雅思阅读实战16篇（附答案）.pdf

雅思阅读实战16篇 （ 附答案）（ word下载版）★How to increase salesPublished online: Nov 9th 2006From The Economist print editionHow shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but itis. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feelhungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensiveproducts at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Nowresearchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence^^ （ that is, how ants, bees or any socialanimal, including humans, behave in a crowd） can be used to influence what people buy.2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome, Zeeshan-ul-hassanUsmani, a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology, described a new way toincrease impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buythings they did not realise they wanted: for instance, by placing everyday items such as milk andeggs at the back of the store, forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them.Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes, also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhancethis tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product isseen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customersinformed about what others are buying.3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product has a radiofrequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information, andevery trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As acustomer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently inthe shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select ittoo.4. Mr Usmani's "swarm-moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases saleswithout the need to give people discounts. And it gives shoppers the satisfaction of knowing thatthey bought the “right“ product- that is, the one everyone else bought. The model has not yetbeen tested widely in the real world, mainly because radio frequency identification technology isnew and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says thatboth Wal-Mart in America and Tesco in Britain are interested in his work, and testing will getunder way in the spring.5. Another recent study on the power of social influence indicates that sales could, indeed, beboosted in this way. Matthew Salganik of Columbia University in New York and his colleagueshave described creating an artificial music market in which some 14,000 people downloadedpreviously unknown songs. The researchers found that when people could see the songs ranked byhow many times they had been downloaded, they followed the crowd. When the songs were notordered by rank, but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed, the effect ofsocial influence was still there but was less pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it iseasy for them to do so.6. In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering itsproducts according to sales data from department stores and research companies. The shops sellonly the most popular items in each product category, and the rankings are updated weekly.Icosystem, a company in Cambridge, Massachusetts, also aims to exploit knowledge of socialnetworking to improve sales.7. And the psychology that works in physical stores is just as potent on the internet. Onlineretailers such as Amazon are adept at telling shoppers which products are popular withlike-minded consumers. Even in the privacy of your home, you can still be part of the swarm.(644 words)Questions 1-6Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage. Use NO MORE THANTHREE WORDS for each answer.1. Shopowners realize that the smell of can increase sales of foodproducts.2. In shops, products shelved at a more visible level sell better even if they are more3. According to Mr. Usmani, with the use of “swarm intelligence” phenomenon, a newmethod can be applied to encour age.4. On the way to everyday items at the back of the store, shoppers might be tempted to buy5. If the number of buyers shown on the is high, other customers tend tofollow them.6.Using the “swarm-moves" model, shopowners do not have to give customers______to increase sales.Questions 7-12Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? Forquestions 7-12 writeYESif the statement agrees with the informationNOif the statement contraicts the informationNOT GIVENif there is no information on this in the passage7.Radio frequency identification technology has been installed experimentally in bigsupermarkets like Wal-Mart.8.9.People tend to download more unknown songs than songs they are familiar with.Songs ranked high by the number of times being downloaded are favored by customers.10.People follow the others to the same extent whether it is convenient or not.11.Items sold in some Japanese stores are simply chosen according to the sales data of othershops.12. Swarm intelligence can also be observed in everyday life.Answer keys:1.答案： ( freshly baked) bread.( 第 1 段第 2 行： Shoppers know that filling a store with thearoma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food thanthey intended.)2. 答案：expensive.( 第 1 段第 4 行： Stocking the most expensive products at eye levelmakes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors.)3. 答案：impulse b u y in g .( 第 2 段第 1 句 : At a recent conference on the simulation ofadaptive behaviour in Rome, Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani, a computer scientist from the FloridaInstitute of Technology, described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon.)4. 答案：other (tempting) goods/things/products.( 第 2 段第 2 句：Supermarkets alreadyencourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance, by placingeveryday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store, forcing shoppers to walk past othertempting goods to reach them.)5. 答案：screen .( 第 3 段第 4 行：As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen onthe shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. Ifthe number is high, he is more likely to select it too.)6. 答案： discounts.( 第 4 段第第 1 句： Mr Usmani* s "swarm-moves” model appealsto supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts.)7. 答案：N O .( 第 4 段第 3、4 句：The model has not yet been tested widely in the realworld, mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only beeninstalled experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal-Mart inAmerica an Tesco in Britain are interestd in his workd, and testing will get under way in the spring.短 语 “get under way” 的意思是“ 开始进行" ，在 Wal-Mart的试验要等到春天才开始)8. 答案：NOT G IV E N .( 在文中没有提及该信息)9. 答案： YES o ( 第 5 段第 3 句： The reseachers found that when people could see the songsranked by how many times they have been downloaded, they followed the crowd.)1 0 . 答案：NOo ( 第 5 段最后两句：When the songs are not ordered by rank, but the numberof times they had been downloaded was displayed, the effect of social influence was still there butwas less pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so. pronounced 的词义是“ 显著的、明显的” )11. 答案：YESo ( 第 6 段第 1 句：In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKingRanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores andresearch companies.)1 2 . 答案： YESo ( 最后一段最后一句： Even in the privacy of your home, you can still be partof the swarm, home 应该算是 everyday life 的一部分)★ Rogue theory of smell gets a boostPublished online: 6 December 2006Rogue theory of smell gets a boost1. A controversial theory of how we smell, which claims that our fine sense of odour dependson quantum mechanics, has been given the thumbs up by a team of physicists.2. Calculations by researchers at University College London (UCL) show that the idea that wesmell odour molecules by sensing their molecular vibrations makes sense in terms of the physicsinvolved.3. That's still some way from proving that the theory, proposed in the mid-1990s bybiophysicist Luca Turin, is correct. But it should make other scientists take the idea moreseriously.4, "This is a big step forward/ says Turin, who has now set up his own perfume companyFlexitral in Virginia. He says that since he published his theory, "it has been ignored rather thancriticized.'15. Most scientists have assumed that our sense of smell depends on receptors in the nosedetecting the shape of incoming molecules, which triggers a signal to the brain. This molecularlock and key' process is thought to lie behind a wide range of the body's detection systems: it ishow some parts of the immune system recognise invaders, for example, and how the tonguerecognizes some tastes.6. But Turin argued that smell doesn*t seem to fit this picture very well. Molecules that lookalmost identical can smell very different — such as alcohols, which smell like spirits, and thiols,which smell like rotten eggs. And molecules with very different structures can smell similar. Moststrikingly, some molecules can smell different — to animals, if not necessarily to humans 一simply because they contain different isotopes (atoms that are chemically identical but have adifferent mass).7. Turin*s explanation for these smelly facts invokes the idea that the smell signal in olfactoryreceptor proteins is triggered not by an odour molecule's shape, but by its vibrations, which canenourage an electron to jump between two parts of the receptor in a quantum-mechanical processcalled tunnelling. This electron movement could initiate the smell signal being sent to the brain.8. This would explain why isotopes can smell different: their vibration frequencies arechanged if the atoms are heavier. Turin's mechanism, says Marshall Stoneham of the UCL team, ismore like swipe-card identification than a key fitting a lock.9. Vibration-assisted electron tunnelling can undoubtedly occur - it is used in anexperimental technique for measuring molecular vibrations. "The question is whether this ispossible in the nose," says Stoneham's colleague, Andrew Horsfield.10. Stoneham says that when he first heard about Turin*s idea, while Turin was himself basedaUCL, "I didn't believe it”. But, he adds, "because it was an interesting idea, I thought I shouldprove it couldn't work. I did some simple calculations, and only then began to feel Luca could beright." Now Stoneham and his co-workers have done the job more thoroughly, in a paper soon tobe published in Physical Review Letters.11. The UCL team calculated the rates of electron hopping in a nose receptor that has an odorantmolecule bound to it. This rate depends on various properties of the biomolecular system that arenot known, but the researchers could estimate these parameters based on typical values formolecules of this sort.12. The key issue is whether the hopping rate with the odorant in place is significantly greaterthan that without it. The calculations show that it is - which means that odour identification inthis way seems theoretically possible.13. But Horsfield stresses that that's different from a proof of Turin's idea. "So far things lookplausible, but we need proper experimental verification. We're beginning to think about whatexperiments could be performed.'114. Meanwhile, Turin is pressing ahead with his hypothesis. "At Flexitral we have beendesigning odorants exclusively on the basis of their computed vibrations/ he says. "Our successrate at odorant discovery is two orders of magnitude better than the competition.'1 At the very least,he is putting his money where his nose is.(668 words Nature)Questions 1-4Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Please writeTRUEFALSENOT GIVENif the statement agrees with the writerif the statement does not agree with the writerif there is no information about this in the passage1.The result of the study at UCL agrees with Turin's theory.2.The study at UCL could conclusively prove what Luca Turin has hypothesized.3. Turin left his post at UCL and started his own business because his theory wasignored.4. The molecules of alcohols and those of thiols look alike.Questions 5-9Complete the sentences below with words from the passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREEWORDS for each answer.5. The hypothesis that we smell by sensing the molecular vibration was made by.6. Turin's company is based in.7. Most scientists believed that our nose works in the same way as our.8. Different isotopes can smell different when weigh differently.9. According to Audrew Horsfield, it is still to be proved that could really occurin human nose.Question 10-12Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for eachanswer.10. What's the name of the researcher who collaborated with Stoneham?11.What is the next step of the UCL team's study?12. What is the theoretical basis in designing odorants in Turin's company?(by Zhou Hong)Answer Keys and Explanations1. T 见第一段。

"give sth the thumbs up" 为 “ 接受" 的意思2. F 见第三段That's still some way from proving that the theory, proposed in themid-1990s by biophysicist Luca Turin, is co rrect.意 即 “ 现在尚无法证实生物物理学家 Luca在九十年代中期提出的理论是否正确O ”3. NG4. T 见第六段 u Molecules that look almost identical can smell very different 一 such asalcohols, which smell like spirits, and thiols, which smell like rotten eggs.”"identical"一词是“ 完全相同”的意思这句话是说alcohols和 ihiols的分子结构看起来一样，但是它们的味道却相去甚远5. Luca Turin 文章第二，三和七段均可看出Luca的理论即人类的鼻子是通过感觉气味分子的震动来分辨气味的6. Virginia 见第四段。

7. tongue 见第五段“This molecular 'lock and key' process is thought to liebehind a wide range of the body's detection systems: it is how some parts of the immune systemrecognise invaders, for example, and how the tongue recognizes some tastes.M8. the atoms 见第八段“This would explain why isotopes can smell different:their vibration frequencies are changed if the atoms are heavier.v9. vibration-assisted electron tunneling 见第九段“ "The question is whether this ispossible in the nose,n says Stoneham's colleague, Andrew Horsfield.” 句中的代词"this” 指句首的 u vibration-assisted electron tunneling”。

10. Andrew Horsfield见第九段结尾11. proper experimental verification 见第十三段12. their computed vibrations 见第十四段★Why did a promising heart drug fail?Doomed drug highlights complications of meddling with cholesterol.1. The failure of a high-profile cholesterol drug has thrown a spotlight on the complicatedmachinery that regulates cholesterol levels. But many researchers remain confident that drugs toboost levels of 'good* cholesterol are still one of the most promising means to combat spirallingheart disease.2. Drug company Pfizer announced on 2 December that it was cancelling all clinical trials oftorcetrapib, a drug designed to raise heart-protective high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). In a trial of15000 patients, a safety board found that more people died or suffered cardiovascular problemsafter taking the drug plus a cholesterol-lowering statin than those in a control group who took thestatin alone.3. The news came as a kick in the teeth to many cardiologists because earlier tests in animalsand people suggested it would lower rates of cardiovascular disease. ''There have been no redflags to my knowledge," says John Chapman, a specialist in lipoproteins and atherosclerosis at theNational Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) in Paris who has also studiedtorcetrapib. MThis cancellation came as a complete shock."4. Torcetrapib is one of the most advanced of a new breed of drugs designed to raise levels ofHDLs, which ferry cholesterol out of artery-clogging plaques to the liver for removal from thebody. Specifically, torcetrapib blocks a protein called cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP),which normally transfers the cholesterol from high-density lipoproteins to low density,plaque-promoting ones. Statins, in contrast, mainly work by lowering the 'bad' low-densitylipoproteins.Under pressure5. Researchers are now trying to work out why and how the drug backfired, something thatwill not become clear until the clinical details are released by Pfizer. One hint lies in evidencefrom earlier trials that it slightly raises blood pressure in some patients. It was thought that thismild problem would be offset by the heart benefits of the drug. But it is possible that it actuallyproved fatal in some patients who already suffered high blood pressure. If blood pressure is theexplanation, it would actually be good news for drug developers because it suggests that theproblems are specific to this compound. Other prototype drugs that are being developed to blockCETP work in a slightly different way and might not suffer the same downfall.6. But it is also possible that the whole idea of blocking CETP is flawed, says Moti Kashyap,who directs atherosclerosis research at the VA Medical Center in Long Beach, California. WhenHDLs excrete cholesterol in the liver, they actually rely on LDLs for part of this process. Soinhibiting CETP, which prevents the transfer of cholesterol from HDL to LDL, might actuallycause an abnormal and irreversible accumulation of cholesterol in the body. nYou're blocking aphysiologic mechanism to eliminate cholesterol and effectively constipating the pathway,'1 saysKashyap.Going up7. Most researchers remain confident that elevating high density lipoproteins levels by onemeans or another is one of the best routes for helping heart disease patients. But HDLs arecomplex and not entirely understood. One approved drug, called niacin, is known to both raiseHDL and reduce cardiovascular risk but also causes an unpleasant sensation of heat and tingling.Researchers are exploring whether they can bypass this side effect and whether niacin can lowerdisease risk more than statins alone. Scientists are also working on several other means to bumpup high-density lipoproteins by, for example, introducing synthetic HDLs. "The only thing weknow is dead in the water is torcetrapib, not the whole idea of raising HDL," says Michael Miller,director of preventive cardiology at the University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore.(613 words nature)Questions 1-7This passage has 7 paragraphs 1-7.Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.Write the correct number i-ix in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.List of Headingsi. How does torcetrapib work?ii. Contradictory result prior to the current trialiii. One failure may possibly bring about future successiv. The failure doesn9t lead to total loss of confidencev. It is the right route to followvi. Why it's stoppedvii. They may combine and theoretically produce ideal resultviii. What's wrong with the drugix. It might be wrong at the first placeExampleParagraph 11. Paragraph 22. Paragraph 33. Paragraph 44. Paragraph 55 • Paragraph 66. Paragraph 7answerivQuestions 7-13Match torcetrapib, HDLs, statin and CETP with their functions (Questions 8-13)..Write the correct letter A, B, C or D in boxes 8-13 on your answer sheet.NB You may use any letter more than once.7. It has been administered to over 10,000 subjects in a clinical trial.8. It could help rid human body of cholesterol.9. Researchers are yet to find more about it.10. It was used to reduce the level of cholesterol.11. According to Kashyap, it might lead to unwanted result if it's blocked.12. It produced contradictory results in different trials.13. It could inhibit LDLs.List of choicesA. TorcetrapicB. HDLSC. StatinD. CETP(by Zhou Hong)Suggested Answers and Explanations1. vi2. ii3. vii 本段介绍了 torcetrapib和 statin的治病原理，但是同时短语"in contrastn与之前第二段后半段的内容呼应，暗示了这两种药在理论上能相辅相成，是理想的搭配。

第一个选项无法涵盖整段意义，故选择i 是错误的4. iii 本段分析了可能导致torcetrapibl临床试验失败的原因， 后半段指出如果以上推测正确， 那么未来的药物可借鉴这个试验， 设法避免torcetrapib的缺陷， 研制出有效的药物viii选项无法涵盖后半段的意思5. ix 见首句6. v7. A 见第二段题目中administer 一词意为“ 用药” ，subject一词为“ 实验对象”之意8. B 见第四段” … to raise levels of HDLs, which ferry cholesterol out of artery-cloggingplaques to the liver for removal from the body.” 即 HDLs 的作用最终是将 choleserol 清除出人体：” … for removal from the body9. B 见第四段 “But HDLs are complex and not entirely understood.”10. C 见第二段“ … plus a cholesterol-lowering s t a t i n 即 Stalin 是可以降低 cholesterol 的。

11. D 见第六段 “So inhibiting CETP,… might actually cause an abnormaland irreversible accumulation of cholesterol in the body.12. A 见第三段13. C 见第四段“Statins, in contrast, mainly work by lowering the'bad1 low-density lipoproteins.v★The Triumph of UnreasonA.Neoclassical economics is built on the assumption that humans are rational beings who have aclear idea of their best interests and strive to extract maximum benefit (or “ulilily”, ineconomist-speak) from any situation. Neoclassical economics assumes that the process ofdecision-making is rational. But that contradicts growing evidence that decision-making draws onthe emotions- even when reason is clearly involved.B.The role of emotions in decisions makes perfect sense. For situations met frequently in the past,such as obtaining food and mates, and confronting or fleeing from threats, the neural mechanismsrequired to weigh up the pros and cons will have been honed by evolution to produce an optimaloutcome. Since emotion is the mechanism by which animals are prodded towards such outcomes,evolutionary and economic theory predict the same practical consequences for utility in thesecases. But does this still apply when the ancestral machinery has to respond to the stimuli of urbanmodernity?C.One of the people who thinks that it does not is George Loewenstein, an economist at CarnegieMellon University, in Pittsburgh. In particular, he suspects that modem shopping has subverted thedecision-making machinery in a way that encourages people to run up debt. To prove the point hehas teamed up with two psychologists, Brian Knutson of Stanford University and Drazen Prelec ofthe Massachusetts Institute of Technology, to look at what happens in the brain when it is decidingwhat to buy.D.In a study, the three researchers asked 26 volunteers to decide whether to buy a series of productssuch as a box of chocolates or a DVD of the television show that were flashed on a computerscreen one after another. In each round of the task, the researchers first presented the product andthen its price, with each step lasting four seconds. In the final stage, which also lasted four seconds,they asked the volunteers to make up their minds. While the volunteers were taking part in theexperiment, the researchers scanned their brains using a technique called functional magneticresonance imaging (fMRI). This measures blood flow and oxygen consumption in the brain, as anindication of its activity.E.The researchers found that different parts of the brain were involved at different stages of the test.The nucleus accumbens was the most active part when a product was being displayed. Moreover,the level of its activity correlated with the reported desirability of the product in question.F.When the price appeared, however, fMRI reported more activity in other parts of the brain.Excessively high prices increased activity in the insular cortex, a brain region linked toexpectations of pain, monetary loss and the viewing of upsetting pictures. The researchers alsofound greater activity in this region of the brain when the subject decided not to purchase an item.GPrice information activated the medial prefrontal cortex, too. This part of the brain is involved inrational calculation. In the experiment its activity seemed to correlate with a volunteer's reaction toboth product and price, rather than to price alone. Thus, the sense of a good bargain evoked higheractivity levels in the medial prefrontal cortex, and this often preceded a decision to buy.H.People's shopping behaviour therefore seems to have piggy-backed on old neural circuits evolvedfor anticipation of reward and the avoidance of hazards. What Dr Loewenstein found interestingwas the separation of the assessment of the product (which seems to be associated with thenucleus accumbens) from the assessment of its price (associated with the insular cortex), eventhough the two are then synthesised in the prefrontal cortex. His hypothesis is that rather thanweighing the present good against future alternatives, as orthodox economics suggests happens,people actually balance the immediate pleasure of the prospective possession of a product with theimmediate pain of paying for it.I.That makes perfect sense as an evolved mechanism for trading. If one useful object is being tradedfor another (hard cash in modem time), the future utility of what is being given up is embedded inthe object being traded. Emotion is as capable of assigning such a value as reason. Buying oncredit, though, may be different. The abstract nature of credit cards, coupled with the deferment ofpayment that they promise, may modulate the "con” side of the calculation in favour of the "pro”.J.Whether it actually does so will be the subject of further experiments that the three researchers arenow designing. These will test whether people with distinctly different spending behaviour, suchas miserliness and extravagance, experience different amounts of pain in response to prices. Theywill also assess whether, in the same individuals, buying with credit cards eases the pain comparedwith paying by cash. If they find that it does, then credit cards may have to join the list of thingssuch as fatty and sugary foods, and recreational drugs, that subvert human instincts in ways thatseem pleasurable at the time but can have a long and malign aftertaste.Questions 1-6Do the following statemets reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?Write your answer in Boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.TRUE if the statement reflets the claims of the writerFALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is possbile to say what the writer thinks about this1. The belief of neoclassical economics does not accord with the increasing evidence thathumans make use of the emotions to make decisions.2. Animals are urged by emotion to strive for an optimal outcomes or extract maximumutility from any situation.3. George Loewenstein thinks that modern ways of shopping tend to allow people toaccumulate their debts.4. The more active the nucleus accumens was, the stronger the desire of people for theproduct in question became.5. The prefrontal cortex of the human brain is linked to monetary loss and the viewing ofupsetting pictures.6. When the activity in nucleus accumbens was increased by the sense of a good bargain,people tended to purchase coffee.Questions 7-9Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 7-9 on your answe sheet.7. Which of the following statements about orthodox economics is true?A. The process which people make their decisions is rational.B. People have a clear idea of their best interests in any situation.C. Humans make judgement on the basis of reason rather then emotion.D. People weigh the present good against future alternatives in shopping.8. The word “miserliness“ in line 3 of Paragraph J means.A. people's behavior of buying luxurious goodsB. people's behavior of buying very special itemsC. people's behavior of being very mean in shoppingD. people's behavior of being very generous in shopping9. The three researchers are now designing the future experiments, which testA. whether people with very different spending behaviour experience different amounts of pain inresponse to products.B. whether buying an item with credit cards eases the pain of the same individuals comparedwith paying for it by cash.C. whether the abstract nature of credit cards may modulate the “con" side of the calculationin favour of the "pro”.D. whether the credit cards may subvert human instincts in ways that seem pleasurable butwith a terrible effect.Questions 10-13Complete the notes below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 10-13 on your answer sheet.To find what happens in the brain of humans when it is deciding things to buy, GeorgeLoewenstein and his co-researchers did an experiment by using the technique of fMRI. Theyfound that different parts of the brain were invloved in the process. The activity in ...10... wasgreatly increased with the displaying of certain product. The great activity was found in the insularcortex when ...11...and the subject decided not to buy a product. The activity of the medialprefrontal cortex seemed to associate with both ... 12...informaiton. What interested DrLoewenstein was the ...13... of the assessment of the product and its price in different parts of thebrain.Part IINotes to Reading Passage 11. the nucleus accumbens, the insular cortex, and the medial prefrontal cortex:大 脑 的 不 同 部 位 （ 皮层，皮质等）e.g. cerebellar cortex 小脑皮层 cerebral cortex 大脑皮层2. hone:壬 行 磨 ，磨快，磨练，训练使。

更完美或有效.3. subvert:毁灭，破坏；摧毁：4. piggyback：骑在肩上；在肩上骑5. deferment:推迟、延迟、分期付款6. aftertaste:余味，回味事情或经历结束后的感觉，特指令人不快的感觉Part IIIKeys and explanations to the Questions 1-131. TRUESee the second and third sentence in Paragraph A ""Neoclassical economics assumes that theprocess of decision-making is rational. But that contradicts growing evidence thatdecision-making draws on the emotions- even when reason is clearly involved.^^2. TRUESee the third sentence in Paragrph B “ Since emotion is the mechanism by which animals areprodded towards such outcomes, evolutionary and economic theory predict the same practicalconsequences for utility in these cases.”3. FALSESee the second sentence in Paragrph C “In particular, he suspects that modern shopping hassubverted the decision-making machinery in a way that encourages people to run up debt.^^4. TRUESee the last sentence in Paragrph E “Moreover, the level of its activity correlated with the reporteddesirability of the product in question/*5. FALSESee the second sentence in Paragrph F and G respectively “Excessively high prices increasedactivity in the insular cortex, a brain region linked to expectations of pain, monetary loss and theview★Don't wash those fossils!Standard museum practice can wash away DNA.1. Washing, brushing and varnishing fossils — all standard conservation treatments used bymany fossil hunters and museum curators alike - vastly reduces the chances of recoveringancient DNA.2. Instead, excavators should be handling at least some of their bounty with gloves, andfreezing samples as they are found, dirt and all, concludes a paper in the Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences today.3. Although many palaeontologists know anecdotally that this is the best way to up the oddsof extracting good DNA, Eva-Maria Geigl of the Jacques Monod Institute in Paris, France, and hercolleagues have now shown just how important conservation practices can be. This information,they say, needs to be hammered home among the people who are actually out in the field diggingup bones.4. Geigl and her colleagues looked at 3,200-year-old fossil bones belonging to a singleindividual of an extinct cattle species, called an aurochs. The fossils were dug up at a site inFrance at two different times — either in 1947, and stored in a museum collection, or in 2004, andconserved in sterile conditions at -20 ℃.5. The team's attempts to extract DNA from the 1947 bones all failed. The newly excavatedfossils, however, all yielded DNA.6. Because the bones had been buried for the same amount of time, and in the same conditions,the conservation method had to be to blame says Geigl. "As much DNA was degraded in these 57years as in the 3,200 years before,'* she says.Wash in, wash out7. Because many palaeontologists base their work on the shape of fossils alone, their methodsof conservation are not designed to preserve DNA, Geigl explains.8. The biggest problem is how they are cleaned. Fossils are often washed together on-site in alarge bath, which can allow water - and contaminants in the form of contemporary DNA 一 topermeate into the porous bones. "Not only is the authentic DNA getting washed out, butcontamination is getting washed in,M says Geigl.9. Most ancient DNA specialists know this already, says Hendrik Poinar, an evolutionarygeneticist at McMaster University in Ontario, Canada. But that doesn't mean that best practice hasbecome widespread among those who actually find the fossils.10. Getting hold of fossils that have been preserved with their DNA in mind relies on closerelationships between lab-based geneticists and the excavators, says palaeogeneticist Svante Piiaboof the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. And that onlyoccurs in exceptional cases, he says.11. Paabo's team, which has been sequencing Neanderthal DNA, continually faces theseproblems. "When you want to study ancient human and Neanderthal remains, there's a big issue ofcontamination with contemporary human DNA," he says.12. This doesn't mean that all museum specimens are fatally flawed, notes Paabo. TheNeanderthal fossils that were recently sequenced in his own lab, for example, had been part of amuseum collection treated in the traditional way. But Paabo is keen to see samples of fossils fromevery major find preserved in line with Geigl's recommendations —— just in case.Warm and wet13. Geigl herself believes that, with cooperation between bench and field researchers, preservingfossils properly could open up avenues of discovery that have long been assumed closed.14. Much human cultural development took place in temperate regions. DNA does not survivewell in warm environments in the first place, and can vanish when fossils are washed and treated.For this reason, Geigl says, most ancient DNA studies have been done on permafrost samples,such as the woolly mammoth, or on remains sheltered from the elements in cold caves 一including cave bear and Neanderthal fossils.15. Better conservation methods, and a focus on fresh fossils, could boost DNA extraction frommore delicate specimens, says Geigl. And that could shed more light on the story of humanevolution.（ 640 words nature）GlossaryPalaeontologists 古生物学家Aurochs欧洲野牛Neanderthal （ 人类学）尼安德特人，旧石器时代的古人类。

Permafrost （ 地理）永冻层Questions 1-6Answer the following questions by using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.1. How did people traditionally treat fossils?2. What suggestions do Geigl and her colleagues give on what should be done whenfossils are found?3. What problems may be posed if fossil bones are washed on-site? Name ONE.4. What characteristic do fossil bones have to make them susceptible to be contaminatedwith contemporary DNA when they are washed?5. What could be better understood when conservation treatments are improved?6. The passage mentioned several animal species studied by researchers. How many ofthem are mentioned?Questions 7-11Do the following statements agree with the information given in the passage? Please writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the writerFALSE if the statement does not agree with the writerNOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage7. In their paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences ,Geigl and her colleagues have shown what conservation practices should be followed to preserveancient DNA.8. The fossil bones that Geigl and her colleagues studied are all from the same aurochs.9. Geneticists don't have to work on site.10. Only newly excavated fossil bones using new conservation methods suggested by Geigland her colleagues contain ancient DNA.11. Paabo is still worried about the potential problems caused by treatments of fossils intraditional way.Questions 12-13Complete the following the statements by choosing letter A-D for each answer.“This information^^ in paragraph 3 indicates:It is critical to follow proper practices in preserving ancient DNA.The best way of getting good DNA is to handle fossils with gloves.Fossil hunters should wear home-made hammers while digging up bones.Many palaeontologists know how one should do in treating fossils.The study conducted by Geigl and her colleagues suggests:the fact that ancient DNA can not be recovered from fossil bones excavated in the past.[Bl the correlation between the amount of burying time and that of the recoveredDNA.[Cl the pace at which DNA degrades.[D] the coiTelation between conservation practices and degradation of DNA.(by Zhou Hong)•-]1Ju•]2ABcD3A11-[nrL1ArlSuggested answers and explanations1. washing, brushing, varnishing 见第一段。

2. handling with gloves / freezing samples ( any one of the two ) 见第二段3. losing authentic DNA / being contaminated / contamination ( any one of the three)见第八段"Not only is the authentic DNA getting washed out, but contamination is getting washedin" ( 答 being contaminated 或 contamination 比较保险)4. they are porous porous的意思是多孔的见第八段“ … which can allowwater - and contaminants in the form of contemporary DNA - to permeate into the porousbones.v5. human evolution 见第十五段其 中 “shed light on sth” 的意思是使某事显得非常清楚，使人了解某事。

6. 4 分别为第四段的 “an extinct cattle species, called an aurochs”，即欧洲野牛，已经绝迹；第十一段"Neanderthar； 是人类学用语，尼安德特人，旧石器时代的古人类；第十四段“woolly mammoth” 和 “cave bear"，其中mammoth是猛吗，一种古哺乳动物7. T 见第二段8. T 见 第 四 段 "Geigl and her colleagues looked at 3,200-year-old fossil bonesbelonging to a single individual of an extinct cattle species, called an aurochs.” 即他们研究的骨化石是一头欧洲野牛身上的9. NG10. F 见第十二段第一、二句话11. T 见第十二段末句"But Paabo is keen to see samples of fossils from every major findpreserved in line with GeigFs recommendations 一 just in case.“ 意即为保险起见，Paabo 还是非常希望见到用Geigl建议的方法保存的化石样本。

"just in case”的意思是以防万一，就是 Paabo对用传统保存处理的化石不放心的意思12. A 见第三段This information 就是前一句中" . . . just how important conservationpractices can be” (to preserve good DNA) “be ham m ered之中 hammer 一词的意思是不断重复强调13. D 面信息需要理解文章各处关于Geigl和她的同事所作的研究★Search begins for 'Earth* beyond solar systemStaff and agenciesWednesday December 27, 2006Guardian Unlimited1. A European spacecraft took off today to spearhead the search for another "Earth" among thestars.2. The Corot space telescope blasted off aboard a Russian Soyuz rocket from the Baikonurcosmodrome in Kazakhstan shortly after 2.20pm.3. Corot, short for convection rotation and planetary transits, is the first instrument capable offinding small rocky planets beyond the solar system. Any such planet situated in the right orbitstands a good chance of having liquid water on its surface, and quite possibly life, although aleading scientist involved in the project said it was unlikely to find "any little green men".4. Developed by the French space agency, CNES, and partnered by the European Space Agency(ESA), Austria, Belgium, Germany, Brazil and Spain, Corot will monitor around 120,000 starswith its 27cm telescope from a polar orbit 514 miles above the Earth. Over two and a half years, itwill focus on five to six different areas of the sky, measuring the brightness of about 10,000 starsevery 512 seconds.5. "At the present moment we are hoping to find out more about the nature of planets around starswhich are potential habitats. We are looking at habitable planets, not inhabited planets. We are notgoing to find any little green men," Professor Ian Roxburgh, an ESA scientist who has beeninvolved with Corot since its inception, told the BBC Radio 4 Today programme.6. Prof Roxburgh said it was hoped Corot would find "rocky planets that could develop anatmosphere and, if they are the right distance from their parent star, they could have water',.7. To search for planets, the telescope will look for the dimming of starlight caused when an objectpasses in front of a star, known as a ''transit". Although it will take more sophisticated spacetelescopes planned in the next 10 years to confirm the presence of an Earth-like planet withoxygen and liquid water, Corot will let scientists know where to point their lenses.8. Measurements of minute changes in brightness will enable scientists to detect giant Jupiter-likegas planets as well as small rocky ones. It is the rocky planets - that could be no bigger than abouttwice the size of the Earth - which will cause the most excitement. Scientists expect to findbetween 10 and 40 of these smaller planets.9. Corot will also probe into stellar interiors by studying the acoustic waves that ripple across thesurface of stars, a technique called "asteroseismology".10. The nature of the ripples allows astronomers to calculate a star*s precise mass, age andchemical composition.11. "A planet passing in front of a star can be detected by the fall in light from that star. Smalloscillations of the star also produce changes in the light emitted, which reveal what the star ismade of and how they are structured internally. This data will provide a major boost to ourunderstanding of how stars form and evolve," Prof Roxburgh said.12. Since the discovery in 1995 of the first "exoplanet*1 - a planet orbiting a star other than the Sun- more than 200 others have been found by ground-based observatories.13. Until now the usual method of finding exoplanets has been to detect the "wobble" their gravityimparts on parent stars. But only giant gaseous planets bigger than Jupiter can be found this way,and they are unlikely to harbour life.14. In the 2010s, ESA plans to launch Darwin, a fleet of four or five interlinked space telescopesthat will not only spot small rocky planets, but analyse their atmospheres for signs of biologicalactivity.15. At around the same time, the US space agency, Nasa, will launch Terrestrial Planet Finder,another space telescope designed to locate Earth-like planets.(615 words)Choose the appropriate letter from A-D for question 1.1. Corot is an instrument which(A) can help to search for certain planets(B) is used to find planets in the orbit(C) can locate planets with human beings(D) can spot any planets with water.Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? Forquestions 2-5 writeTRUEFALSENOT GIVENif the statement agrees with the informationif the statement contraicts the informationif there is no information on this in the passage2. Scientists are trying to find out about the planets that can be inhabited.3.BBC Radio 4 recently focuses on the broadcasting of Corot.4. Passing objects might cause a fall in light.5. Corot can tell whether there is another Earth-like planet.Based on your reading of the passage, complete the sentences below with words taken from thepassage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.With measurements, scientists will be able to search for some gaseous and rocky planets. Theywill be extremely excited if they can discover some small 6., the expected number ofwhich could be up to 7..Corot will enable scientists to study the 8.of stars. In this way, a star's mass, age andchemical composition can be calculated.According to Prof Roxburgh, changes in light can be caused by passing planets or star 9.. The related statistics can gain us a better 10.of the star formation andevolvement.Observatories have found many exoplanets, which are 11.other stars than the Sun.The common way used in finding exoplanets can only detect huge gas planets, which do not 12.With the launching of Darwin, astronomers will be able to analyse whether those rocky planetshave 13.for life.Answer keys:1. 答案： A ( 第 3 段第 1 句： Corot, short for convection rotation and planetary transits, isthe first instrument capable of finding small rocky planets beyond the solar system. A 项中的certain planets 指 small rocky planets beyond the solar system.)2. 答案： TRUE ( 第 5 段第 1、 2 句：At the present moment we are hoping to find out moreabout the nature of planets around stars which are potential habitats. We are looking at habitableplanets, not inhabited planets.问题中的"ihat can be inhabited” 意思就是 inhabitable.)3. 答案：NOT GIVEN ( 文中没有提及该信息。

)4. 答案：TRUE ( 第 7 段第 1 句：To search for planets, the telescope will look for thedimming of starlight caused when an object passes in front of a star, known as a "transit".)5. 答案：FASLE ( 第 7 段第 2、3 句：Although it will take more sophisticated spacetelescopes planned in the next 10 years to confirm the presence of an Earth-like planet withoxygen and liquid water, Corot will let scientists know where to point their lenses.)6. 答案： rocky planets ( 第 8 段第 2 句： It is Ihe rocky planets - that could be no bigger thanabout twice the size of the Earth - which will cause the most excitement.)7. 答案： 40 ( 第 8 段第 3 句： Scientists expect to find between 10 and 40 of these smallerplanets.问题中短语“upto” 的意思是“ 达到，高达” ，所以应该选择最高的数字40。

)8. 答案： interiors ( 第 9 段第 1 句：Corot will also probe into stellar interiors by studyingthe acoustic waves that ripple across the surface of stars, a technique called "asteroseismology".单词" probe” 的词义是“ 探查，探索二)9. 答案： oscillations ( 第 11 段第 2 句： Small oscillations of the star also produce changesin the light emitted, which reveal what the star is made of and how they are structured internally.)1 0 .答案：understanding ( 第 11 段第 3 句：This data will provide a major boost to ourunderstanding of how stars form and evolve.)1 1 . 答案：orbiting ( 第 12 段第 1 句：Since the discovery in 1995 of the first uexoplanetu - aplanet orbiting a star other than the Sun - more than 200 others have been found by ground-basedobservatories.)12. 答案： harbour life ( 第 13 段： Until now the usual method of finding exoplanets has beento detect the "wobble" their gravity imparts on parent stars. But only giant gaseous planets biggerthan Jupiter can be found this way, and they are unlikely to harbour life.)13. 答案：atmospheres ( 第 14 段：In the 2010s, ESA plans to launch Darwin, a fleet of four orfive interlinked space telescopes that will not only spot small rocky planets, but analyse theiratmospheres for signs of biological activity.)★Food agency takes on industry over junk labelsFelicity LawrenceThursday December 28, 2006The Guardian1. Consumers are to be presented with two rival new year advertising campaigns as the FoodStandards Agency goes public in its battle with the industry over the labelling of unhealthy foods.2. The Guardian has learned that the FSA will launch a series of 10-second television adverts inJanuary telling shoppers how to follow a red, amber and green traffic light labelling system on thefront of food packs, which is designed to tackle Britain's obesity epidemic.3. The campaign is a direct response to a concerted attempt by leading food manufacturers andretailers, including Kellogg's and Tesco, to derail the system. The industry fears that traffic lightswould demonise entire categories of foods and could seriously damage the market for those thatare fatty, salty or high in sugar.4. The UK market for breakfast cereals is worth £1.27bn a year and the manufacturers fear it willbe severely dented if red light labels are put on packaging drawing attention to the fact that themajority are high in salt and/or sugar.5. The industry is planning a major marketing campaign for a competing labelling system whichavoids colour-coding in favour of information about the percentage of "guideline daily amounts"(GDAs) of fat, salt and sugar contained in their products.6. The battle for the nation's diet comes as new rules on television advertising come into force inJanuary which will bar adverts for unhealthy foods from commercial breaks during programmesaimed at children. Sources at the TV regulators are braced for a legal challenge from the industryand have described the lobbying efforts to block any new ad ban or colour-coded labelling as "themost ferocious we've ever experienced".7. Ofcom's chief executive, Ed Richards, said: nWe are prepared to face up to any legal actionfrom the industry, but we very much hope it will not be necessary.'* The FSA said it was expectingan onslaught from the industry in January. Senior FSA officials said the manufacturers* efforts toundermine its proposals on labelling could threaten the agency's credibility.8. Terrence Collis, FSA director of communications, dismissed claims that the proposals were notbased on science. MWe have some of the most respected scientists in Europe, both within the FSAand in our independent advisory committees. It is unjustified and nonsensical to attack the FSA'sscientific reputation and to try to undermine its credibility."9. The FSA is understood to have briefed its ad agency, United, before Christmas, and will aim toair ads that are "non-confrontational, humorous and factual" as a counterweight to industry'sefforts about the same time. The agency, however, will have a tiny fraction of the budget availableto the industry.10. Gavin Neath, chairman of Unilever UK and president of the Food and Drink Federation, hassaid that the industry has made enormous progress but could not accept red "stop" signs on itsfood.11. Alastair Sykes, chief executive of Nestle UK, said that under the FSA proposals all hiscompany's confectionery and most of its cereals would score a red. *'Are we saying peopleshouldn't eat confectionery? We're driven by consumers and what they want, and much of what wedo has been to make our products healthier," he said.12. Chris Wermann, director of communications at Kellogg's, said: "In principle we could neveraccept traffic light labelling."13. The rival labelling scheme introduced by Kellogg's, Danone, Unilever, Nestle, Kraft and Tescoand now favoured by 21 manufacturers, uses an industry-devised system based on identifyingGDAs of key nutrients. Tesco says it has tested both traffic lights and GDA labels in its stores andthat the latter increased sales of healthier foods.14. But the FSA said it could not live with this GDA system alone because it was "not scientific"or easy for shoppers to understand at a glance.(626 words)Questions 1-6Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for eachanswer.1. When will instructions be given on reading the color-coded labels?2. Where can customers find the red light labels?3. What problem is the FSA trying to handle with the labeling system?4. Which product sells well but may not be healthy?5. What information, according to the manufacturers, can be labeled on products?6. What can not be advertised during children's programmes?Questions 7-13Use the information in the text to match the people (listed A-E) with the opinions (listed 7-13)below. Write the appropriate letter (A-E) for questions 1-7.NB You may use any letter more than once.A Ed RichardB Terrence CollisC Gavin NeathD Alastair SykesE Chris Wermann7. Generally we will not agree to use the red light labels.8. It is unreasonable to doubt if FSA is trustworthy.9. We are trying to meet our consumers, needs.10. The food industry has been improving greatly.11. The color-coded labeling system is scientific.12. Our products will be labeled unhealthy by the FSA.13. We are ready to confront the manufacturers.Answer keys:1. 答案：(in) January ( 见第 2 段：The Guardian has learned that the FSA will launch aseries of 10-second television adverts in January telling shoppers how to follow a red, amber andgreen traffic light labelling system on the front of food packs, which is designed to tackle Britain'sobesity epidemic.)2. 答案：food packs/packaging ( 见第 2 段：The Guardian has learned that the FSA willlaunch a series of 10-second television adverts in January telling shoppers how to follow a red,amber and green traffic light labelling system on the front of food packs, which is designed totackle Britain's obesity epidemic.或者在第 4 段中也提到另一个答案：The UK market forbreakfast cereals is worth £1.27bn a year and the manufacturers fear it will be severely dented ifred light labels are put on packaging drawing attention to the fact that the majority are high in saltand/or sugar.)3. 答案： (Britain' s) obesity epidemic ( 见第 2 段： The Guardian has learned that the FSAwill launch a series of 10-second television adverts in January telling shoppers how to follow a red,amber and green traffic light labelling system on the front of food packs, which is designed totackle Britain's obesity epidemic.)4. 答案：(breakfast) cereals ( 见第 4 段：The UK market for breakfast cereals is worth£1.27bn a year and the manufacturers fear it will be severely dented if red light labels are put onpackaging drawing attention to the fact that the majority are high in salt and/or sugar.)5. 答案：guieline daily amounts/GDAs ( 见第 5 段：The industry is planning a majormarketing campaign for a competing labelling system which avoids colour-coding in favour ofinformation about the percentage of "guideline daily amountsM (GDAs) of fat, salt and sugarcontained in their products.)6. 答案： unhealthy foods ( 见第 6 段第 1 句： The battle for the nation's diet comes as newrules on television advertising come into force in January which will bar adverts for unhealthyfoods from commercial breaks during programmes aimed at children.)7. 答案：E ( 见第 12 段：Chris Wermann, director of communications at Kellogg's, said:HIn principle we could never accept traffic light labelling.")8. 答案：B ( 见第 8 段最后一句：It is unjustified and nonsensical to attack the FSA'sscientific reputation and to try to undermine its credibility.)9. 答案：D ( 见第 11 段最后 1 句：We're driven by consumers and what they want, andmuch of what we do has been to make our products healthier.)10. 答案： C ( 见第 10 段:Gavin Neath, chairman of Unilever UK and president of the Food andDrink Federation, has said that the industry has made enormous progress but could not accept redustopH signs on its food.)11. 答案： B ( 见第 8 段： Terrence Collis, FSA director of communications, dismissed claims thatthe proposals were not based on science. "We have some of the most respected scientists inEurope, both within the FSA and in our independent advisory committees. It is unjustified andnonsensical to attack the FSA's scientific reputation and to try to undermine its credibility,")1 2 . 答案： D ( 见第 11 段第 1 句： Alastair Sykes, chief executive of Nestle UK, said that underthe FSA proposals all his company's confectionery and most of its cereals would score a red.)1 3 . 答案： A ( 见第 7 段第 1 句： Ofcom's chief executive, Ed Richards, said: "We are preparedto face up to any legal action from the industry, but we very much hope it will not be necessary.u)★Sun's fickle heart may leave us cold25 January 2007From New Scientist Print Edition.Stuart Clark1 There's a dimmer switch inside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall on timescalesof around 100,000 years - exactly the same period as between ice ages on Earth. So says aphysicist who has created a computer model of our star's core.2 Robert Ehrlich of George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia, modelled the effect oftemperature fluctuations in the sun's interior. According to the standard view, the temperature ofthe sun*s core is held constant by the opposing pressures of gravity and nuclear fusion. However,Ehrlich believed that slight variations should be possible.3 He took as his starting point the work of Attila Grandpierre of the Konkoly Observatory ofthe Hungarian Academy of Sciences. In 2005, Grandpierre and a collaborator, Gabor Agoston,calculated that magnetic fields in the sun's core could produce small instabilities in the solarplasma. These instabilities would induce localised oscillations in temperature.4 Ehrlich*s model shows that whilst most of these oscillations cancel each other out, somereinforce one another and become long-lived temperature variations. The favoured frequenciesallow the sun's core temperature to oscillate around its average temperature of 13.6 million kelvinin cycles lasting either 100,000 or 41,000 years. Ehrlich says that random interactions within thesun's magnetic field could flip the fluctuations from one cycle length to the other.5 These two timescales are instantly recognisable to anyone familiar with Earth's ice ages: forthe past million years, ice ages have occurred roughly every 100,000 years. Before that, theyoccurred roughly every 41,000 years.6 Most scientists believe that the ice ages are the result of subtle changes in Earth's orbit,known as the Milankovitch cycles. One such cycle describes the way Earth's orbit graduallychanges shape from a circle to a slight ellipse and back again roughly every 100,000 years. Thetheory says this alters the amount of solar radiation that Earth receives, triggering the ice ages.However, a persistent problem with this theory has been its inability to explain why the ice ageschanged frequency a million years ago.7 "In Milankovitch, there is certainly no good idea why the frequency should change from oneto another,'1 says Neil Edwards, a climatologist at the Open University in Milton Keynes, UK. Noris the transition problem the only one the Milankovitch theory faces. Ehrlich and other criticsclaim that the temperature variations caused by Milankovitch cycles are simply not big enough todrive ice ages.8 However, Edwards believes the small changes in solar heating produced by Milankovitchcycles are then amplified by feedback mechanisms on Earth. For example, if sea ice begins toform because of a slight cooling, carbon dioxide that would otherwise have found its way into theatmosphere as part of the carbon cycle is locked into the ice. That weakens the greenhouse effectand Earth grows even colder.9 According to Edwards, there is no lack of such mechanisms. "If you add their effects together,there is more than enough feedback to make Milankovitch work,'* he says. HThe problem now isidentifying which mechanisms are at work.1' This is why scientists like Edwards are not yet readyto give up on the current theory. "Milankovitch cycles give us ice ages roughly when we observethem to happen. We can calculate where we are in the cycle and compare it with observation,n hesays. "1 can't see any way of testing [Ehrlich's] idea to see where we are in the temperatureoscillation."10 Ehrlich concedes this. nIf there is a way to test this theory on the sun, I can't think of one thatis practical," he says. That*s because variation over 41,000 to 100,000 years is too gradual to beobserved. However, there may be a way to test it in other stars: red dwarfs. Their cores are muchsmaller than that of the sun, and so Ehrlich believes that the oscillation periods could be shortenough to be observed. He has yet to calculate the precise period or the extent of variation inbrightness to be expected.11 Nigel Weiss, a solar physicist at the University of Cambridge, is far from convinced. Hedescribes Ehrlich's claims as "utterly implausible0. Ehrlich counters that Weiss*s opinion is basedon the standard solar model, which fails to take into account the magnetic instabilities that causethe temperature fluctuations.(716 words)Questions 1-4Complete each of the following statements with One or Two names of the scientists from the boxbelow.Write the appropriate letters A-E in boxes 1-4 on your answer sheet.A. Attila GrandpierreB. Gabor AgostonC. Neil EdwardsD. Nigel WeissE. Robert Ehrlich1. ...claims there 担 a dimmer switch inside the sun that causes its brightness to rise and fall inperiods as long as those between ice ages on Earth.2. ...calculated that the internal solar magnetic fields could produce instabilities in the solarplasma.3. ...holds that Milankovitch cycles can induce changes in solar heating on Earth and the changesare amplified on Earth.4. ...doesn't believe in Ehrlich's viewpoints at all.Questions 5-9Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?In boxes 5-9 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement is true according to the passageFALSE if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage5. The ice ages changed frequency from 100,000 to 41,000 years a million years ago.6. The sole problem that the Milankovitch theory can not solve is to explain why the ice agefrequency should shift from one to another.7. Carbon dioxide can be locked artificially into sea ice to eliminate the greenhouse effect.8. Some scientists are not ready to give up the Milankovitch theory though they haven't figuredout which mechanisms amplify the changes in solar heating.9. Both Edwards and Ehrlich believe that there is no practical way to test when the solartemperature oscillation begins and when ends.Questions 10-14Complete the notes below.Choose one suitable word from the Reading Passage above for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 10-14 on your answer sheet.The standard view assumes that the opposing pressures of gravity and nuclear fusions hold thetemperature ...10...in the sun's interior, but the slight changes in the earth's ...11... alter thetemperature on the earth and cause ice ages every 100,000 years. A British scientist, however,challenges this view by claiming that the internal solar magnetic ...12... can induce the temperatureoscillations in the sun's interior. The sun's core temperature oscillates around its averagetemperature in ...13... lasting either 100,000 or 41,000 years. And the ...14... interactions withinthe sun*s magnetic field could flip the fluctuations from one cycle length to the other, whichexplains why the ice ages changed frequency a million years ago.Answer keys and explanations:l .ESee the sentences in paragraph 1 (There's a dimmer switch inside the sun that causes its brightnessto rise and fall on timescales of around 100,000 years - exactly the same period as between iceages on Earth. So says a physicist who has created a computer model of our star's core.) and para.2(Robert Ehrlich of George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia, modelled the effect oftemperature fluctuations in the sun's interior.)2 . ABSee para.3: ?i sty^'mso-bidi-font-style: normar>Grandpierre and a collaborator, Gabor Agoston,calculated that magnetic fields in the sun's core could produce small instabilities in the solarplasma.3 .CSee para.8: Edwards believes the small changes in solar heating produced by Milankovitch cyclesare then amplified by feedback mechanisms on Earth.4. DSee para. 11: Nigel Weiss, a solar physicist at the University of Cambridge, is far from convinced.He describes Ehrlich's claims as "utterly implausible'*.5. FalseSee para.5: for the past million years, ice ages have occurred roughly every 100,000 years. Beforethat, they occurred roughly every 41,000 years.6. FalseSee para.7: uIn Milankovitch, there is certainly no good idea why the frequency should changefrom one to another," ... Nor is the transition problem the only one the Milankovitch theory faces.7. Not GivenSee para.8: if sea ice begins to form because of a slight cooling, carbon dioxide?is locked into theice. That weakens the greenhouse effect. (The passage doesn 抉 mention anything about lockingCo2 into ice artificially.)8. TrueSee para.9: there is no lack of such mechanisms, "If you add their effects together, there is morethan enough feedback to make Milankovitch work,"?"The problem now is identifying whichmechanisms are at work." This is why scientists like Edwards are not yet ready to give up on thecurrent theory.9. TrueSee the sentences in para.9 (According to Edwards,斟 e says. "I can't see any way of testing[Ehrlich's] idea to see where we are in the temperature oscillation.'*) and para. 10 (Ehrlich concedesthis. HIf there is a way to test this theory on the sun, I can't think of one that is practical).10. constantSee para.2: According to the standard view, the temperature of the sun's core is held constant bythe opposing pressures of gravity and nuclear fusion.11. orbitSee para.6: Most scientists believe that the ice ages are the result of subtle changes in Earth's orbit,E arth's orbit gradually changes shape from a circle to a slight ellipse and back again roughlyevery 100,000 years.12. instabilitiesSee para.3: ?i style='mso-bidi-font-style:normar>magnetic fields in the sun's core could producesmall instabilities in the solar plasma. These instabilities would induce localised oscillations intemperature.13. cyclesSee para.4: ...allow the sun*s core temperature to oscillate around its average temperature of 13.6million kelvin in cycles lasting either 100,000 or 41,000 years.14. randomSee para.4: Ehrlich says that random interactions within the sun's magnetic field could flip thefluctuations from one cycle length to the other.(By HE Xiao)★How a Frenchman is reviving McDonald's in EuropeA.When Denis Hennequin took over as the European boss of McDonald's in January 2004, theworld's biggest restaurant chain was showing signs of recovery in America and Australia, but salesin Europe were sluggish or declining. One exception was France, where Mr Hennequin had done asterling job as head of the group's French subsidiary to sell more Big Macs to his compatriots. Histask was to replicate this success in all 41 of the European countries where anti-globalisers'favourite enemy operates.B.So far Mr Hennequin is doing well. Last year European sales increased by 5.8% and the numberof customers by 3.4%, the best annual results in nearly 15 years. Europe accounted tor 36% of thegroup's profits and for 28% of its sales. December was an especially good month as customerstook to seasonal menu offerings in France and Britain, and to a promotion in Germany based onthe game of Monopoly.CMr Hennequin*s recipe for revival is to be more open about his company's operations, to be“locally relevant”, and to improve the experience of visiting his 6,400 restaurants. McDonald's isblamed for making people fat, exploiting workers, treating animals cruelly, polluting theenvironment and simply for being American. Mr Hennequin says he wants to engage in a dialoguewith the public to address these concerns.D.He introduced “open door“ visitor days in each country which became hugely popular. In Polandalone some 50,000 visitors came to McDonald's through the visitors* programme last year. TheNutrition Information Initiative, launched last year, put detailed labels on McDonald's packagingwith data on calories, protein, fat, carbohydrates and salt content. The details are also printed ontray-liners.E.Mr Hennequin also wants people to know that ''McJobs”, the low-paid menial jobs at McDonald'srestaurants, are much better than people think. But some of his efforts have backfired: last year hesparked a controversy with the introduction of a “McPassport" that allows McDonald's employeesto work anywhere in the European Union. Politicians accused the firm of a ploy to make cheaplabour from eastern Europe more easily available to McDonald*s managers across the continent.F.To stay in touch with local needs and preferences, McDonald's employs local bosses as much aspossible. A Russian is running McDonald's in Russia, though a Serb is in charge of Germany. Thegroup buys mainly from local suppliers. Four-fifths of its supplies in France come from localfarmers, for example. (Some of the French farmers who campaigned against the company in thelate 1990s subsequently discovered that it was, in fact, buying their produce.) And it hirescelebrities such as Heidi Klum, a German model, as local brand ambassadors.G.In his previous job Mr Hennequin established a “design studio“ in France to spruce up hiscompany's drab restaurants and adapt the interior to local tastes. The studio is now mastermindingimprovements everywhere in Europe. He also set up a “food studio”, where cooks devise newrecipes in response to local trends.H.Given France's reputation as the most anti-American country in Europe, it seems odd thatMcDonald's revival in Europe is being led by a Frenchman, using ideas cooked up in the Frenchmarket. But France is in fact the company's most profitable market after America. The marketwhere McDonald's is weakest in Europe is not France, but Britain.I.“Fixing Britain should be his priority,says David Palmer, a restaurant analyst at UBS. Almosttwo-thirds of the 1,214 McDonald's restaurants in Britain are company-owned, compared with40% in Europe and 15% in America. The company suffers from the volatility of sales at its ownrestaurants, but can rely on steady income from franchisees. So it should sell as manyunderperforming outlets as possible, says Mr Palmer.J.M.Mark Wiltamuth, an analyst at Morgan Stanley, estimates that European company-ownedrestaurants' margins will increase slightly to 16.4% in 2007. This is still less than in the late 1990sand below America's 18-19% today. But it is much better than before Mr Hennequin's reign. He isalready being tipped as the first European candidate for the group's top job in Illinois. Nobodywould call that a McJob.Questions 1-6Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1 ?Write your answer in Boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.TRUE if the statement reflects the claims of the writerFALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this1. McDonald was showing the sign of recovery in all European countries except Franceafter Denis Hennequin took office as the boss of Euro-markets.2. Starting from last year, detailed labels are put on McDonald's packaging and detailedinformation is also printed on tray-liners.3. France is said to be the most anti-American country in Europe, but the ideas of the ”opendoor" visiting days and “McPassport” are invented in the French market.4. Britain possesses the weakest McDonald market among European countries andapproximately 1214 McDonald's restaurants are company-owned.5. According to David Palmer, a restaurant analyst at UBS, David Hennequin should treatthe problem about McDonald in Britain as the most important thing.6. David Palmer suggested that the management of McDonalod in Italy should sell as manyits outlets which lose money in business as possible for revival.Questions 7-10Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 7-10 on your answe sheet.7. The word "sterling” in line 3 of Paragraph A means.A. difficultB. menialC. terribleD. excellent8. Which of the following statements on the accusation of MacDonald is NOT TRUE?A. It tends to make people fat.B. Its operations are very vague.C. It tends to exploit workers.D. It tends to treat animals cruelly.9. Which of the following measures taken by Denis Hennequin produced undesired result?A. ”Food Studio^^ scheme.B. “Open Door" visitor days.C. The ttMcPassporf, scheme.D. The Nutrition Information Initiative.10. What did Denis Hennequin do so as to respond to local trends?A. set up a "Food Studio^^.B. established a "Design Studio".C. hired celebrities as local brand ambassadors.D. employed local bosses as much as possible.Questions 11-14Complete each of the following statements (Questions 11-14) with words or number taken fromReading Passage 1.Write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 11 -14 on your answer sheet.11. After January 2004, McDonald was making improvement following a period of slump inAmerica and Australia, but sales in Europe were..........................................12. Business of McDonald in France and Britain was particularly good in December sincecustomers took to ...............................................13. Compared with other countries, France is McDonald's ..................................... next toAmerica.14 of McDonald's restaurants in America are companied-owned and thefigure is much lower than that in Britain.Part IINotes to Reading Passage 11 .sterling高质量的e.g. He has many sterling qualities.他身上有许多优秀的品质。

2 . m en ia l不体面的， 乏味的（ 工作、职业）3 . spruce up打扮整齐、漂亮、装饰4. mastermind指挥、谋 划 （ 一个计划或活动）e.g. The police know who masterminded the robbery.警察知道是谁策划 了那次抢劫5. underperform表现不佳表现出低于标准的工作水平、企业出现亏本Part IIIKeys and explanations to the Questions 1-141. FALSESee the second sentence in Paragraph A “One exception was France, where Mr Hennequin haddone a sterling job as head of the group's French subsidiary to sell more Big Macs to hiscompatriots. His task was to replicate this success in all 41 of the European countries...2. TRUESee the last sentence in Paragraph D “The Nutrition Information Initiative, launched last year, putdetailed labels on McDonald's packaging with data on calories, protein, fat, carbohydrates and saltcontent. The details are also printed on tray-liners.^^3. NOT GIVENSee Paragraph D, E and H “Given France's reputation as the most anti-American country inEurope, it seems odd that McDonald's revival in Europe is being led by a Frenchman, using ideascooked up in the French market.”.4. FALSESee the last sentence of Paragraph H and first sentence of Paragraph L “The market whereMcDonald's is weakest in Europe is not France, but Britain...Almost two-thirds of the 1,214McDonald's restaurants in Britain are company-owned.. .n5. TRUESee the first sentence of Paragraph I “Fixing Britain should be his priority,n says David Palmer, arestaurant analyst at UBS”.6. NOT GIVENSee the last sentence of Paragraph I “So it should sell as many underperforming outlets as possible,says Mr Palmer”.7. DSee the first sentence of Paragraph A “One exception was France, where Mr Hennequin had donea sterling job as head of the group's French subsidiary to sell more Big Macs to his compatriots”.8. BSee the second sentence of Paragraph D ""McDonald's is blamed for making people fat, exploitingworkers, treating animals cruelly, polluting the environment^^9. CSee the second sentence of Paragraph E “But some of his efforts have backfired: last year hesparked a controversy with the introduction of a “McPassport“ that allows McDonald's employeesto work anywhere in the European Union..^^10. ASee the last sentence of Paragraph G “He also set up a “food studio”, where cooks devise newrecipes in response to local trends”.11. sluggish or decliningSee the first sentence of Paragraph A “When Denis Hennequin took over as the European boss ofMcDonald's in January 2004, the world's biggest restaurant chain was showing signs of recoveryin America and Australia, but sales in Europe were sluggish or declining.^^12. seasonal menu offeringsSee the last sentence of Paragraph B ""December was an especially good month as customers tookto seasonal menu offerings in France and Britain, and to a promotion in Germany based on thegame of Monopoly^^.13 .most profitable marketSee the second sentence of Paragraph H “But France is in fact the company's most profitablemarket after America^^.14 . 15%See the second sentence of Paragraph I "Almost two-thirds of the 1,214 McDonald's restaurants inBritain are company-owned, compared with 40% in Europe and 15% in America,,.(end)★new weapon to fight cancer1. British scientists are preparing to launch trials of a radical new way to fight cancer, which killstumours by infecting them with viruses like the common cold.2. If successful, virus therapy could eventually form a third pillar alongside radiotherapy andchemotherapy in the standard arsenal against cancer, while avoiding some of the debilitatingside-effects.3. Leonard Seymour, a professor of gene therapy at Oxford University, who has been working onthe virus therapy with colleagues in London and the US, will lead the trials later this year. CancerResearch UK said yesterday that it was excited by the potential of Prof Seymoufs pioneeringtechniques.4. One of the country*s leading geneticists, Prof Seymour has been working with viruses that killcancer cells directly, while avoiding harm to healthy tissue. MIn principle, you've got somethingwhich could be many times more effective than regular chemotherapy,n he said.5. Cancer-killing viruses exploit the fact that cancer cells suppress the body's local immune system."If a cancer doesn't do that, the immune system wipes it out. If you can get a virus into a tumour,viruses find them a very good place to be because there's no immune system to stop themreplicating. You can regard it as the cancer's Achilles' heel."6. Only a small amount of the virus needs to get to the cancer. "They replicate, you get a millioncopies in each cell and the cell bursts and they infect the tumour cells adjacent and repeat theprocess," said Prof Seymour.7. Preliminary research on mice shows that the viruses work well on tumours resistant to standardcancer drugs. "It's an interesting possibility that they may have an advantage in killingdrug-resistant tumours, which could be quite different to anything we've had before."8. Researchers have known for some time that viruses can kill tumour cells and some aspects ofthe work have already been published in scientific journals. American scientists have previouslyinjected viruses directly into tumours but this technique will not work if the cancer is inaccessibleor has spread throughout the body.9. Prof Seymour's innovative solution is to mask the virus from the body's immune system,effectively allowing the viruses to do what chemotherapy drugs do - spread through the blood andreach tumours wherever they are. The big hurdle has always been to find a way to deliver virusesto tumours via the bloodstream without the body's immune system destroying them on the way.10. "What we've done is make chemical modifications to the virus to put a polymer coat around it- ifs a stealth virus when you inject it," he said.11. After the stealth virus infects the tumour, it replicates, but the copies do not have the chemicalmodifications. If they escape from the tumour, the copies will be quickly recognised and moppedup by the body*s immune system.12. The therapy would be especially useful for secondary cancers, called metastases, whichsometimes spread around the body after the first tumour appears, "There's an awful statistic ofpatients in the west ... with malignant cancers; 75% of them go on to die from metastases," saidProf Seymour.13. Two viruses are likely to be examined in the first clinical trials: adenovirus, which normallycauses a cold-like illness, and vaccinia, which causes cowpox and is also used in the vaccineagainst smallpox. For safety reasons, both will be disabled to make them less pathogenic in thetrial, but Prof Seymour said he eventually hopes to use natural viruses.14. The first trials will use uncoated adenovirus and vaccinia and will be delivered locally to livertumours, in order to establish whether the treatment is safe in humans and what dose of virus willbe needed. Several more years of trials will be needed, eventually also on the polymer-coatedviruses, before the therapy can be considered for use in the NHS. Though the approach will beexamined at first for cancers that do not respond to conventional treatments, Prof Seymour hopesthat one day it might be applied to all cancers.(665 words)Questions 1-6Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? Forquestions 1-6 writeTRUE if the statement agrees with the informationFALSE if the statement contradicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage1. Virus therapy, if successful, has an advantage in eliminating side-effects.2. Cancer Research UK is quite hopeful about Professor Seymour * s work on the virus therapy.3. Virus can kill cancer cells and stop them from growing again.4. Cancer * s Achilles? heel refers to the fact that virus may stay safely in a tumor and replicate.5. To infect the cancer cells, a good deal of viruses should be injected into the tumor.6. Researches on animals indicate that virus could be used as a new way to treat drug-resistanttumors.Question 7-9Based on the reading passage, choose the appropriate letter from A-D for each answer.7. Information about researches on viruses killing tumor cells can be found(A) on TV(B) in magazines(C) on internet(D) in newspapers8. To treat tumors spreading out in body, researchers try to(A) change the body, immune system(B) inject chemotherapy drugs into bloodstream.(C) increase the amount of injection(D) disguise the viruses on the way to tumors.9. When the chemical modified virus in tumor replicates, the copies(A) will soon escape from the tumor and spread out.(B) will be wiped out by the body's immune system.(C) will be immediately recognized by the researchers.(D) will eventually stop the tumor from spreading out.Questions 10-13Complete the sentences below. Choose your answers from the list of words. You can only use eachword once.NB There are more words in the list than spaces so you will not use them all.In the first clinical trials, scientists will try to ........10....... adenovirus and vaccinia, so both theviruses will be less pathogenic than the .......11.........These uncoated viruses will be applieddirectly to certain areas to confirm safety on human beings and the right.......12........needed. Theexperiments will firstly b e .......13 to the treatment of certain cancersList of Wordsdosagerespondingsmallpox virusdisablenatural onesinjectdirectedtreatmentcold-like illnesskillpatientsexaminedAnswers Keys:1 . 答案：FALSE ( 见第 2 段：If successful, virus therapy could eventually form a third pillaralongside radiotherapy and chemotherapy in the standard arsenal against cancer, while avoidingsome of the debilitating side-effects. Virus therapy 只能避免一些副作用，而不是根除。

)2 . 答案： TRUE ( 见第 3 段， 特别是最后一句：Cancer Research UK said yesterday that it wasexcited by the potential of Prof Seymour's pioneering techniques.)3 . 答案：NOT GIVEN ( 文中没有提到virus可以抑制肿瘤细胞再生长)4 . 答案：TRUE ( 见第 5 段第 3、4 句 :这 里 “cancer' s Achilles'heel" 指 uIf you can geta virus into a tumour, viruses find them a very good place to be because there's no immune systemto stop them replicating.Achilles' heel 的意思是“ 唯一致命弱点” )5 . 答案：FALSE ( 见第 6 段第第 1 句 : Only a small amount of the virus needs to get to thecancer.)6 . 答案：TRUE ( 见第 7 段：Preliminary research on mice shows that the viruses work well ontumours resistant to standard cancer drug. ........, which could be quite different to anything we'vehad before.")7 . 答案：B ( 见第 8 段第 1、2 句：Researchers have known for some time that viruses can killtumour cells and some aspects of the work have already been published in scientific journals.Journal意思是“ I I报、期刊、杂志”)8 . 答案： D ( 见第 9 段第 1 句： Prof Seymoufs innovative solution is to mask the virus from thebody's immune system, ....... "mask” 的意思是“ 掩盖、隐蔽、 伪装” ， 在 这 里 和 "disguise”同义。

)9 . 答案：B ( 见第 11 段第 2 句： If they escape from the tumour, the copies will be quicklyrecognised and mopped up by the body's immune system.. “mop up“ 这里与 "wipe out” 同义，意思是“ 消灭、歼灭” )10 . 答案： disable ( 见第 13 段最后 1 句： For safety reasons, both will be disabled to make themless pathogenic in the trial, but Prof Seymour said he eventually hopes to use natural viruses.)11 . 答案： natural ones ( 见第 13 段最后 1 句： For safety reasons, both will be disabled to makethem less pathogenic in the trial, but Prof Seymour said he eventually hopes to use naturalviruses.)12 . 答案： dosage ( 见第 14 段第 1 句： The first trials will use uncoated adenovirus and vacciniaand will be delivered locally to liver tumours, in order to establish whether the treatment is safe inhumans and what dose of virus will be needed.)1 3 .答案：directed ( 见第 14 段最后 1 句：Though the approach will be examined at first forcancers that do not respond to conventional treatments, …)★Selling Digital Music without Copy-protection Makes SenseA.It was uncharacteristically low-key for the industry's greatest showman. But the essay publishedthis week by Steve Jobs, the boss of Apple, on his firm's website under the unassuming title''Thoughts on Music“ has nonetheless provoked a vigorous debate about the future of digitalmusic, which Apple dominates with its iPod music-player and iTunes music-store. At issue is“digital rights management” (DRM)—the technology guarding downloaded music against theft.Since there is no common standard for DRM, it also has the side-effect that songs purchased forone type of music-player may not work on another. Apple's DRM system, called FairPlay, is themost widespread. So it came as a surprise when Mr. Jobs called for DRM for digital music to beabolished.B.This is a change of tack for Apple. It has come under fire from European regulators who claim thatits refusal to license FairPlay to other firms has “locked in“ customers. Since music from theiTunes store cannot be played on non-iPod music-players (at least not without a lot of fiddling),any iTunes buyer will be deterred from switching to a device made by a rival firm, such as Sonyor Microsoft. When French lawmakers drafted a bill last year compelling Apple to open upFairPlay to rivals, the company warned of “state-sponsored piracy”. Only DRM, it implied, couldkeep the pirates at bay.C.This week Mr. Jobs gave another explanation for his former defence of DRM: the recordcompanies made him do it. They would make their music available to the iTunes store only ifApple agreed to protect it using DRM. They can still withdraw their catalogues if the DRMsystem is compromised. Apple cannot license FairPlay to others, says Mr Jobs, because it woulddepend on them to produce security fixes promptly. All DRM does is restrict consumer choice andprovide a ban ier to entry, says Mr Jobs; without it there would be far more stores and players, andfar more innovation. So, he suggests, why not do away with DRM and sell music unprotected?“This is clearly the best alternative for consumers/' he declares, t4and Apple would embrace it in aheartbeat.^^D.Why the sudden change of heart? Mr Jobs seems chiefly concerned with getting Europe'sregulators off his back. Rather than complaining to Apple about its use of DRM, he suggests,“those unhappy with the current situation should redirect their energies towards persuading themusic companies to sell their music DRM-free.^^ Two and a half of the four big record companies,he helpfully points out, are European-owned. Mr Jobs also hopes to paint himself as a consumerchampion. Apple resents accusations that it has become the Microsoft of digital music.E.Apple can afford to embrace open competition in music players and online stores. Consumerswould gravitate to the best player and the best store, and at the moment that still means Apple's.Mr Jobs is evidently unfazed by rivals to the iPod. Since only 3% of the music in a typical iTuneslibrary is protected, most of it can already be used on other players today, he notes. (And even theprotected tracks can be burned onto a CD and then re-ripped.) So Apple's dominance evidentlydepends far more on branding and ease of use than DRM-related “lock in”.F.The music giants are trying DRM-free downloads. Lots of smaller labels already sell music thatway. Having seen which way the wind is blowing, Mr Jobs now wants to be seen not as DRM'sdefender, but as a consumer champion who helped in its downfall. Wouldn' t it lead to a surge inpiracy? No, because most music is still sold unprotected on CDs, people wishing to steal musicalready can do so. Indeed, scrapping DRM would probably increase online-music sales byreducing confusion and incompatibility. With the leading online store, Apple would benefit most.Mr Jobs's argument, in short, is transparently self-serving. It also happens to be right.Questions 1-7Do the following statemets reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?Write your answer in Boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.TRUE if the statement reflets the claims of the writerFALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossbile to say what the writer thinks about this1. Apple enjoys a controlling position in digital music market with its iPod music-player andiTunes music-store.2. DRM is a government decree issued with a purpose to protect downloaded music from theft byconsumers.3. Lack of standardization in DRM makes songs bought for one kind of music player may notfunction on another.4. Apple has been criticized by European regulators since it has refused to grant a license FairPlayto other firms.5. All music can be easily played on non-iPod music devices from Sony or Microsoft without toomuch fiddling.6. Apple depends far more on DRM rather than branding for its dominance of the digital musicdevices.7. If DRM was cancelled, Sony would certainly dominate the international digital music market.Questions 8-10Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 8-10 on your answe sheet.8. Which of the following statements about Mr. Jobs, idea of DRM is NOT TRUE?A. DRM places restrictions on consumer' choice of digital music products available.B. DRM comples iTunes buyers to switch to a device made by Sony or Microsoft.C. DRM constitutes a baiTier for potential consumers to enter digital music markets.D. DRM hinders development of more stores and players and technical innovation.9. The word “unfazed“ in line 3 of paragraph E, means.A. refusedB. welcomedC. not botheredD. not well received10. Which of the following statements is TRUE if DRM was scapped?A. Sony would gain the most profit.B. More customers would be “locked in”.C. A sudden increase in piracy would occur.D. Online-music sales would probably decrease.Questions 11-14Complete the notes below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.Mr. Steve Jobs, the boss of Apple, explains the reason why he used to defend DRM, saying thatthe company was forced to do so: the record companies would make their music accessibleto ... 1 l...only if they agreed to protect it using DRM; they can still... 12...if the DRM system iscompromised. He also provides the reason why Apple did not license FairPlay to others: thecompany relies on them to ...13....But now he changes his mind with a possible expectation thatEurope's regulators would not trouble him any more in the future. He proposes that those who areunsatisfactory with the current situation in digital music market should ...14... towards persuadethe music companies to sell their music DRM-free.Part IINotes to Reading Passage 11. low-key:抑制的，受约束的，屈服的2. showman:开展览会的人，出风头的人物3. unassuming:谦逊的， 不夸耀的， 不装腔作势的4. iPod：（ 苹果公司出产的）音乐播放器5. iTunes store：（ 苹果公司出产的）音乐商店6. get off person's back:不再找某人的麻烦，摆脱某人的纠缠7. gravitate:受吸引，倾向于8. unfazed:不再担忧，不被打扰Part IIIKeys and explanations to the Questions 1-131. TRUESee the second sentence in Paragraph A "... the future of digital music, which Apple dominateswith its iPod music-player and iTunes music-store.”2. FALSESee the third sentence in Paragraph A 4t...At issue is “digital rights managemenl^^ (DRM)——thetechnology guarding downloaded music against theft.^^3. TRUESee the fourth sentence in Paragraph A “Since there is no common standard for DRM, it also hasthe side-effect that songs purchased for one type of music-player may not work on another.”4. TRUESee the second sentence in Paragraph B “It has come under fire from European regulators whoclaim that its refusal to license FairPlay to other firms has “locked in" customers.^^5. NOT GIVENThe third sentence in Paragaph B only mentions music from the iTunes store, nothing about that ofSony or Microsoft, "Since music from the iTunes store cannot be played on non-iPodmusic-players (at least not without a lot of fiddling).”6. FALSESee the last sentence in Paragraph E “So Apple's dominance evidently depends far more onbranding and ease of use than DRM-related “lock in”.7. NOT GIVENSee the fourth sentence in Paragraph F only mentions music generally, no particular informationabout business prospect of Sony “Indeed, scrapping DRM would probably increase online-musicsales by reducing confusion and incompatibility.”8. BSee the fourth sentence of Paragraph C “All DRM does is restrict consumer choice and provide abanier to entry, says Mr Jobs; without it there would be far more stores and players, and far moreinnovation.^^9.CSee the third sentence of Paragraph E and the context “Mr Jobs is evidently unfazed by rivals tothe iPod. Since only 3% of the music in a typical iTunes library is protected, most of it can alreadybe used on other players today.”10. ASee the last four sentences of Paragraph F “Wouldn't it lead to a surge in piracy? No, becausemost music is still sold unprotected on CDs, people wishing to steal music already can do so.Indeed, scrapping DRM would probably increase online-music sales by reducing confusion andincompatibility. With the leading online store, Apple would benefit11. the iTunes storeSee the second sentence of Paragraph C “They would make their music available to the iTunesstore only if Apple agreed to protect it using DRM.”12. withdraw their cataloguesSee the third sentence of Paragraph C “They can still withdraw their catalogues if the DRMsystem is compromised.”13. produce security fixesSee the fourth sentence of Paragraph C “Apple cannot license FairPlay to others, says Mr Jobs,because it would depend on them to produce security fixes promptly.^^14. redirect their energiesSee the second sentence of Paragraph D “Rather than complaining to Apple about its use of DRM,he suggests, “those unhappy with the current situation should redirect their energies towardspersuading the music companies to sell their music DRM-free.”★Next Year Marks the EU's 50th Anniversary of the TreatyA.After a period of introversion and stunned self-disbelief, continental European governments willrecover their enthusiasm for pan-European institution-building in 2007. Whether the Europeanpublic will welcome a return to what voters in two countries had rejected so short a time before isanother matter.B.There are several reasons for Europe's recovering self-confidence. For years European economieshad been lagging dismally behind America (to say nothing of Asia), but in 2006 the largecontinental economies had one of their best years for a decade, briefly outstripping America interms of growth. Since politics often reacts to economic change with a lag, 2006's improvement ineconomic growth will have its impact in 2007, though the recovery may be ebbing by then.The coming year also marks a particular point in a political cycle so regular that it almost seems toamount to a natural law. Every four or five years, European countries take a large stride towardsfurther integration by signing a new treaty: the Maastricht treaty in 1992, the Treaty of Amsterdamin 1997, the Treaty of Nice in 2001. And in 2005 they were supposed to ratify a Europeanconstitution, laying the ground for yet more integration- until the calm rhythm was rudelyshattered by French and Dutch voters. But the political impetus to sign something every four orfive years has only been interrupted, not immobilised, by this setbackD.In 2007 the European Union marks the 50th anniversary of another treaty—the Treaty of Rome, itsfounding charter. Government leaders have already agreed to celebrate it ceremoniously, restatingtheir commitment to "ever closer union^^ and the basic ideals of European unity. By itself, and innormal circumstances, the EU's 50th-birthday greeting to itself would be fairly meaningless, aroutine expression of European good fellowship. But it does not take a Machiavelli to spot thatonce governments have signed the declaration (and it seems unlikely anyone would be souncollegiate as to veto it) they will already be halfway towards committing themselves to a newtreaty. All that will be necessary will be to incorporate the 50th-anniversary declaration into a newtreaty containing a number of institutional and other reforms extracted from the failed attempt atconstitution-building and- hey presto- a new quasi-constitution will be ready.E.According to the German government—which holds the EU's agenda-setting presidency duringthe first half of 2007—there will be a new draft of a slimmed-down constitution ready by themiddle of the year, perhaps to put to voters, perhaps not. There would then be a couple of years inwhich it will be discussed, approved by parliaments and, perhaps, put to voters if that is deemedunavoidable. Then, according to bureaucratic planners in Brussels and Berlin, blithely ignoring thepossibility of public rejection, the whole thing will be signed, sealed and a new constitutiondelivered in 2009-10. Europe will be nicely back on schedule. Its four-to-five-year cycle ofintegration will have missed only one beat.F.The resurrection of the European constitution will be made more likely in 2007 because of what ishappening in national capitals. The European Union is not really an autonomous organisation. If itfunctions, it is because the leaders of the big continental countries want it to, reckoning that anactive European policy will help them get done what they want to do in their own countries.G.That did not happen in 2005-06. Defensive, cynical and self-destructive, the leaders of the threelargest euro-zone countries—France, Italy and Germany- were stumbling towards theirunlamenled ends. They saw no reason to pursue any sort of European policy and the EU, as aresult, barely functioned. But by the middle of 2007 all three will have gone, and this fact alonewill transform the European political landscape.H.The upshot is that the politics of the three large continental countries, bureaucratic momentum andthe economics of recovery will all be aligned to give a push towards integration in 2007. That doesnot mean the momentum will be irresistible or even popular. The British government, for one, willalmost certainly not want to go with the flow, beginning yet another chapter in the long history ofconfrontation between Britain and the rest of Europe. More important, the voters will want a say.They rejected the constitution in 2005. It would be foolish to assume they will accept it after 2007just as a result of an artful bit of tinkering.Questions 1-6Do the following statemets reflect the claims of the writer in Reading Passage 1?Write your answer in Boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.TRUE if the statemenht reflets the claims of the writerFALSE if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is possbile to say what the writer thinks about this1 .After years' introspection and mistrust, continental European governments will resurrect theirenthusiasm for more integration in 2007.2. The European consitution was officially approved in 2005 in spite of the oppositon of Frenchand Dutch voters.3. The Treaty of Rome , which is considered as the fundamental charter of the European Union,was signed in 1957.4.1t is very unlikely that European countries will sign the declaration at the 50th anniversary of theTreaty of Rome.5. French government will hold the EU's presidency and lay down the agenda during the first halfof 2008.6. For a long time in hisotry, there has been confrontation between Britain and the rest of Europeancountries.Questions 7-10Complet the following sentencces.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from Reading Passage 1 for each answer.Write your answer in Boxes 7-10 on your answer sheet.7. Every four or five years, European countries tend to make a rapid progress towardsby signing a new treaty.8. The European constitution is supposed to for yet moreintegration of European Union member countries.9. The bureaucratic planners in Brussels and Berlin rashly ignore the possibility ofand think the new consitution will be delivered in 2009-10.10. The politics of the three large continental count r i es , and the economicrecovery will join together to urge the integration in 2007.Questions 11-14Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.11. Which of the following statemnts is true of Euopean economic development.A. The economy of Europe developed much faster than that of Asia before 2006.B. The growth of European economy was slightly slower than that of America in 2006.C. The development of European economy are likely to slow down by 2007.D. The recovery of European economy may be considerably accelerated by 2007.12. The word “immobilised“ in the last line of Section C means .A. stopped completely.B. pushed strongly.C. motivated wholely.D. impeded totally.13. Which of the following statements about the treaties in European countries is NOT TRUE.A. The Maastricht Treaty was signed in 1992.B. The Treaty of Amsterdan was signed in 1997.C. The Treaty of Nice was signed in 2001.D. The Treaty of Rome was signed in 2007.14. The European constitution failed to be ratified in 2005-2006, becauseA. The leaders of France, Italy and Germany were defensive, cynical andself-destructuve..B. The voters in two countries of the Union — France and Holland rejected theconstitution.C. The leaders of the EU thought that it was unneccessary to pursue any Europeanpolicy.D. France, Italy and Germany are the three largest and most influential euro-zonecountries.Part IINotes to the Reading Passage1. pan-Enropeanpan-:前缀：全，总，泛pan-African全/ 泛非洲的（ 运动）pan-Enropean全/ 泛 欧 的 （ 机构建设）2.outstrip超越，胜过，超过，优于Material development outstripped human development“ 物质的发展超过了人类的进步”3. ebb回落跌落；衰退或消减The tide is on the ebb.正在退潮。

4. Machiavelli马基雅维利，尼克尔1469-1527意大利政治理论家，他的著作君主论（ 1513年）阐述了一个意志坚定的统治者不顾道德观念的约束如何获得并保持其权力文章中意为“ 任何一个人都可以看到，显而易见5. hey presto突然地；立 即 （ 魔术师用语）您看，变 ！6. upshot结果；结局Part IIIKeys to the Questions 1-141. TRUEExplanationSee the first sentence in Section A “Aftera period of introversion and stunned self-disbelief,continental European governments will recover their enthusiasm for pan-Europeaninstitution-building in 2007”.2. FALSEExplanationSee the third sentence in Section C “And in 2005 they were supposed to ratify a Europeanconstitution, laying the ground for yet more integration- until the calm rhythm was rudelyshattered by French and Dutch voters.^^.3.TRUEExplanationSee the first sentence in the Section D “In 2007 the European Union marks the 50th anniversary ofanother treaty—the Treaty of Rome, its founding charter.".4. FALSEExplanationSee the third sentence in Section D“But it does not take a Machiavelli to spot that oncegovernments have signed the declaration (and it seems unlikely anyone would be so uncollegiateas to veto it) they will already be halfway towards committing themselves to a new treaty”.5. NOT GIVENExplanationSee the first sentence in Section E ''According to the German government- which holds the EU'sagenda-setting presidency during the first half of 2007”.6. TRUEExplanationSee the third sentence in Section H'The British government, for one, will almost certainly notwant to go with the flow, beginning yet another chapter in the long history of confrontationbetween Britain and the rest of Europe”.7. further integrationExplanationSee the second sentence in Section C'Every four or five years, European countries take a largestride towards further integration by signing a new treaty”.8. lay the groundExplanationSee the third sentence in Section C “And in 2005 they were supposed to ratify a Europeanconstitution, laying the ground for yet more integration—until the calm rhythm was rudelyshattered by French and Dutch voters.".9. pubic rejectionExplanationSee the third sentence in Section E'Then, according to bureaucratic planners in Brussels andBerlin, blithely ignoring the possibility of public rejection, the whole thing will be signed, sealedand a new constitution delivered in 2009—10.”10. bureaucratc momentumExplanationSee the frst sentence in Section H “The upshot is that the politics of the three large continentalcountries, bureaucratic momentum and the economics of recovery will all be aligned to give apush towards integration in 2007.”.11. CExplanationSee the last sentence in Section B “Since politics often reacts to economic change with a lag,2006,s improvement in economic growth will have its impact in 2007, though the recovery may beebbing by then”.12. AExplanationSee the last sentence in Section C “But the political impetus to sign something every four or fiveyears has only been interrupted, not immobilised, by this setback.^^13. DExplanationSee the first sentence in Section D Tn 2007 the European Union marks the 50th anniversary ofanother treaty- the Treaty of Rome, its founding charter.^^14 .BExplanationSee third sentence in Section C: "And in 2005 they were supposed to ratify a Europeanconstitution, laying the ground for yet more integration—until the calm rhythm was rudelyshattered by French and Dutch voters.".★Sleep medication linked to bizarre behaviour12:44 06 February 2007NewS news serviceRoxanne KhamsiNew evidence has linked a commonly prescribed sleep medication with bizarre behaviours,including a case in which a woman painted her front door in her sleep.UK and Australian health agencies have released information about 240 cases of odd occurrences,including sleepwalking, amnesia and hallucinations among people taking the drug zolpidem.While doctors say that zolpidem can offer much-needed relief for people with sleep disorders, theycaution that these newly reported cases should prompt a closer look at its possible side effects.Zolpidem, sold under the brand names Ambien, Stilnoct and Stilnox, is widely prescribed to treatinsomnia and other disorders such as sleep apnea. Various forms of the drug, made by Frenchpharmaceutical giant Sanofi-Aventis, were prescribed 674,500 times in 2005 in the UK.A newly published report from Australia's Federal Health Department describes 104 cases ofhallucinations and 62 cases of amnesia experienced by people taking zolpidem since marketing ofthe drug began there in 2000. The health department report also mentioned 16 cases of strangesleepwalking by people taking the medication.Midnight snackIn one of these sleepwalking cases a patient woke with a paintbrush in her hand after painting thefront door to her house. Another case involved a woman who gained 23 kilograms over sevenmonths while taking zolpidem. "It was only when she was discovered in front of an openrefrigerator while asleep that the problem was resolved,according to the report.The UK's Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency, meanwhile, has recorded 68cases of adverse reactions to zolpidem from 2001 to 2005.The newly reported cases in the UK and Australia add to a growing list of bizarre sleepwalkingepisodes linked to the drug in other countries, including reports of people sleep-driving while onthe medication. In one case, a transatlantic flight had to be diverted after a passenger caused havocafter taking zolpidem.Hypnotic effectsThere is no biological pathway that has been proven to connect zolpidem with these behaviours.The drug is a benzodiazepine-like hypnotic that promotes deep sleep by interacting with brainreceptors for a chemical called gamma-aminobutyric acid. While parts of the brain become lessactive during deep sleep, the body can still move, making sleepwalking a possibility.The product information for prescribers advises that psychiatric adverse effects, includinghallucinations, sleepwalking and nightmares, are more likely in the elderly, and treatment shouldbe stopped if they occur.Patient advocacy groups say they would like government health agencies and drug companies totake a closer look at the possible risks associated with sleep medicines. They stress that strangesleepwalking and sleep-driving behaviours can have risky consequences.“When people do something in which they're not in full control it's always a danger,M says VeraSharav of the New York-based Alliance for Human Research Protection, a US network thatadvocates responsible and ethical medical research practices.Tried and tested“The more reports that come out about the potential side effects of the drug, the more researchneeds to be done to understand if these are real side effects,“ says sleep researcher Kenneth Wrightat the University of Colorado in Boulder, US.Millions of people have taken the drug without experiencing any strange side effects, points outRichard Millman at Brown Medical School, director of the Sleep Disorders Center of LifespanHospitals in Providence, Rhode Island, US. He says that unlike older types of sleep medications,zolpidem does not carry as great a risk of addiction.And Wright notes that some of the reports of “sleep-driving“ linked to zolpidem can be easilyexplained: some patients have wrongly taken the drug right before leaving work in hopes that themedicine will kick in by the time they reach home. Doctors stress that the medication should betaken just before going to bed.The US Food & Drug Administration says it is continuing to "actively investigate" and collectinformation about cases linking zolpidem to unusual side effects.The Ambien label currently lists strange behaviour as a “special concern^^ for people taking thedrug. "It's a possible rare adverse event,“ says Sanofi-Aventis spokesperson Melissa Feltmann,adding that the strange sleepwalking behaviours “may not necessarily be caused by the drug” butinstead result from an underlying disorder. She says that “the safety profile [of zolpidem] is wellestablished^^. The drug received approval in the US in 1993.(721)Questions 1-6Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?In boxes 1 -6 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement is true according to the passageFALSE if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage1. Ambien, Stilnoct and Stilnox are brand names of one same drug treating insomnia.2. The woman's obesity problem wasn't resolved until she stopped taking zolpidem.3. Zolpidem received approval in the UK in 2001.4. The bizarre behaviour of a passenger after taking zolpidem resulted in the diversion of aflight bound for the other side of the Atlantic.5. Zolpidem is the only sleep medication that doesn't cause addiction.6. The sleep-driving occurrence resulted from the wrong use of zolpidem by an officeworker.Question 7-9Choose the appropriate letters A-D and Write them in boxes 7-9 on your answer sheet.7. How many cases of bizarre behaviours are described in an official report from Australia?A. 68B. 104C. 182D. 2408. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the product information about zolpidem?A. Treatment should be stopped if side effects occur.B. Medication should be taken just before going to bed.C. Adverse effects are more likely in the elderly.D. Side effects include nightmares, hallucinations and sleepwalking.9. Who claimed that the safety description of zolpidem was well established?A. Kenneth WrightB. Melissa FeltmannC. Richard MillmanD. Vera SharavQuestions 10-13Answer the following questions with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS each in boxes 10-13.10. How many times was French-made zolpidem prescribed in 2005 in Britain?11. What kind of hypnotic is zolpidem as a drug which promotes deep sleep in patients?12. What can sleepwalking and sleep-driving behaviours cause according to patient advocacygroups?13. What US administration says that it has been investigating the cases relating zolpidem tounusual side effects?Answer keys and explanations:1. TrueSee para.3 from the beginning: Zolpidem, sold under the brand names Ambien, Stilnoct andStilnox, is widely prescribed to treat insomnia and other disorders such as sleep apnea.2. FalseSee para. 1 under the subtitle “Midnight snack”: Another case involved a woman who gained 23kilograms over seven months while taking zolpidem. t4It was only when she was discovered infront of an open refrigerator while asleep that the problem was resolved“， ・ ・3. Not GivenSee para.2 under the subtitle “Midnight snack”: The UK's Medicines and Healthcare productsRegulatory Agency, meanwhile, has recorded 68 cases of adverse reactions to zolpidem from 2001to 2005. (The time the drug was approved in the UK was not mentioned.)4. TrueSee para.3 under the subtitle “Midnight snack": In one case, a transatlantic flight had to bediverted after a passenger caused havoc after taking zolpidem.5. FalseSee para.2 under the subtitle “Tried and tested^^: He says that unlike older types of sleepmedications, zolpidem does not carry as great a risk of addiction.6. Not GivenSee para.3 under the subtitle “Tried and tested”: And Wright notes that some of the reports of

故应选择NG2 . 见第 4、5 段内容第四段 uBut the researchers had secretly withdrawn the im ag es.即研究人员撤下了 图 形 , 第 五 段“Only two chose not to log on, citing security c o n c e rn s.有两个人因为安全考虑未进入3. T 见 第6段4. F 见 第11、14段5. F 见第 11 段 “ Bank of America was among the first to adopt il”，可见首批采用图形识别软件的银行并非Bank of America 一家6. A financial institution见第二段7. (their) passwords见第三段8. less convenience见第十段9. identity 见第八、十段10. Silicon Valley 见第H—■ 段 11. easy to use 见第十二段12. site maintenance message 见第十三段“When respondents logged in duringthe study, they saw a site maintenance message on the screen where their image and phrasesshould have been pictured.”13. 4 分别见第十段的 udownload new security software” 和 “hardware devices that feed themPIN c o d e s第十五段的 “a small software program, called a cookie"，以及本文提到的site-authentication images o(by Zhou Hong)★Hackers target the home frontThursday February 15, 2007The Guardian1. One of the UK's leading banks has been forced to admit that organised hacking gangs have beentargeting its executives. For the past year, Royal Bank of Scotland has been fighting systematicattempts to break into its computer systems from hackers who have sent personalised emailscontaining keyloggers to its senior management. This has included executives up to board leveland is now the subject of a separate investigation by the Serious and Organised Crime Agency.2. The hackers are homing in on the trend for people to work from home. The hackers make theassumption that the computers being used outside the work environment are more vulnerable thanthose protected by a corporate IT department.Growing threat3. For companies it is a growing threat as home working increases: a recent survey from the EqualOpportunities Commission found that more than 60% of the UK's population wants the option offlexible working.4. And the hackers are employing increasingly sophisticated techniques. Each email they send ismeticulously built to make it attractive to its target, who the criminals have carefully researchedby trawling the internet for information. Once the email is composed, the malware is just ascarefully designed: it is often modified to avoid detection by security software.5. The keylogger contained in the email installs itself automatically and then collects details oflogins and passwords from the unsuspecting user. This means that hackers can, using theusernames and passwords stolen by the keyloggers, connect to VPNs, or Virtual Private Networks,which many companies use to create an encrypted pathway into their networks.6. Once inside a bank's network, the hackers can communicate directly with computers holdingaccount information and manipulate funds.7. Has this actually happened? In some cases sources claim that the login details of VPNs havebeen obtained and used though there has been no confirmation that any losses have occurred as aresult. The attacks are not believed to have focused on RBS but to have been across the whole ofthe banking industry.8. Royal Bank of Scotland said that the bank had suffered no losses as a result of the attacks andadded: HRBS has extremely robust processes in place in order to protect our systems from fraud.Trojan email attacks are an industry-wide issue and are not isolated to a particular area or aparticular bank."9. It is not just banks that have been targets. Last year attempts were made to steal informationfrom the Houses of Parliament using malicious email. Messagelabs, the company responsible formonitoring much of the email traffic of the government and big business for suspect software, saidat the beginning of the year that criminals have been evolving more sophisticated techniques toattack corporate networks.10. According to Mark Sunner, chief technology officer of Messagelabs, the number of maliciousemails targeted at individuals has been increasing. Two years ago they were being seen once everytwo months, but now they are seeing one or two a day. This has been accompanied by an increasein quality in the creation of Trojans and spy ware.11. "The hackers are now aiming to take over computers, particularly those of home users. Someof the malicious software that we are routinely seeing for that purpose will have its own antivirussystem built into it so that they can kill off the programs of their competitors/*Increased vigilance12. Tony Neate, the head of Get Safe Online, a government-funded organisation set up to raiseawareness among UK businesses of computer criminals, says: "There is now an attempt to targetindividuals within UK businesses - including the banking sector. What is happening is that crimeis doing what it always does, which is look for the weakest link. Home working is where theyperceive a weakness.13. “This points to a need for increased vigilance and security by those working from home and bythose responsible for letting them work from home. For home working to be effective, securityneeds to be as effective as if working in an office.0(667 words)(by Zhang Juan)Questions 1-4Answer the questions below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for eachanswer.1. What do the hackers use to attack the computer system of the Royal Bank of Scotland?2. Which word is most likely to be used by hackers to describe home computers?3. What do the majority of people in the UK prefer?4. How do hackers collect information so as to compose emails?5. What do hackers obtain illegally to gain access to banks' computer network?Questions 5-12Complete the sentences below with words from the passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREEWORDS for each answer.6. The use of login details of VPNs by criminals does not necessarily result in any7. Royal Bank of Scotland claimed that they are not the only victim of.8. Corporate networks will be another target of hackers with i mpr oved.9. The attacks on individuals have been greatly increased within.10. With, software used by criminals can eliminate its competing programs.11. Home users are chosen as a target because they are considered as a.12. Get Safe Online is calling for an increase in to ensure safe home working.Answers Keys:1 . 答 案：personalised emails/keyloggers ( 见第 1 段第 2 句：For the past year, Royal Bank ofScotland has been fighting systematic attempts to break into its computer systems from hackerswho have sent personalised emails containing keyloggers to its senior management.)2 .答 案： vulnerable ( 见第 2 段： The hackers make the assumption that the computers being usedoutside the work environment are more vulnerable than those protected by a corporate ITdepartment.)3. 答案： flexible working ( 见第 3 段： For companies it is a growing threat as home workingincreases: a recent survey from the Equal Opportunities Commission found that more than 60% ofthe UK's population wants the option of flexible working.)4 . 答 案：trawling (the) internet ( 见第 4 段第 2 句： Each email they send is meticulously builtto make it attractive to its target, who the criminals have carefully researched by trawling theinternet for information.)5. 答案：logins and passwords/usernames and passwords ( 见第 5 段第第 1、 2 句: The keyloggercontained in the email installs itself automatically and then collects details of logins andpasswords from the unsuspecting user. This means that hackers can, using the usernames andpasswords stolen by the keyloggers, …)6 . 答 案： losses ( 见第 7 段第 2 句：In some cases sources claim thal the login details of VPNshave been obtained and used though there has been no confirmation that any losses have occurredas a result.)7 . 答 案： Trojan email attacks ( 见第 8 段最后 1 句：Trojan email attacks are an industry-wideissue and are not isolated to a particular area or a particular bank.)8 . 答案: techniques ( 见第 9 段最后 1 句 : ,"said at the beginning of the year that criminals havebeen evolving more sophisticated techniques to attack corporate networks.)9 . 答案： two years ( 见第 10 段第 1、 2 句： According to Mark Sunner, chief technology officerof Messagelabs, the number of malicious emails targeted at individuals has been increasing. Twoyears ago they were being seen once every two months, but now they are seeing one or two aday.)10 . 答案：(an) antivirus system ( 见第 11 段： "The hackers are now aiming to take overcomputers, particularly those of home users. Some of the malicious software that we are routinelyseeing for that purpose will have its own antivirus system built into it so that they can kill off theprograms of their competitors.1' )11 . 答案： weakness ( 见第 12 段最后 1 句：Home working is where they perceive a weakness.)12 . 答案： vigilance and security ( 见第 13 段： "This points to a need for increased vigilance andsecurity by those working from home and by those responsible for letting them work from home.For home working to be effective, security needs to be as effective as if working in an office.")。