龟Sacalia pesudocellata 拟眼斑水龟3STRUCTURE & OPERATIONFew resources & peopleWork on the continued interests of participating countries·concerns on tradehelp countries negotiate · foster enforcement1Conferences of the Parties meet every three years to tackle major issues2Committees routinely meet to make recommendations3Modifications by committees become recommendations to be taken up at the next COP4Appendix operates on export & import permit requirements4INFLUENCEINFLUENCENegative listBy design,CITES regulatesandmonitorstradeinthe mannerof a negative list suchthat tradein allspecies is permitted and unregulated unless thespeciesin questionappearson the Appendicesorlooksvery muchlike oneof thosetaxa.Then and onlythen, trade is regulated orconstrained.Becausethe remit of the Conventioncoversmillions of speciesof plantsandanimals,andtens of thousandsof thesetaxa are potentially ofeconomic value, in practice this negative listapproacheffectively forcesINFLUENCENegative listCITES signatories to expend limited resources on just a select few, leaving many species to be traded with neither constraint nor review. For example, recently several bird classified as threatened with extinction appeared in the legal wild bird trade because the CITES process never considered their status. If a positive list approach were taken, only species evaluated and approved for the positive list would be permitted in trade, thus lightening the review burden for member states and the Secretariat, and also preventing inadvertent legal trade threats to poorly known species.INFLUENCEINFLUENCEINFLUENCEAlthoughwildplantsandanimalsunderCITESAppendixⅠshould not be traded, CITES AppendixⅡislisted speciesthat are not threatenwith extinction, butwhose trade must be controlled to avoid practices incompatible with their survival. The legal traceableandsustainabletrade of CITES speciescan help and ensuretheir survival meanwhile createeconomic opportunitiesfor communities.????create economic opportunities for communitiesachieve the goal of sustainable developmentMEASUREMENTSestablishing appendix for regulated speciesimplementing the import &export license management systemINFLUENCE????protect wildlife resourceshelp and ensure survivalcreate economic opportunities for communitiesachieve the goal of sustainable developmentpromoting the national performance legislation and law enforcementimposing sanctions on the default party5LIMITATIONS&CHANLLENGENegative List & Black Market The Convention said “Trade in all species is permitted and unregulated unless the species in question appears on the Appendices or looks very much like one of those taxa.”. Obviously, this is an ambiguous rulewhich allows the market to expend limited resources on just a select few, leaving many species to be traded with neither constraint nor review, even in the blackmarket . For example, recently several bird classified as threatened with extinction appeared in the legal wild bird trade because the CITES process never considered their status. If a positive list approach were taken, only species evaluated and approved for the positive list would be permitted in trade, thus lightening the review burden for member states and the Secretariat, and also preventing inadvertent legal trade threats to poorly known species. Black market due to regulationRhino HornElephant IvoryTiger Bone‘The￿ivory￿ban￿has￿made￿prices￿high￿and￿poaching￿lucrative'The ban on international ivory trading was supposed to protect elephants. The result has been counterproductive because restricting supply in a time of increasing wealth in Asia has driven up prices, dramatically increasing incentives and rewards for poachers. Since 2008, large-scale elephant poaching has restarted, driven by high prices in Asia.Elephants in Africa are being slaughtered on an unprecedented scale. In 2012, more than 35,000 of them—or close to 100 per day—were killed for their tusks. Things turned particularly ugly in 2013, when more than 300 fell victim to cyanide poisoning by poachers in Zimbabwe. If things continue at this rate, African elephants may be extinct in as few as 15 years.Limitations/Challengesof￿CITESApproach to biodiversity conservationBlack-faced SpoonbillWhat CITES concerns?one threat to wildlife that produced or potentially produced by trade.What CITES may NOT concerns?Loss of habitatConservation's ecosystem approachesLimitations/Challenges￿of￿CITESApproach to biodiversity conservationPrevent unsustainable userather than Promote sustainable useNot address market demandFunding doesn't provide for increased on-the-ground enforcementWhite rhinocerosTHANK YOU VERY MUCH!Group members:Jianrui Wu, Nuoxing Zhou, Zhemin Wu, Yutian Ding,Xiangyu Chen, Xiaoyu Yun, Yuting Zhang, Jiawei Xu 。