week_6-16_英语写作手册讲义.ppt

《英语写作手册》 讲义,主讲： 李玲琳,《英语写作手册》 讲义,《英语写作手册》课程性质 课程说明 《英语写作手册》考核重点 Part One Manuscript Form 授课内容 Part Two Diction Part Three Sentences Part Four Paragraph Part Five Practical Writing 考试命题趋向分析 考情交流 考前复习技巧指导,,,,《英语写作手册》课程性质 《英语写作手册》是全国高等教育英语专业基础阶段的一门重要的实践课程，本课程着重培养应考生英语写作的基本技能，重点教授英语写作的最基础内容主要包括三大部分：句子的组成，段落的写作，概要及应用文写作 《英语写作手册》考核重点 《英语写作手册》的考核目标和出题原则在《考试大纲》中有明确的阐述考核重点有以下三点： 掌握格式，措辞，句子，段落写作的基本概念，基本理论和基本方法； 能写一般的书信、通知、便条以及请贴等，格式正确，语言得体，内容完整，条理清楚，语法基本正确； 写作速度每小时200—250词Part One Manuscript Form: Ⅰ. Arrangement 安排 Ⅱ. Word Division 移行 Ⅲ. Capitalization 大写 Ⅳ. Punctuation 标点,Part Two Diction: 1.Three criteria of diction 2. How to make a good diction? 3. Levels of Words 4. The Meaning of Words 5. General and Specific Words 6. Figures of Speech,Part Three Sentences: 1. The loose and periodic Sentence 2. The Short and Long Sentences 3. The Simple Sentence 句子种类 （Types of Sentences） 4. The Compound Sentence 5. The Complex Sentence 6. The Compound- Complex sentence 1. Run-on sentence 2. Fragmentary Sentences 常见结构错误 （Common Errors） 3. Faulty parallelism 4. Misplaced Modifiers 5. Dangling modifiers,,,Loose sentences: they are the sentences that puts the main idea before all supplementary information, in other words, they puts the first thing first and let the reader know what it is mainly about when he has read the first few words. Example: She decided to study English though she was interested in music.（松散句） Periodic sentences: they are the sentences that the main ideas are expressed at the end or near the end of them, and it is not grammatically completed until the end is reached, also the reader do not know what it is mainly about until they finish reading it. Example: Although she was interested in music, she finally decided to study English.（掉尾句）,从定义中我们可知，两者的主要区别是主要观点的位置问题。

那么，在一个特定句子当中，什么是主要观点呢？分以下两种情况： 1.当句子结构是一个“基本结构＋修饰语”的句子时，主要观点体现在基本机构上，修饰语－主要指状语（例如介词短语，分词短语，形容词短语，状语从句，不定式结构等）为次要观点修饰语在这样的句子中，掉尾句的本质就是状语前置如： The plane began to shake noticeably as soon as it lifted off the runway. (loose sentence) As soon as the plane lifted off the runway, it began to shake noticeably. （periodic) 注意： ① 状语前置时，通常要与其他部分用逗号隔开，且不要忘了大小写的转换 ② 若前置的时间状语从句，且从句的主语是指代主句中某事物的代词时，不要忘记将其对调2. 当句子中只包含基本结构而没有修饰语时，这种主要观点是体现在主语和谓语上的，次要观点是体现在主谓之外的其他成分上的，如，宾语，表语，或是补足语等此时，由松散句转化为掉尾句，就要借助于某些语法手段让“主＋谓”结构出现在其他成分的后面即可。

这样的语法手段主要有： Loose sentence: To keep our promises is an important thing. 改为形式主语句：It is an important thing to keep our promises. 改为形式宾语句：We should regard it as an important thing to keep our promises. 改为强调句：It is an important thing that to keep our promises . 改为感叹句：What an important thing it is to keep our promises! 改为倒装句：Such an important thing is to keep our promises.,The Short and Long Sentences 根据句子的长度和复杂性，句子可分为短句和长句，短句显得简练，有力量但句子太短也会影响写作上的流畅性，长句可以将比较复杂的逻辑思维表达清楚短句长句要根据所表达的思想和内容结合使用，长短句的不断变化会给读者新奇感。

这一知识点体现在考试当中，就是连短句成长句解决这一问题的方法就是：遵照各短句之间的内在逻辑关系，利用连结词（包括从属连词和并列连词），将短句连接在一起，也可先确定未来长句的主干，再将其他短句变成修饰语附属于主干之上在这里，给大家提供一种方法和两点注意： 一种方法是：选定短句中的一句作为未来长句的主干，再将其他短句一短语或从句的形式附着于其上如： It was a poor area. There were a lot of small huts. They had mud wall and straw roof. They dotted the hillside. In the poor area, the small huts with mud wall and straw roof, dotted the hillside. 两点注意：1. 不要在原有信息的基础上增加或删减任何内容 2. 尽可能地简洁The Simple Sentence 简单句是只包含一套主谓结构的句子这是它与并列句和复合句的主要区分点体现在考试中，就是从并列句或复合句向简单句的转化，或是把两句话合并为一个简单句。

并列句是处于同等地位的两套主谓结构的结合，复合句是处于主从地位的两套主谓结构的结合把它们转化为简单句，思路很清晰，就是在保证句意不变的情况下，把句子中的一套主谓结构（一般是处于从属地位的那套）转化为短语的形式去做修饰语，使其丧失分句的地位把句子变成只有一套主谓结构的简单句如： The letter which is from my foreign friend arrived today. (复合句） The letter from my foreign friend arrived today.（简单句） My roommate had a book in his hand, and was waiting for me at the door. （并列句） With a book in his hand, My roommate was waiting for me at the door. (简单句） 若给出的是两个独立的句子，按照以上方法变换仍然有效The Compound Sentence A compound sentence consists of two or more independent clauses (or simple sentences) related to each other in meaning, and linked by a comma plus one of the coordinating conjunctions ( and, or, nor, but, yet, so, for ), or by a semicolon without a conjunction. [simple sentence], and [simple sentence], but [simple sentence]. [simple sentence]; [simple sentence]; [simple sentence].,Read the independent clauses carefully first, and try to find the internal relations among the meanings. According to the internal relation, choose one or more of the proper coordinating conjunction to combine the clauses with each other. Examples: I needed butter to make the cookie better. I couldn’t find any. I used vegetable oil instead. I needed butter to make the cookie better, but I couldn’t find any, so I used vegetable oil instead. 注意：这七个并列连词的含义： and和nor是用来连接并列的观点的，前者是肯定并列，后者是否定并列； but和yet是用来连接转折观点的，前者是肯定转折，后者是否定转折； so和for是用来表示因果关系的，前者是果，后者是因；而 or是用来表示选择关系的。

做这类题的关键在于：准确地选择并列连词！,The Complex Sentence A complex sentence contains one main (principal) clause and one dependent (or subordinate) clauses, with a connective words denoting the relation between the two parts. The dependent clause may play the par。