非谓语动词v-ed_form.ppt

GrammarGrammar The Past ParticipleThe Past Participle 1. 过去分词具有动词的性质，同时兼有过去分词具有动词的性质，同时兼有形容词或副词的性质，可以拥有自己的逻形容词或副词的性质，可以拥有自己的逻辑主语，在句中可以作辑主语，在句中可以作表语、定语、状语表语、定语、状语和补足语和补足语Explanation2. v-ed表示动作已经表示动作已经完成完成或或被动被动意义意义eg: fallen leaves落叶落叶(已落下的叶子已落下的叶子)eg: I heard the door closed.我听见门被关上了我听见门被关上了3. 否定式：否定式：not + v-edeg: He escaped, not seen by anyone.过去分词所充当的成分：过去分词所充当的成分：一、一、作表语作表语 (predicative)1. 过去分词作表语，表示主语的心理感觉或过去分词作表语，表示主语的心理感觉或所处的状态，其用法相当于所处的状态，其用法相当于adj.，放在系动，放在系动词后面eg: The door remained locked till 7 o’clock.eg: I am pleased with the result of the experiment.(许多许多v-ed形式已经被当作形式已经被当作adj.使用使用, 如如: excited, disappointed, moved, puzzled,lost等等)注意区别：注意区别：2. v-ed作表语时，与系动词一起构成的系表作表语时，与系动词一起构成的系表结构与普通的被动语态在形式上相似。

结构与普通的被动语态在形式上相似系表结构中的系表结构中的v-ed表示：表示：被动语态中的被动语态中的v-ed表示：表示：主语所处的状态主语所处的状态一个被动的动作一个被动的动作eg: The cup is broken. The cup was broken by Tom.系表结构表状态系表结构表状态被动语态表动作被动语态表动作注意比较：注意比较：3. 过去分词过去分词v-ed和和v-ing作表语的区别：作表语的区别：过去分词过去分词v-ed:现在分词现在分词v-ing:表主语表主语(人人)所处的心理状态，所处的心理状态，个人的感受个人的感受. “(人人)感到感到...”表主语表主语(物或人物或人)所具有的特征所具有的特征. “(物或人物或人)令人令人...”eg: surprised/ surprising; encouraged/ encouraging; moved/ moving...二、二、作定语作定语 (attribute)1. 前置定语前置定语：单个的：单个的v-ed作定语，一般放在作定语，一般放在被修饰的被修饰的n.之前；之前；后置定语后置定语：：v-ed短语作定语时，常被放在被短语作定语时，常被放在被修饰的修饰的n.之后，相当于一个定语从句。

之后，相当于一个定语从句eg: an honored guest 一位受尊敬的客人一位受尊敬的客人eg: The injured bird lay on the ground.eg: The boy named Tom is my brother.eg: a letter written in blue ink注意注意:如果被修饰的词是复合不定代词或指示代词如果被修饰的词是复合不定代词或指示代词those等时，即使是一个单一的分词作定语也等时，即使是一个单一的分词作定语也要放在被修饰的词之后要放在被修饰的词之后eg: There was nobody invited here.2. v-ed作定语与定语从句的互换作定语与定语从句的互换:(1) 若是若是vt.的过去分词作定语表示已经完成的过去分词作定语表示已经完成的动作，且含有被动意义，可改成的动作，且含有被动意义，可改成v.用用被动被动形式的定语从句形式的定语从句eg: The letter posted today will reach you in a week. =The letter which was posted today will...(2) 若是若是vi.的过去分词作定语只表示动作的的过去分词作定语只表示动作的完成，不表被动，可改成完成，不表被动，可改成v.用用完成完成时态的定时态的定语从句。

语从句eg: a retired teacher = a teacher who has retiredeg: the fallen leaves=the leaves which have fallen注意：注意：分词的完成式一般不作定语，若要分词的完成式一般不作定语，若要表达完成意义常用定语从句表达完成意义常用定语从句我们一般不说我们一般不说 The girl having won the race is my friend.而常说：而常说：The girl who has won the race is my friend.3. v-ed形式与其他非谓语动词作定语时区别：形式与其他非谓语动词作定语时区别：（（1））doing作定语作定语------ 主动，动作正在进行主动，动作正在进行（（3））done作定语作定语------ 被动，动作已完成被动，动作已完成（（2））being done作定语作定语------ 被动，动作正在进行被动，动作正在进行（（4））to do作定语作定语------ 将来要发生的动作将来要发生的动作（（5））having done--- 不能作定语，用定语从句代替不能作定语，用定语从句代替注意比较：注意比较：eg: a broken cup ; some singing birdsExercise:Exercise:1. Prices of daily goods ____ through a computer can be lower than store prices. A. are bought B. bought C. been bought D. buyingB2. With a lot of different problems ____, the newly-elected president is having a hard time. A. settled B. settling C. to settle D. being settledC3. Don’t use words, expressions or phrases ____ only to people with specific knowledge. A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. knownD4. When I got back, I saw a message ____ to the door____ “Sorry to miss you; will call later.” A. pin, read B. pinning, reading C. pinned, reading D. pinned, read C. pinned, reading5. Ex:书书P13/1三、三、作宾补作宾补 (Object Complement)v-ed作宾补，表示作宾补，表示被动意义被动意义或或已完成意义已完成意义，，或两者兼而有之。

作宾语补足语的过去分词或两者兼而有之作宾语补足语的过去分词与宾语有逻辑上的与宾语有逻辑上的被动关系被动关系v-ed作宾补的几大类型的作宾补的几大类型的v. :1. 在在make, get, have, keep, leave等使役动词等使役动词后面作宾补：后面作宾补：eg: Please keep us informed of the latest news. 请随时把最新消息告诉我们请随时把最新消息告诉我们eg: When you speak, you have to make yourself understood. 说话时要让人听得懂说话时要让人听得懂注意：注意：在在have + n./ pron. + 过去分词，即过去分词，即have sth. done这一结构中，这一结构中，have通常有三种通常有三种意义eg: I usually have my clothes washed on Sundays, but I don’t wash my clothes myself.(1) 表示表示“让某人做某事让某人做某事”，，v-ed动作的执行动作的执行者通常不是句子的主语者通常不是句子的主语。

eg: The museum had everything robbed of in the war.eg: I have had my bike repaired.(2) 表示表示“遭遇到某种不幸，受到打击遭遇到某种不幸，受到打击”，，v-ed动作的执行者不是句子的主语，动作的执行者不是句子的主语，而是主语受到这种动作的影响而是主语受到这种动作的影响eg: The old man had his leg broken in the accident.(3) 表示通常意义的表示通常意义的“有有”eg: We had a lot of books left in the classroom.2. 在在see, hear, watch, notice, feel, find, think等感官动词或表示心理状态的动词后面作宾等感官动词或表示心理状态的动词后面作宾补：补：eg: I saw the thief caught by the policeman.eg: We can hear the windows beaten by the heavy rain drops. 3. 在在would like, want, like, wish, order, expect, request等表示等表示“希望，想要、要求希望，想要、要求”的的v.后面作宾补：后面作宾补：eg: The boss wouldn’t like the problem discussed at the moment.eg: We wished the problem settled at once.4. 在介词在介词with/ without + n./ pron. + v-ed结构结构中。

中宾语宾语宾补宾补(宾语和宾补之间有被动关系宾语和宾补之间有被动关系)eg: The thief was brought in with his hands tied behind his back.eg: They left without a plate untouched.他们走了，没有一盘菜没动过他们走了，没有一盘菜没动过注意：注意： with/ without + n./ pron. + v-ed这一这一结构在整句话中是作结构在整句话中是作状语状语的，表原因，结果，的，表原因，结果，方式或伴随情况方式或伴随情况注意比较：注意比较：v-ed, v-ing和和to do作宾补的不同：作宾补的不同：v. + 宾宾 + v-ed:v. + 宾宾 + v-ing:v. + 宾宾 + (to) do:表动作已完成，与宾语之间表动作已完成，与宾语之间是被动关系是被动关系表动作正在进行或持续动作，表动作正在进行或持续动作，与宾语之间是主动关系与宾语之间是主动关系表动作将要发生或表动作全表动作将要发生或表动作全过程，与宾语之间是主动关过程，与宾语之间是主动关系1. We found the trees _______(plant) already.We found many people _______ trees there.plantedplantingExercise:Exercise:2. Mrs. White found her husband _____ by letters and papers and _____ very worried. A. surrounding; looking B. surrounded; looked C. surrounding; looked D. surrounded; looking四、四、作状语作状语 (Adverbial)v-ed作状语，它与作状语，它与主句的主语主句的主语构成被动关系，构成被动关系，表示被动的或已完成的动作。

此时可以表示表示被动的或已完成的动作此时可以表示原因、时间、条件、让步、伴随情况等，相原因、时间、条件、让步、伴随情况等，相当于一个状语从句当于一个状语从句v-ed作状语的几大类型作状语的几大类型:(1) 作作原因状语原因状语，相当于，相当于as, since, because引引导的原因状语从句导的原因状语从句.eg: Deeply moved by the film, we all cried. =As we were deeply moved by the film, we all cried.(2) 作作时间状语时间状语，相当于，相当于when, while, before, after引导的时间状语从句引导的时间状语从句.Asked how he broke into the room, he made no answer.=When he was asked how he broke into the room, he made no answer.(3) 作作条件状语条件状语，相当于，相当于if, unless, once引导的条件状语从句引导的条件状语从句.eg: Given more time, we would do the work better.=eg: If we were given more time, we would do the work better(4) 作作方式或伴随状语方式或伴随状语，可位于句首或句末，，可位于句首或句末，可扩充为并列句。

可扩充为并列句eg: The actress came in, followed by her fans.= The actress came in, and was followed by her fans.(5) 作作让步状语让步状语，有时可以与，有时可以与although, though, even if, even though等连用等连用eg: Much tired, my parents still kept on working.=Although they were much tired, my parents still kept on working.eg: Though beaten by them, we were not discouraged.=eg: Though we were beaten by them, we were not discouraged.注意：注意： 过去分词作状语，有时无被动意味，过去分词作状语，有时无被动意味，只表示状态只表示状态, 或是固定搭配或是固定搭配1. ______ in a white uniform, he looks more like a cook than a doctor. A. Dressed B. To dress C. Dressing D. Having dressed解析：解析：be dressed in sth. 穿着穿着...，表状态，表状态2. ______ with a bill for $10,000, he has taken an extra job. A. Facing B. Having faced C. To face D. Faced解析：解析：be faced with sth. 面对面对...，是固定搭配，是固定搭配比较：比较： v-ed, v-ing, to do作状语的用法作状语的用法(1) v-ed作状语表示作状语表示: 被动的或已完成的动作被动的或已完成的动作(2) v-ing作状语表示作状语表示:主动的和正在进行的动作，主动的和正在进行的动作，即动作由句子的即动作由句子的主语发出，并和谓主语发出，并和谓v.的动作同时发生的动作同时发生(3) to do作状语表示作状语表示:主动的动作，常作主动的动作，常作“目的，原因，结果目的，原因，结果”状状语语Exercises:1. ________ with other architecture, this building is special.2. ________ to other women, she was very lucky.3. ________ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.A. Compared B. Being comparedC. Comparing D. Having comparedACA。