ACCA《F4公司法与商法》内容解析.doc

高顿财经 ACCAACCA《F4 公司法与商法》内容解析本文由高顿 ACCA 整理发布，转载请注明出处Session 3 Types of cost and cost behaviorMain contents:1. Classifying costs2. Cost objects, cost and cost centers3. Analysis of costs into fixed and variable elements3.1 Classifying costsCosts can be classified in a number of different ways:· Element – costs are classified as materials, labor or expenses （overheads）· Nature – costs are classified as being direct or indirect.a. Direct cost is expenditure that can be directly identified with a specific cost unit or cost center.（1）。

Direct material is all material becoming part of the product unless used in negligible amount and/or having negligible cost. （component parts, part finished work and primary packing material）（2） Direct wages – are wages paid for labor either as basic hours or as overtime expensed on the product line.（3） Direct expense are any expense which are incurred on a specified product other than direct material and direct labor.b. Indirect costs/ overheads; are expenditure that can not be directly identified with a specific unit or cost center and must be ‘shared out’ on an equitable basis.高顿财经 ACCA· Behavior –costs are classified as being fixed, variable, semi-variable or stepped fixed.a. Fixed costs: are costs that are not affected in total by the level of activity, but remain the same.b. Variable costs: are the costs that change in total in direct proportion to the level of activity.c. Semi-variable/semi-fixed/mixed costs: are costs which contain both fixed and variable components and so it partly affected by changes in the level of activity.d. Step costs: are fixed in nature but only within certain level of activity.· Function: costs are classified as being production or non-production costs.e. Production costs: are costs included in a stock valuation. The product cost is the cost of making or buying.f. Period costs （general cost）： are costs that are not attributed to product costs, but instead are treated as a cost of the time period when they arise.· Other cost classification:Avoidable cost: cost which can be eliminated by changing operationsUnavoidable cost: cost which will not be changed by decision making.Controllable cost: those cost controllable by a particular manager in a given period.Uncontrollable cost: any cost that can not be affected by management within a given period.COST MODEL: $Direct material: 2高顿财经 ACCADirect labor 3Direct expense 1 Direct cost 6Production overhead （Note） 1Total production cost 7Administration Overhead 1Selling and distribution Overhead 1 Total cost 9Note: Production overhead includes indirect material, indirect labor and indirect expense.3.2 Analyzing costs:Cost objects: a cost object is any activity for which a separate measurement of cost is undertaken.Cost units: a cost unit is a unit of product or service in relation to which costs are ascertainedResponsibility centers: a department whose performance is the direct responsibility of a specific manager.The main responsibility centers are:· Cost center – the performance of a cost center manager is judged on the extent to which cost targets have been achieved.· Revenue center – Within an organization, this is a centre or activity that earns sales revenue. And whose manager is responsible for the revenue earned but not for the costs incurred.· Profit center – a part of the business whose manager is responsible and accountable for both costs and revenue. The performance of a profit center manager is measured in terms of the profit made by the centre.高顿财经 ACCA· Investment centre – a profit centre with additional responsibility for investment and possibly also for financing, and whose performance is measured by its return on capital employed.（ROCE）。

Cost equations:Equation of a straight lineThe equation of a straight line is a linear function and is represented by the following equation:Y = a + bxTotal cost = Total FC + Total VCY= a + bx· Y = total cost· a = the fixed cost for the given period· b = the variable cost per unit· x = the number of units of activityCost graphsCost and revenue $更多 ACCA 资讯请关注高顿 ACCA 官网：高顿财经 ACCA。