石油工程专业英语-钻井技术基础（Basic Drilling technology）.ppt

1. Basic Drilling Technology1.1 History and Drilling Environments1.2 Drilling Equipment1.3 The Drillstem and Drilling Fluid1.4 Drilling the Well1.5 Offshore Operationsl History1.1 History and Drilling Environmentl Surface Environmentsl Subsurface EnvironmentsHistory History The history of oil well drilling technology is studded with the familiar names of Colonel E. L. Drake, Captain Anthony Lucas, and “Spindletop.” However, the rapid development and commercial applications of rotary drilling in the early 1900s were preceded by the work of many individuals from many different countries. Stud in 装饰，点缀Figure 1-2 Colonel Edwin Drake[courtesy The Drake Well Museum]Col. Edwin Drake, the father of the modern oil industry. A former railway conductor, the “colonel” was an affectation adopted to impress the towns-people of Oil Creek. As a representation of the Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company, Drake spent three unsuccessful years trying to skim oil in marketable quantities from the same springs the Indians had used years before. When the company failed, Drake organized the Seneca Oil Company to try again. This time he looked at the brine wells that had been drilled at nearby Tarantum and made the momentous decision to try to obtain oil in quantity by drilling for it .That he was successful was due in no small part to the skill and dedication of his driller, William A, “Uncle Billy” Smith, a blacksmith and experienced brine well driller. After penetrating 30 ft of rock. Drake struck oil at a total depth of 69 1/2 ft. The well was not a gusher —the oil had to be pumped to the surface, but it was the first “oil-well” in the United States and the lamp oil producers quickly flocked to the site to buy Drake’s oil for $20/bbl. That day, August 27, I859, is noted as the birthday of the oil industry, for Drake had proves that it was possible to obtain oil in quantity by drilling for it through rock. History History The history of oil well drilling technology is studded with the familiar names of Colonel E. L. Drake, Captain Anthony Lucas, and “Spindletop.” However, the rapid development and commercial applications of rotary drilling in the early 1900s were preceded by the work of many individuals from many different countries. Figure 1-6 Captain Anthony F.Lucas (courtesy Amoco Torch)History History The history of oil well drilling technology is studded with the familiar names of Colonel E. L. Drake, Captain Anthony Lucas, and “Spindletop.” However, the rapid development and commercial applications of rotary drilling in the early 1900s were preceded by the work of many individuals from many different countries. Figure 1-7 Spindletop—America’s first “gusher” (courtesy Amoco Torch)HistoryHistoryFigure 1.1 shows some of the important milestones that have been recorded in the history of modern drilling technology.Ancient Times Wells dug by hand, this practice continued in Burma until the 1900s.250 B. C.Chinese use percussion drilling to drill wells for salt water, using derricks, tubing, bits, and cemented bamboo casing.1808Ruffner brothers of West Virginia use a “spring pole“ percussion-drilling apparatus to “kick down“ a well. The drillers attach a cable and bit to a flexible sapling secured as a lever over a fulcrum. After using their own weight to bend the pole and drop the bit into the hole, they allow the spring pole to lift the bit back.up. 1829Steam is used lo ' operate improved cable tool equipment that utilizes derricks, engines, and fishing tools to retrieve lost bits.1844An Englishman named Robert Beart invents a drilling machine that includes a Hydraulic swivel, hollow drlling rods, and circulating fluid.1845A French engineer named Fauvelle drills a water well near Perpignan, France, using a set of hollow boring rods to allow pumped water to flush excavated material from the hole. 1848August Beer, an Austrian professor, suggests the possibility of drilling by a rotary method.1859Using cable-tool percussion drilling equipment, Col. E. L. Drake completes the first commercial oil well in America, at a depth of 69 ft.1860A French civil engineer named Leschocuses a power-driven, diamond-studded rotary drill. 1866A patent is granted for a “stone drill“ that includes a hollow driUstem, a roller bit, and a fluid-conducting swivel.1869A patent is granted on a special type of offshore drilling rig. Another inventor receives a patent on a rotary table with a beveled gear drive, 1880sEuropean oil well drillers, using versions of Fauvelle's water-flushed drilling tools, drill wells in Alsace and Baku.1882The Baker brothers begin using rotary equipment to drill for water in South Dakota to depth of 500 ft.1888The Bakers move their equipment to Corsicana, Texas, where it becomes popular.1893W. B. Sharp drills for oil with a rotary rig near Beaumont; his well is abandoned at 418 ft. 1897P. Higgins unsuccessfully drills for oil near Beaumont and then hires Anthony Lucas. 1。