CET6(07新题型)阅读电子文档.pdf

新东方六级阅读电子教材教材说明：本电子教材的页码跟老师讲的有点差别，请学员根据老师说的unit找到相对应的文章即可学习，祝学习愉快！第一部分阅读理解全真题Unit 1Part II Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions orunfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter onthe Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:What has the telephone done to us, or for us, in the hundred years of its existence? A feweffects suggest themselves at once. It has saved lives by getting rapid word of illness, injury, orfire from remote places. By joining with the elevator to make possible the multi-story residence oroffice building, it has made possible —— for better or worse —— the modern city. By bringingabout a great leap in the speed and ease with which information moves from place to place, it hasgreatly accelerated the rate of scientific and technological changes and growth in industry. Beyonddoubt it has seriously weakened if not killed the ancient art of letter writing. It has made livingalone possible for persons with normal social impulses; by so doing, it has played a role in one ofthe greatest social changes of this century, the breakup of the multi-generational household. It hasmade the war chillingly more efficient than formerly. Perhaps, though not provably ithas prevented wars that might have arisen out of international misunderstanding caused by writtencommunication. Or perhaps — again not provably 一 by magnifying and extending irrationalpersonal conflicts based on voice contact, it has caused wars. Certainly it has extended the scopeof human conflicts, since it impartially disseminates (传播) the useful knowledge of scientists andthe nonsense of the ignorant, the affection of the affectionate and the malice〈 恶恐 of themalicious.21. What is the main idea of this passage?A) The telephone has helped to save people from illness and fire.B) The telephone has helped to prevent wars and conflicts.C) The telephone has made the modem city neither better nor worse.D) The telephone has had positive as well as negative effects on us.22. According to the passage, it is the telephone t hat .A) has made letter writing an artB) has prevented wars by avoiding written communicationC) has made the world different from what it wasD) has caused wars by magnifying and extending human conflicts23. The telephone has intensified conflicts among people because .A) it increases the danger of warB) it provides services to both the good and the maliciousC) it makes distant communication easierD) it breaks up the multi-generational household24. The author describes the telephone as impartial because it .A) saves lives of people in remote placesB) enables people to live alone if they want toC) spreads both love and ill willD) replaces much written communication25. The writer's attitude towards the use of the telephone is .A) affectionate C) approvingB) disapproving D) neutralPassage TwoQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:To say that the child learns by imitation and that the way to teach is to set a good exampleoversimplifies. No child imitates every action he sees. Sometimes, the example the parent wantshim to follow is ignored while he takes over contrary patterns from some other example.Therefore we must turn to a more subtle theory than “Monkey see, monkey do.”Look at it from the child's point of view. Here he is in a new situation, lacking a readyresponse. He is seeking a response which will gain certain ends. If he lacks a ready response forthe situation, and cannot reason out what to do, he observes a model who seems able to get theright result. The child looks for an authority or expert who can show what to do.There is a second element at work in this situation. The child may be able to attain hisimmediate goal only to find that his method brings criticism from people who observe him. Whenshouting across the house achieves his immediate end of delivering a message, he is toldemphatically that such a 々( 叫嚷)is unpleasant, that he should walk into the next room andsay his say quietly. Thus, the desire to solve any objective situation is overlaid with the desire tosolve it properly. One of the early things the child learns is that he gets more affection andapproval when his parents like his response. Then other adults reward some actions and criticizeothers. If one is to maintain the support of others and his own self-respect, he must adoptresponses his social group approves.In finding trial responses, the learner does not choose models at random. He imitates theperson who seems a good person to be like, rather than a person whose social status he wishes toavoid. If the pupil wants to be a good violinist, he will observe and try to copy the techniques ofcapable players; while some other person may most influence his approach to books.Admiration of one quality often leads us to admire a person as a whole, and he becomes anidentifying figure. We use some people as models over a wide range of situations, imitating muchthat they do. We learn that they are dependable and rewarding models because imitating themleads to success.26. The statement that children learn by imitation is incomplete b e c a u s e .A) they only imitate authorities and expertsB) they are not willing to copy their parentsC) the process of identification has been ignoredD) the nature of their imitation as a form of behaviour has been neglected27. For a child the first element in his learning by imitation is.A) the need to find an authorityB) the need to find a way to achieve the desired resultC) the need for more affection from his parentsD) the desire to meet the standards of his social group28. Apart from achieving his desired results, a child should also learn to .A) behave properly C) show his affection for his parentsB) attain his goal as soon as possible D) talk quietly29. Children tend to imitate their mo d e l s .A) who do not criticize themB) who bring them unexpected rewardsC) whom they want to be likeD) whose social status is high30. “An identifying figure(Line 2, Para. 5) refers to a person .A) who serves as a model for othersB) who is always successfulC) who can be depended uponD) who has been rewarded for his successPassage ThreeQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:When imaginative men turn their eyes towards space and wonder whether life exist in anypart of it, they may cheer themselves by remembering that life need not resemble closely the lifethat exists on Earth. Mars looks like the only planet where life like ours could exist, and even thisis doubtful. But there may be other kinds of life based on other kinds of chemistry, and they maymultiply on Venus or Jupiter. At least we cannot prove at present that they do not.Even more interesting is the possibility that life on their planets may be in a more advancedstage of evolution. Present-day man is in a peculiar and probably temporary stage. His individualunits retain a strong sense of personality. They are, in fact, still capable under favorablecircumstances of leading individual lives. But man's societies are already sufficiently developed tohave enormously more power and effectiveness than the individuals have.It is not likely that this transitional situation will continue very long on the evolutionary timescale. Fifty thousand years from now man's societies may have become so close-knit that theindividuals retain no sense of separate personality. Then little distinction will remain between theorganic parts of the multiple organism and the inorganic parts (machines) that have beenconstructed by it. A million years further on man and his machines may have merged as closely asthe muscles of the human body and the nerve cells that set them in motion.The explorers of space should be prepared for some such situation. If they arrive on a foreignplanet that has reached an advanced stage (and this is by no means impossible), they may find itbeing inhabited by a single large organism composed of many closely cooperating units.The units may be “secondary“ 一 machines created millions of years ago by a previousform of life and given the will and ability to survive and reproduce. They may be built entirely ofmetals and other durable materials. If this is the case, they may be much more tolerant of theirenvironment, multiplying under conditions that would destroy immediately any organism made ofcarbon compounds and dependent on the familiar carbon cycle.Such creatures might be relics( 遗物)of a past age, many millions of years ago, when theirplanet was favorable to the origin of life, or they might be immigrants from a favored planet.31. What does the word "cheer” (Line 2, Para. 1) imply?A) Imaginative men are sure of success in finding life on other planets.B) Imaginative men are delighted to find life on other planets.C) Imaginative men are happy to find a different kind of life existing on other planets.D) Imaginative men can be pleased with the idea that there might exist different forms of lifeon other planets.32. Humans on Earth today are characterized by .A) their existence as free and separate beingsB) their capability of living under favorable conditionsC) their great power and effectivenessD) their strong desire for living in a close-knit society33. According to this passage, some people believe that eventually .A) human societies will be much more cooperativeB) man will live in a highly organized worldC) machines will replace manD) living beings will disappear from Earth34. Even most imaginative people have to admit t hat .A) human societies are as advanced as those on some other planetsB) planets other than Earth are not suitable for life like ours to stayC) it is difficult to distinguish between organic parts and inorganic parts of the human bodyD) organism are more creative than machines35. It seems that the wr i t er .A) is interested in the imaginary life formsB) is eager to find a different form of lifeC) is certain of the existence of a new life formD) is critical of the imaginative peoplePassage FourQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:The American baby boom after the war made unconvincing U.S. advice to poor countries thatthey restrain their births. However, there has hardly been a year since 1957 in which birth rateshave not fallen in the United States and other rich countries, and in 1976 the fall was especiallysharp. Both East Germany and West Germany have fewer births than they have deaths, and theUnited States is only temporarily able to avoid this condition because the children of the babyboom are now an exceptionally large group of married couples.It is true that Americans do not typically plan their births to set an example for developingnations. We are more affected by women's liberation: once women see interesting and well-paidjobs and careers available, they are less willing to provide free labor for child raising. Fromcosting nothing, children suddenly come to seem impossibly expensive. And to the high cost ofchildren are added the uncertainties introduced by divorce; couples are increasingly unwilling tosubject children to the terrible experience of marital ( 婚姻的) breakdown and themselves to thedifficulty of raising a child alone.These circumstances - women working outside the home and the instability of marriage—— tend to spread with industrial society and they will affect more and more countries during theremainder of this century. Along with them goes social mobility, ambition to rise in the urbanworld, a main factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth century.Food shortage will happen again when the reserves resulting from the good harvests of 1976and 1977 have been consumed. Urbanization is likely to continue, with the cities of the developingnations struggling under the weight of twice their present populations by the year 2000. Thepresently rich countries are approaching a stable population largely because of the changed placeof women, and they incidentally are setting an example of restraint to the rest of the world.Industrial society will spread to the poor countries, and aspirations ( 渴望)will exceed resources.All this will lead to a population in the twenty-first century that is smaller than was feared a fewyears ago. For those anxious to see world population brought under control the news isencouraging.36. During the years from 1957 to 1976, the birth rate of the United S t a t e s .A) increased C) experienced both falls and risesB) was reduced D) remained stable37. What influences the birth rate most in the United States is .A) highly paid jobs C) expenses of child raisingB) women's desire for independence D) high divorce rate38. The sentence "From costing nothing, children suddenly come to seem impossibly expensive.(Line 4, Para. 2) implies that .A) food and clothing for babies are becoming incredibly expensiveB) prices are going up dramatically all the timeC) to raise children women have to give up interesting and well-paid jobsD) social development has made child-raising inexpensive39. A chief factor in bringing down the births in Europe in the 19th century is.A) birth control C) the instability of marriageB) the desire to seek fortune in cities D) the changed place of women40. The population in the 21st century, according to the w rite r,.A) will be smaller than a few years agoB) will not be as small as people expectC) will prove to be a threat to the worldD) will not constitute as serious a problem as expectedUnit 2Part II Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questionsor unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter onthe Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Questions 21 to 24 are based on the following passage:Automation refers to the introduction of electronic control and automatic operation ofproductive machinery. It reduces the human factors, mental and physical in production, and isdesigned to make possible the manufacture of more goods with fewer workers. The developmentof automation in American industry has been called the “ Second Industrial Revolution.,,Labour's concern over automation arises from uncertainty about the effects on employment,and fears of major changes in jobs. In the main, labour has taken the view that resistance totechnical change is unfruitful. Eventually, the result of automation may well be an increase inemployment, since it is expected that vast industries will grow up around manufacturing,maintaining, and repairing automation equipment. The interest of labour lies in bringing about thetransition with a minimum of inconvenience and distress to the workers involved. Also, unionspokesmen emphasize that the benefit of the increased production and lower costs made possibleby automation should be shared by workers in the form of higher wages, more leisure, andimproved living standards.To protect the interests of their members in the era of automation, unions have adopted anumber of new policies. One of these is the promotion of supplementary unemployment benefitplans. It is emphasized that since the employer involved in such a plan has a direct financialinterest in preventing unemployment, he will have a strong drive for planning new installations soas to cause the least possible problems in jobs and job assignments. Some unions are working fordismissal pay agreements, requiring that permanently dismissed workers be paid a sum of moneybased on length of service. Another approach is the idea of the u improvement factor which callsfor wage increases based on increases in productivity. It is possible, however, that labour will relymainly on reduction in working hours in order to gain a full share in the fruits of automation.21. Though labour worries about the effects of automation, it never doubts thatA) automation will eventually prevent unemploymentB) automation will help workers acquire new skillsC) automation will eventually benefit the workers no less than the employers.D) automation is a trend which cannot be stopped22. The idea of the u improvement factor(Para. 3, Line 8) implies r o u g h l y .A) wages should be paid on the basis of length of serviceB) the benefit of the increased production and lower costs should be shared by workersC) supplementary unemployment benefit plans should be promotedD) the transition to automation should be brought about with the minimum of inconvenienceand distress to workers23. In order to get the full benefits of automation, labour will depend mostly on .A) additional payment to the permanently dismissed workersB) the increase of wages in proportion to the increase in productivityC) shorter working hours and more leisure timeD) strong drive for planning new installations24. Which of the following can best sum up the passage?A) Advantages and disadvantages of automation.B) Labour and the effects of automation.C) Unemployment benefit plans and automation.D) Social benefits of automation.Questions 25 to 30 are based on the following passage:The case for college has been accepted without question for more than a generation. All highschool graduates ought to go, says conventional wisdom and statistical evidence, because collegewill help them earn more money, become “better” people, and learn to be more responsiblecitizens than those who don't go.But college has never been able to work its magic for everyone. And now that close to halfour high school graduates are attending, those who don't fit the pattern are becoming morenumerous, and more obvious. College graduates are selling shoes and driving taxis; collegestudents interfere with each other's experiments and writes false letters of recommendation in theintense competition for admission to graduate school. Others find no stimulation in their studies,and drop out - often encouraged by college administrators.Some observers say the fault is with the young people themselves 一 they are spoiled andthey are expecting too much. But that's a condemnation of the students as a whole, and doesn'texplain all campus unhappiness. Others blame the state of the world, and they are partly right.We've been told that young people have to go to college because our economy can*t absorb anarmy of untrained eighteen-year-olds. But disappointed graduates are learning that it can no longerabsorb an army of trained twenty-two-year-olds, either.Some adventuresome educators and campus watchers have openly begun to suggest thatcollege may not be the best, the proper, the only place for every young person after the completionof high school. We may have been looking at all those surveys and statistics upside down, it seems,and through the rosy glow of our own remembered college experiences. Perhaps college doesn'tmake people intelligent, ambitious, happy, liberal, or quick to leam things 一 maybe it's just theother way around, and intelligent, ambitious, happy, liberal, quick-learning people are merely theones who have been attracted to college in the first place. And perhaps all those successful collegegraduates would have been successful whether they had gone to college or not. This is heresy ( 异端牙说)to those of us who have been brought up to believe that if a little schooling is good, morehas to be much better. But contrary evidence is beginning to mount up.25. According to the a u t h o r , .A) people used to question the value of college educationB) people used to have full confidence in higher educationC) all high school graduates went to collegeD) very few high school graduates chose to go to college26. In the 2nd paragraph, “those who don't fit the patternrefers to .A) high school graduates who aren't suitable for college educationB) college graduates who are selling shoes and driving taxisC) college students who aren't any better for their higher educationD) high school graduates who failed to be admitted to college27. The drop-out rate of college students seems to go up because .A) young people are disappointed with the conventional way of teaching at collegeB) many young people are required to join the armyC) young people have little motivation in pursuing a higher educationD) young people don't like the intense competition for admission to graduate school28. According to the passage the problems of college education partly arise from the factthat .A) society cannot provide enough jobs for properly trained college graduatesB) high school graduates do not fit the pattern of college educationC) too many students have to earn their own livingD) college administrators encourage students to drop out29. In this passage the author argues that .A) more and more evidence shows college education may not be the best thing for highschool graduatesB) college education is not enough if one wants to be successfulC) college education benefits only the intelligent, ambitious, and quick-learning peopleD) intelligent people may learn quicker if they don't go to college30. The “ surveys and statistics “ mentioned in the last paragraph might have shownthat .A) college-educated people are more successful than non-college-educated peopleB) college education was not the first choice for intelligent peopleC) the less schooling one has the better it is for himD) most people have sweet memories of college lifeQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:Ours has become a society of employees. A hundred years or so ago only one out of everyfive Americans at work was employed, i.e., worked for somebody else. Today only one out of fiveis not employed but working for himself. And when fifty years ago “being em ployedm eantworking as a factory labourer or as a farmhand, the employee of today is increasingly amiddle-class person with a substantial formal education, holding a professional or managementjob requiring intellectual and technical skills. Indeed, two things have characterized Americansociety during these last fifty years: middle-class and upper-class employees have been thefastest-growing groups in our working population - growing so fast that the industrial worker,that oldest child of the Industrial Revolution, has been losing in numerical importance despite theexpansion of industrial production.Yet you will find little if anything written on what it is to be an employee. You can find agreat deal of very dubious advice on how to get a job or how to get a promotion. You can also finda good deal of work in a chosen field, whether it be the mechanist's trade or bookkeeping ( 簿记) .Every one of these trades requires different skills, sets different standards, and requires a differentpreparation. Yet they all have employeeship in common. And increasingly, especially in the largebusiness or in government, employeeship is more important to success than the specialprofessional knowledge or skill. Certainly more people fail because they do not know therequirements of being an employee than because they do not adequately possess the skills of theirtrade; the higher you climb the ladder, the more you get into administrative or executive work, thegreater the emphasis on ability to work within the organization rather than on technical abilities orprofessional knowledge.31. It is implied that fifty years ago .A) eighty per cent of American working people were employed in factoriesB) twenty per cent of American intellectuals were employeesC) the percentage of intellectuals in the total work force was almost the same as that ofindustrial workersD) the percentage of intellectuals working as employees was not so large as that of industrialworkers32. According to the passage, with the development of modern industry, .A) factory labourers will overtake intellectual employees in numberB) there are as many middle-class employees as factory labourersC) employers have attached great importance to factory labourersD) the proportion of factory labourers in the total employee population has decreased33. The word “dubious” (Para. 2, Line 2) most probably means .A) valuable C) doubtfulB) useful D) helpful34. According to the writer, professional knowledge or skill is .A) less important than awareness of being a good employeeB) as important as the ability to deal with public relationsC) more important than employer-employee relationsD) as important as the ability to co-operate with others in the organization35. From the passage it can be seen that employeeship helps one .A) to be more successful in his career C) to solve technical problemsB) to be more specialized in his field D) to develop his professional skillQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7-8 hours* sleepalternating with some 16-17 hours* wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normallycoincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extentthis cycle can be modified.The question is no mere academic one. The ease, for example, with which people can changefrom working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry whereautomation calls for round-the-clock working of machines. It normally takes from five days to oneweek for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness, sleeping during the dayand working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed everyweek; a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a.m. one week, 8 a.m. to 4 p.m the next, and 4p.m. to 12 midnight the third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routinethan he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleepingvery efficiently.The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a number of permanentnight workers. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shift workers wascarried out by Brown in 1957. She found a high incidence ( 发生率) of disturbed sleep and otherdisorders among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of thesephenomena among those on permanent night work.This latter system then appears to be the best long-term policy, but meanwhile somethingmay be done to relieve the strains of alternate day and night work by selecting those people whocan adapt most quickly to the changes of routine. One way of knowing when a person has adaptedis by measuring his body temperature. People engaged in normal daytime work will have a hightemperature during the hours of wakefulness and a low one at night; when they change to nightwork the pattern will only gradually go back to match the new routine and the speed with which itdoes so parallels, broadly speaking, the adaptation of the body as a whole, particularly in terms ofperformance. Therefore, by taking body temperature at intervals of two hours throughout theperiod of wakefulness it can be seen how quickly a person can adapt to a reversed routine, and thiscould be used as a basis for selection. So far, however, such a form of selection does not seem tohave been applied in practice.36. Why is the question of “how easily people can get used to working at night” no mereacademic one?A) Because few people like to reverse the cycle of sleep and wakefulness.B) Because sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness.C) Because people are required to work at night in some fields of industry.D) Because shift work in industry requires people to change their sleeping habits.37. The main problem of the round-the-clock working system lies in .A) the inconveniences brought about to the workers by the introduction of automationB) the disturbance of the daily cycle of workers who have to change shifts too frequentlyC) the fact that people working at night are often less effectiveD) the fact that it is difficult to find a number of good night workers38. The best solution for implementing the 24-hour working system seems to be .A) to change shifts at longer intervalsB) to have longer shiftsC) to employ people who work on night shifts onlyD) to create better living conditions for night workers39. It is possible to find out if a person has adapted to the changes of routine by measuring hisbody temperature because .A) body temperature changes when the cycle of sleep and wakefulness alternatesB) body temperature changes when he changes to night shift or backC) the temperature reverses when the routines is changedD) people have higher temperatures when they are working efficiently40. Which of the following statements is NOT TRUE?A) Body temperature may serve as an indication of a worker's performance.B) The selection of a number of permanent night shift workers has proved to be the best solution to problems of the round-the-clock working system.C) Taking body temperature at regular intervals can show how a person adapts to the changesof routine.D) Disturbed sleep occurs less frequently among those on permanent night or day shifts.Unit 3Part II Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questionsor unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter cmthe Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:It is natural for young people to be critical of their parents at times and to blame them formost of the misunderstandings between them. They have always complained, more or less justly,that their parents are out of touch with modern ways; that they are possessive and dominant; thatthey do not trust their children to deal with crises; that they talk too much about certain problems -and that they have no sense of humour, at least in parent-child relationships.I think it is true that parents often underestimate their teenage children and also forget howthey themselves felt when young.Young people often irritate their parents with their choices in clothes and hairstyles, inentertainers and music. This is not their motive. They feel cut off from the adult world into whichthey have not yet been accepted. So they create a culture and society of their own. Then, if it turnsout that their music or entertainers or vocabulary or clothes or hairstyles irritate their parents, thisgives them additional enjoyment. They feel they are superior, at least in a small way, and that theyare leaders in style and taste.Sometimes you are resistant, and proud because you do not want your parents to approve ofwhat you do. If they did approve, it looks as if you are betraying your own age group. But in thatcase, you are assuming that you are the underdog: you can*t win but at least you can keep yourhonour. This is a passive way of looking at things. It is natural enough after long years ofchildhood, when you were completely under your parents1 control. But it ignores the fact that youare now beginning to be responsible for yourself.If you plan to control your life, co-operation can be part of that plan. You can charm others,especially your parents, into doing things the way you want. You can impress others with yoursense of responsibility and initiative, so that they will give you the authority to do what you wantto do.21. The author is primarily addressingA) parents of teenagers C) teenagersB) newspaper readers D) those who give advice to teenagers22. The first paragraph is mainly about .A) the teenagers1 criticism of their parentsB) misunderstandings between teenagers and their parentsC) the dominance of the parents over their childrenD) the teenagers* ability to deal with crises23. Teenagers tend to have strange clothes and hairstyles because t hey .A) want to irritate their parentsB) have a strong desire to be leaders in style and tasteC) have no other way to enjoy themselves betterD) want to show their existence by creating a culture of their own24. Teenagers do not want their parents to approve of whatever they do because theyA) have a desire to be independentB) feel that they are superior in a small way to the adultsC) are not likely to win over the adultsD) have already been accepted into the adult world25. To improve parent-child relationships, teenagers are advised to be .A) obedient C) independentB) responsible D) co-operativeQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:The long years of food shortage in this country have suddenly given way to apparentabundance. Stores and shops are choked with food. Rationing ( 定量供应) is virtually suspended,and overseas suppliers have been asked to hold back deliveries. Yet, instead of joy, there iswide-spread uneasiness and confusion. Why do food prices keep on rising, when there seems to beso much more food about? Is the abundance only temporary, or has it come to stay? Does it meanthat we need to think less now about producing more food at home? No one knows what to expect.The recent growth of export surpluses on the world food market has certainly beenunexpectedly great, partly because a strange sequence of two successful grain harvests in NorthAmerica is now being followed by a third. Most of Britain's overseas suppliers of meat, too, areoffering more this year and home production has also risen.But the effect of all this on the food situation in this country has been made worse by asimultaneous rise in food prices, due chiefly to the gradual cutting down of government supportfor food. The shops are overstocked with food not only because there is more food available, butalso because people, frightened by high prices, are buying less of it.Moreover, the rise in domestic prices has come at a time when world prices have begun tofall, with the result that imported food, with the exception of grain, is often cheaper than thehome-produced variety. And now grain prices, too, are falling. Consumers are beginning to askwhy they should not be enabled to benefit from this trend.The significance of these developments is not lost on farmers. The older generation have seenit all happen before. Despite the present price and market guarantees, farmers fear they are aboutto be squeezed between cheap food imports and a shrinking home market. Present production isrunning at 51 per cent above pre-war levels, and the government has called for an expansion to 60per cent by 1956; but repeated Ministerial advice is carrying little weight and the expansionprogramme is not working very well.26. Why is there a wide-spread uneasiness and confusion n about the food situation in Britain?A) The abundant food supply is not expected to last.B) Despite the abundance, food prices keep rising.C) Britain is importing less food.D) Britain will cut back on its production of food.27. The main reason for the rise in food prices is that .A) people are buying less foodB) imported food is driving prices higherC) domestic food production has decreasedD) the government is providing less support for agriculture28. Why didn't the government's expansion programme work very well?A) Because the formers were uncertain about the financial support the government guaranteed.B) Because the farmers were uncertain about the benefits of expanding production.C) Because the farmers were uncertain whether foreign markets could be found for their produce.D) Because the older generation of farmers were strongly against the programme.29. The decrease in world food prices was a result of .A) a sharp fall in the purchasing power of the consumersB) a sharp fall in the cost of food productionC) the overproduction of food in the food-importing countriesD) the overproduction on the part of the main food-exporting countries30. What did the future look like for Britain's food production at the time this article was written?A) It looks depressing despite government g u a r a n t e e s .B) An expansion of food production was at hand.C) British food producers would receive more government financial support.D) The fall in world food prices would benefit British food producers.Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:It is hard to predict how science is going to turn out, and if it is really good science it isimpossible to predict. If the things to be found are actually new, they are by definition unknown inadvance. You cannot make choices in this matter. You either have science or you don't, and if youhave it you are obliged to accept the surprising and disturbing pieces of information, along withthe neat and promptly useful bits.The only solid piece of scientific truth about which I feel totally confident is that we areprofoundly ignorant about nature. Indeed, I regard this as the major discovery of the past hundredyears of biology. It is, in its way, an illuminating piece of news. It would have amazed thebrightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment ( 启蒙运动) to be told by any of us how littlewe know and how be wildering seems the way ahead. It is this sudden confrontation with thedepth and scope of ignorance that represents the most significant contribution of the 20th centuryscience to the human intellect. In earlier times, we either pretended to understand how thingsworked or ignored the problem, or simply made up stories to fill the gaps. Now that we havebegun exploring in earnest, we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are, and how farfrom being answered. Because of this, we are depressed. It is not so bad being ignorant if you aretotally ignorant; the hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance, the worst spotsand here and there the not-so-bad spots, but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even anytunnels that can yet be trusted.But we are making a beginning, and there ought to be some satisfaction. There are probablyno questions we can think up that can11 be answered, sooner or later, including even the matter ofconsciousness. To be sure, there may well be questions we can't think up, ever, and therefore limitsto the reach of human intellect, but that is another matter. Within our limits we should be able towork our way through to all our answers, if we keep at it long enough, and pay attention.31. According to the author, really good science .A) would surprise the brightest minds of the 18th century EnlightenmentB) will help people to make the right choice in advanceC) will produce results which cannot be foreseenD) will bring about disturbing results32. It can be inferred from the passage that scientists of the 18th c e n t u r y .A) knew that they were ignorant and wanted to know more about natureB) were afraid of facing up to the realities of scientific researchC) thought that they knew a great deal and could solve most problems of scienceD) did more harm than good in promoting man's understanding of nature33. Which of the following is NOT mentioned about scientists in earlier times?A) They invented false theories to explain things they didn't understand.B) They falsely claimed to know all about nature.C) They did not believe in results from scientific observation.D) They paid little attention to the problems they didn't understand.34. What is the author's attitude towards science?A) He is confident though he is aware of the enormous difficulties in scientific research.B) He is doubtful because of the enormous difficulties in scientific research.C) He is depressed because of the ignorance of scientists.D) He is delighted because of the illuminating scientific findings.35. The author believes that.A) man can not solve all the problems he can think up because of the limits of human intellectB) man can find solutions sooner or later to whatever questions concerning nature he can think upC) sooner or later man can think up all the questions concerning nature and answer themD) questions concerning consciousness are outside the scope of scientific researchQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:Greenspace facilities are contributing to an important extent to the quality of the urbanenvironment. Fortunately it is no longer necessary that every lectureor every book about thissubject has to start with the proof of this idea. At present it is generally accepted, although more asa self-evident statement than on the base of a closely-reasoned scientific proof. The recognition ofthe importance of greenspaces in the urban environment is a first step on the right way, this doesnot mean, however, that sufficient details are known about the functions of greenspace in townsand about the way in which the inhabitants are using these spaces. As to this rather complexsubject I shall, within the scope of this lecture, enter into one aspect only, namely the recreativefunction of green space facilities.The theoretical separation of living, working, traffic and recreation which for many years hasbeen used in town-and-country planning, has in my opinion resulted in disproportionate attentionfor forms of recreation far from home, whereas there was relatively little attention forimprovement of recreative possibilities in the direct neighbourhood of the home. We have come tothe conclusion that this is not right, because an important part of the time which we do not pass insleeping or working, is used for activities at and around home. So it is obvious that recreation inthe open air has to begin at the street-door of the house. The urban environment has to offer asmany recreation activities as possible, and the design of these has to be such that more obligatoryactivities can also have a recreative aspect.The very best standard of living is nothing if it is not possible to take a pleasant walk in thedistrict, if the children cannot be allowed to play in the streets, because the risks of traffic are toogreat, if during shopping you can nowhere find a spot for enjoying for a moment the nice weather,in short, if you only feel yourself at home after the street-door of your house is closed after you.36. According to the author, the importance of green spaces in the urban environment .A) is still unknown C) is being closely studiedB) has been fully recognized D) is usually neglected37. The theoretical separation of living, working, traffic and recreation has led to .A) the disproportion of recreation facilities in the neighbourhoodB) the improvement of recreative possibilities in the neighbourhoodC) relatively little attention for recreative possibilitiesD) the location of recreation facilities far from home38. The author suggests that the recreative possibilities of greenspace should beprovided .A) in the neighbourhood of the house C) in special areasB) in the suburbs D) in gardens and parks39. According to the author, greenspace facilitties should be designed in such a wayt hat .A) an increasing number of recreative activities might be developedB) more and more people might have access to themC) more obligatory activities might take on a recreative aspectD) recreative activities might be brought into our homes40. The main idea of this passage is thatA) attention must be directed to the improvement of recreative possibilitiesB) better use of greenspace facilities should be made so as to improve the quality of our lifeC) the urban environment is providing more recreation activities than it did many years agoD) priority must be given to the development of obligatory activitiesUnit 4Part II Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questionsor unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A / B), C)and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter onthe Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:u There is a senseless notion that children grow up and leave home when they're 18, and thetruth is far from that,“ says sociologist Larry Bumpass of the University of Wisconsin. Today,unexpected numbers of young adults are living with their parents. "There is a major shift in themiddle class,“ declares sociologist Allan Schnaiberg of Northwestern University, whose son, 19,moved back in after an absence of eight months.Analysts cite a variety of reasons for this return to the nest. The marriage age is rising, acondition that makes home and its pleasantness particularly attractive to young people. A highdivorce rate and a declining remarriage rate are sending economically pressed and emotionallyhurt survivors back to parental shelters. For some, the expense of an away-from-home collegeeducation has become so excessively great that many students now attend local schools. Evenafter graduation, young people find their wings clipped by skyrocketing housing costs.Living at home, says Knighton, a school teacher, continues to give her security and moralsupport. Her mother agreed, "It's ridiculous for the kids to pay all that money for rent. It makessense for kids to stay at home." But sharing the family home requires adjustments for all. Thereare the hassles over bathrooms, telephones and privacy. Some families, however, manage thedelicate balancing act. But for others, it proves too difficult. Michelle Del Turco, 24, has beenhome three times 一 and left three times. "What I considered a social drink, my dad consideredan alcohol problem,v she explains. "He never liked anyone I dated, so I either had to hide awayor meet them at friends* houses.nJust how long should adult children live with their parents before moving on? Mostpsychologists feel lengthy homecomings are a mistake. Children struggling to establish separateidentities, can end up with “ a sense of inadequacy, defeat and failure." And aging parents, whoshould be enjoying some financial and personal freedom, find themselves stuck withresponsibilities. Many agree that brief visits, however, can work beneficially.21. According to the author, there was once a trend in the U.S.A) for middle class young adults to stay with their parentsB) for young adults to leave their parents and live independentlyC) for married young adults to move back home after a lengthy absenceD) for young adults to get jobs nearby in order to live with their parents22. Which of the following does not account for young adults returning to the nest?A) Young adults find housing costs too high.B) Quite a number of young adults attend local schools.C) Young adults seek parental comfort and moral support.D) Young adults are psychologically and intellectually immature.23. One of the disadvantages of young adults returning to stay with their parents isthat .A) the young adults tend to be overprotected by their parentsB) most parents find it difficult to keep a bigger family goingC) there will inevitably be inconveniences in everyday lifeD) public opinion is against young adults staying with their parents24. The word “hassles“ in the passage (Para. 3, Line 4) probably me a ns .A) quarrels C) disadvantagesB) worries D) agreements25. According to the passage what is the best for both parents and children?A) They should adjust themselves to sharing the family expenses.B) Children should leave their parents when they are grown up.C) Adult children should visit their parents from time to time.D) Parents should support their adult children when they are in trouble.Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:The word conservation has a thrifty ( 节俭 )meaning. To conserve is to save and protect, toleave what we ourselves enjoy in such good condition that others may also share the enjoyment.Our forefathers had no idea that human population would increase faster than the supplies of rawmaterials; most of them, even until very recently, had the foolish idea that the treasures were“limitless" and "inexhaustible” . Most of the citizens of earlier generations knew little ornothing about the complicated and delicate system that runs all through nature, and which meansthat, as in a living body, an unhealthy condition of one part will sooner or later be harmful to allthe others.Fifty years ago nature study was not part of the school work; scientific forestry was a newidea; timber was still cheap because it could be brought in any quantity from distant woodlands;soil destruction and river floods were not national problems; nobody had yet studied long-termclimatic cycles in relation to proper land use; even the word “conservation“ had nothing of themeaning that it has for us today.For the sake of ourselves and those who will come after us, we must now set about repairingthe mistakes of our forefathers. Conservation should, therefore, be made a part of everyone's dailylife. To know about the water table ( 水位) in the ground is just as important to us as a knowledgeof the basic arithmetic formulas. We need to know why all waferMeds ( 上游源头森林地带集水区) need the protection of plant life and why the running current of streams and rivers must bemade to yield their full benefit to the soil before they finally escape to the sea. We need tobetaught the duty of planting trees as well as of cutting them. We need to know the importance ofbig, mature trees, because living space for most of man's fellow creatures on this planet is figurednot only in square measure of surface but also in cubic volume above the earth. In brief, it shouldbe our goal to restore as much of the original beauty of nature as we can.26. The author's attitude towards the current situation in the exploitation of natural resourcesis.A) critical C) positiveB) neutral D) suspicious27. According to the author, the greatest mistake of our forefathers was t hat .A) they had no idea about scientific forestryB) they were not aware of the significance of nature studyC) they had little or no sense of environmental protectionD) they had no idea of how to make good use of raw materials28. It can be inferred from the third paragraph that earlier generations didn't realize .A) the importance of the proper use of landB) the value of the beauty of natureC) the harmfulness of soil destruction and river floodsD) the interdependence of water, soil, and living things29. To avoid the mistakes of our forefathers, the author suggests that .A) we plant more treesB) we return to natureC) natural sciences be taught to everybodyD) environmental education be directed toward everyone30. What does the author imply by saying uliving space...is figured...also in cubic volumeabove the earth” (Para. 3, Lines 8-10)?A) We need to take some measures to protect space.B) Our living space should be measured in cubic volume.C) Our living space on the earth is getting smaller and smaller.D) We must preserve good living conditions for both birds and animals.Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:Judging from recent surveys, most experts in sleep behavior agree that there is virtually anepidemic (流行病) of sleepiness in the nation. "I can't think of a single study that hasn't foundAmericans getting less sleep than they ought to,“ says Dr. David. Even people who think they aresleeping enough would probably be better off with more rest.The beginning of our sleep-deficit (睡眠不足) crisis can be traced to the invention of thelight bulb a century ago. From diary entries and other personal accounts from the 18th and 19thcenturies, sleep scientists have reached the conclusion that the average person used to sleep about9.5 hours a night. "The best sleep habits once were forced on us, when we had nothing to do inthe evening down on the farm, and it was dark. " By the 1950s and 1960s, that sleep schedule hadbeen reduced dramatically, to between 7.5 and eight hours, and most people had to wake to analarm clock. " People cheat on their sleep, and they don't even realize they're doing it, “ saysDr. David. "They think they're okey because they can get by on 6.5 hours, when they really need7.5, eight or even more to feel ideally vigorous.,,Perhaps the most merciless robber of sleep, researchers say, is the complexity of the day.Whenever pressures from work, family, friends and community mount, many people considersleep the least expensive item on his programme. "In our society, you're considered dynamic ifyou say you only need 5.5 hours* sleep. If you*ve got to get 8.5 hours, people think you lack driveand ambition.,,To determine the consequences of sleep deficit, researchers have put subjects through a set ofpsychological and performance tests requiring them, for instance, to add columns of numbers orrecall a passage read to them only minutes earlier. "We've found that if you're in sleep deficit,performance suffers,“ says Dr.David. "Short-term memory is weakened, as are abilities to makedecisions and to concentrate.n31. People in the 18th and 19th centuries used to sleep about 9.5 hours a night because theyhad .A) no electric lighting C) the best sleep habitsB) no drive and ambition D) nothing to do in the evening32. According to Dr. David, Americans .A) are ideally vigorous even under the pressure of lifeB) can get by on 6.5 hours of sleepC) do not know how to relax themselves properlyD) often neglect the consequences of sleep deficit33. Many Americans believe that .A) they need more sleep to cope with the complexities of everyday lifeB) sleep is the first thing that can be sacrificed when one is busyC) to sleep is something one can do at any time of the dayD) enough sleep promotes people's drive and ambition34. The word usubjectsM (Para. 4, Line 1) refers to .A) the psychological consequences of sleep deficitB) special branches of knowledge that are being studiedC) people whose behavior or reactions are being studied;D) the psychological consequences of sleep definit35. It can be concluded from the passage that one should sleep as many hours as is necessaryto .A) maintain one's daily schedule C) feel energetic and perlbrm adequatelyB) improve one's memory dramatically D) be considered dynamic by o te peopleQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:The concept of personal choice in relation to health behaviors is an important one. Anestimated 90 percent of all illnesses may be preventable if individuals would make sound personalhealth choices based upon current medical knowledge. We all enjoy our freedom of choice and donot like to see it restricted when it is within the legal and moral boundaries of society. Thestructure of American society allows us to make almost all our own personal decisions that mayconcern our health. If we so desire, we can smoke, drink excessively, refuse to wear seat belts, eatwhatever foods we want, and live a completely sedentary life-style without any exercise. Thefreedom to make such personal decisions is a fundamental aspect of our society, although thewisdom of these decisions can be questioned. Personal choices relative to health often cause adifficulty. As one example, a teenager may know the facts relative to smoking cigarettes andhealth but may be pressured by friends into believing it is the socially accepted thing to do.A multitude of factors, both inherited and environmental, influence the development ofhealth-related behaviors, and it is beyond the scope of this text to discuss all these factors as theymay affect any given individual. However, the decision to adopt a particular health-relatedbehavior is usually one of personal choice. There are healthy choices and there are unhealthychoices. In discussing the morals of personal choice, Fries and Crapo drew a comparison. Theysuggest that to knowingly give oneself over to a behavior that has a statistical probability ofshortening life is similar to attempting suicide. Thus, for those individuals who are interested inpreserving both the quality and quantity of life, personal health choices should reflect thosebehaviors that are associated with a statistical probability of increased vitality and longevity.36. The concept of personal choice concerning health is important b e c a u s e .A) wrong decisions could lead to poor healthB) it helps raise the level of our medical knowledgeC) it is essential to personal freedom in American societyD) personal health choices help cure most illnesses37. To “live a completely sedentary life-style ”(Para. 1, Line 7-8) in the passage means .A) to “live a decent life" C) to “live a life of vice”B) to "live an inactive life" D) to “live a life with complete freedomv38. Sound personal health choice is often difficult to make b e c a u s e .A) few people are willing to trade the quality of life for the quantity of lifeB) people are usually influenced by the behavior of their friendsC) current medical knowledge is still insufficientD) there are many factors influencing our decisions39. To knowingly allow oneself to pursue unhealthy habits is compared by Fries and Crapoto .A) deliberately ending one's life C) limiting one's personal health choiceB) improving the quality of one's life D) breaking the rules of social behavior40. According to Fries and Crapo sound health choices should be based on.A) personal decisions C) friends1 opinionsB) statistical evidence D) society's lawsUnit 5Part II Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questionsor unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter onthe Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:There are desert plants which survive the dry season in the form of inactive seeds. There arealso desert insects which survive as inactive larvae ( 幼虫) . In addition, difficult as it is to believe,there are desert fish which can survive through years of drought ( 干旱) in the form of inactiveeggs. These are the shrimps ( 小虾) that live in the Mojave Desert, an intensely dry region in thesouth-west of the United States where shade temperatures of over 50℃ are often recorded.The eggs of the Mojave shrimps are the size and have the appearance of grains of sand. Whensufficient spring rain falls to form a lake, once every two to five years, these eggs hatch ( 孵化) .Then the water is soon filled with millions of tiny shrimps about a millimetre long which feed ontiny plant and animal organisms which also grow in the temporary desert lake. Within a week, theshrimps grow from their original 1 millimetre to a length of about 1.5 centimetres.Throughout the time that the shrimps are rapidly maturing, the water in the lake equallyrapidly evaporates. Therefore, for the shrimps it is a race against time. By the twelfth day, however,when they are about 3 centimetre long, hundreds of tiny eggs form on the underbodies of thefemales. Usually by this time, all that remains of the lake is a large, muddy patch of wet soil. Onthe thirteenth day and the next, during the final hours of their brief lives, the shrimps lay their eggsin the mud. Then, having ensured that their species will survive, the shrimps die as the last of thewater evaporates.If sufficient rain falls the next year to form another lake, the eggs hatch, and once again theshrimps pass rapidly through their cycle of growth, adulthood, egg-laying, and death. Some yearsthere is insufficient rain to form a lake: in this case, the eggs will remain dormant for another year,or even longer if necessary. Very, very occasionally, perhaps twice in a hundred years, sufficientrain falls to form a deep lake that lasts a month or more. In this case, the species passes throughtwo cycles of growth, egg-laying, and death. Thus, on such occasions, the species multipliesconsiderably, which further ensures its survival.21. Which of the following is the MOST distinctive feature of Mojave shrimps?A) Their lives are brief.B) They feed on plant and animal organisms.C) Their eggs can survive years of drought.D) They lay their eggs in the mud.22. By saying “ for the shrimps it is a race against time” (Para. 3, Line 2) the authorme a ns .A) they have to swim fast to avoid danger in the rapidly evaporating lakeB) they have to swim fast to catch the animal organisms on which they surviveC) they have to multiply as many as possible within thirteen daysD) they have to complete their life cycle within a short span of time permitted by theenvironment23. The passage mainly deals with .A) the life span of the Mojave shrimps C) the importance of water to lifeB) the survival of desert shrimps D) life in the Mojave Desert24. The word "dormant” (Para. 4, Line 3) most probably means .A) inactive B) strong C) alert D) soft25. It may be inferred from the passage t hat .A) appearance and size are most important for life to survive in the desertB) a species must be able to multiply quickly in order to surviveC) for some species one life cycle in a year is enough to survive the desert droughtD) some species develop a unique life pattern to survive in extremely harsh conditionsQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:Opportunities for rewarding work become fewer for both men and women as they grow older.After age 40, job hunting becomes even more difficult. Many workers stay at jobs they are too oldfor rather than face possible rejection. Our youth-oriented, throw-away culture sees little value inolder people. In writer Lilian Hellman's words, they have “the wisdom that comes with age thatwe can't make use of. ”Unemployment and economic need for work is higher among older women, especiallyminorities, than among younger white women. A national council reports these findings: Thoughunemployed longer when seeking work, older women job-hunt harder, hold a job longer with lessabsenteeism (缺勤)， perform as well or better, are more reliable, and are more willing to learn thanmen or younger women. Yet many older women earn poor pay and face a future of poverty in theirretirement years. When u sexism meets ageism, poverty is no longer on the doorstep — it movesin,“ according to Tish Sommers, director of a special study on older women for the NationalOrganization for Women.Yet a 1981 report on the White House Conference on Aging shows that as a group, olderAmericans are the u wealthiest, best fed, best housed, healthiest, most self-reliant older populationin our history.w This statement is small comfort to those living below the poverty line, but it doesexplode some of the old traditional beliefs and fears. Opportunities for moving in and up in a largecompany may shrink but many older people begin successful small businesses, volunteer insatisfying activities, and stay active for many years. They have few role models because inprevious generations the life span was much shorter and expectations of life were fewer. They areploughing new ground.Employers are beginning to recognize that the mature person can bring a great deal ofstability and responsibility to a position. One doesn't lose ability and experience on the eve ofone's 65th or 70th birthday any more than one grows up instantly at age 21.26. After the age of 40, .A) most workers are tired of their present jobsB) many workers tend to stick to their present jobsC) people find their jobs more rewarding than beforeD) people still wish to hunt for more suitable jobs27. From Heilman's remark, we can see thatA) full use has been made of the wisdom of older peopleB) the wisdom of older people is not valued by American societyC) older people are no less intelligent than young peopleD) the wisdom of older people is of great value to American society28. Tish Sommers argues that .A) older women find it hard to escape povertyB) older women usually perform better in their jobsC) the major cause of the poverty of older women is sexismD) more people have come to believe in sexism and ageism29. According to the third paragraph, it can be seen that older A me r i c a n s .A) have more job opportunities than young peopleB) live below the poverty lineC) have new opportunities to remain active in societyD) no longer believe in the promise of a happy life upon retirement30. It can be concluded from the passage that the writer .A) calls attention to the living conditions of older AmericansB) believes that the value of older people is gaining increasing recognitionC) attempts to justify the youth-oriented, throw-away culture of the United StatesD) argues people should not retire at the age of 65 or 70Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:The most exciting kind of education is also the most personal. Nothing can exceed the joy ofdiscovering for yourself something that is important to you! It may be an idea or a bit ofinformation you come across accidentally-or a sudden insight, fitting together pieces ofinformation or working through a problem. Such personal encounters are the “payoff” ineducation. A teacher may direct you to learning and even encourage you in it一but no teacher canmake the excitement or the joy happen. That's up to you.A research paper, assigned in a course and perhaps checked at various stages by an instructor,leads you beyond classrooms, beyond the texts for classes and into a process where the joy ofdiscovery and learning can come to you many times. Preparing the research paper is an active andindividual process, and ideal learning process. It provides a structure within which you can makeexciting discoveries, of knowledge and of self, that are basic to education. But the research paperalso gives you a chance to individualize a school assignment, to suit a piece of work to your owninterests and abilities, to show others what you can do. Writing a research paper is more than just aclassroom exercise. It is an experience in searching out, understanding and synthesizing, whichforms the basis of many skills applicable to both academic and nonacademic tasks. It is, in thefullest sense, a discovering, an education. So, to produce a good research paper is both a usefuland a thoroughly satisfying experience!To some, the thought of having to write an assigned number of pages, often more than everproduced before, is disconcerting. To others, the very idea of having to work independently isthreatening. But there is no need to approach the research paper assignment with anxiety, andnobody should view the research paper as an obstacle to overcome. Instead, consider it a goal toaccomplish, a goal within reach if you use the help this book can give you.31. According to the writer, personal discoveries .A) will give one encouragement and directionB) are helpful in finding the right informationC) are the most valuable part of one's personal educationD) will help one to successfully complete school assignments32. It can be inferred from the passage that writing a research paper gives one c h a n c e s .A) to fully develop one*s personal abilitiesB) to use the skills learnt in the classroomC) to prove that one is a productive writerD) to demonstrate how well one can accomplish school assignment33. From the context, the word “disconcerting” (Para. 3, Line 2) most probably means .A) misleading B) embarrassing C) stimulating D) upsetting34. The writer argues in the passage t hat .A) one should explore new areas in researchB) one should trust one's own ability to meet course requirementsC) one should consider research paper writing a pleasure, not a burdenD) one should use all one's knowledge and skills when doing research35. What will probably follow this passage?A) How to write a research paper.B) The importance of research in education.C) How to make new discoveries for oneself.D) The skill of putting pieces of information together.Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:In our culture, the sources of what we call a sense of “mastery“ 一 feeling important andworthwhile 一 and the sources of what we call a sense of “pleasure“ 一 finding life enjoyable一 are not always identical. Women often are told “You can*t have it all.v Sometimes what thespeaker really is saying is: "You chose a career, so you can't expect to have closer relationships ora happy family life." or “You have a wonderful husband and children - what's all this aboutwanting a career?” But women need to understand and develop both aspects of well-being, if theyare to feel good about themselves.Our study shows that, for women, well-being has two dimensions. One is mastery, whichincludes self-esteem ( 自尊) ， a sense of control over your life, and low levels of anxiety anddepression. Mastery is closely related to the “doing“ side of life, to work and activity. Pleasure isthe other dimension, and it is composed of happiness, satisfaction and optimism ( 乐观) . It is tiedmore closely to the “feeling" side of life. The two are independent of each other. A woman couldbe high in mastery and low in pleasure, and vice versa. For example, a woman who has a good job,but whose mother has just died, might be feeling very good about herself and in control of herwork life, but the pleasure side could be damaged for a time.The concepts of mastery and pleasure can help us identify the sources of well-being forwomen, and remedy past mistakes. In the past, women were encouraged to look only at the feelingside of life as the source of all well-being. But we know that both mastery and pleasure are critical.And mastery seems to be achieved largely through work. In our study, all the groups of employedwomen rated significantly higher in mastery than did women who were not employed.A woman's well-being is enhanced ( 增进)when she takes on multiple roles. At least bymiddle adulthood, the women who were involved in a combination of roles-marriages,motherhood, and employment—were the highest in well-being, despite warnings about stress andstrain.36. It can be inferred from the first paragraph that .A) for women, a sense of “ mastery “ is more important than a sense of “ pleasure ”B) for women, a sense of “ pleasure ” is more important than a sense of “ mastery ”C) women can't have a sense of “ mastery “ and a sense of “ pleasure ” at the same timeD) a sense of “ mastery “ and a sense of “ pleasure “ are both indispensable to women37. The author's attitude towards women having a career is .A) critical B) positive C) neutral D) realistic38. One can conclude from the passage that if a woman takes on several social roles, .A) it will be easier for her to overcome stress and strainB) she will be more successful in her careerC) her chances of getting promoted will be greaterD) her life will be richer and more meaningful39. Which of the following can be identified as a source of “pleasure” for women?A) Family life. C) Multiple roles in society.B) Regular employment. D) Freedom from anxiety.40. The most appropriate title for the passage would beA) The well-being of Career Women C) Two Aspects of Women's Well-BeingB) Sources of Mastery and Pleasure D) Multiple Roles of Women in SocietyUnit 6Part II Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questionsor unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter onthe Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:The process of perceiving other people is rarely translated (to ourselves or others) into cold,objective terms. " She was 5 feet 8 inches tall, had fair hair, and wore a colored skirt. " More often,we try to get inside the other person to pinpoint his or her attitudes, emotions, motivations,abilities, ideas and characters. Furthermore, we sometimes behave as if we can accomplish thisdifficult job very quickly — perhaps with a two-second glance.We try to obtain information about others in many ways. Berger suggests several methods forreducing uncertainties about others: watching, without being noticed, a person interacting withothers, particularly with others who are known to you so you can compare the observed person'sbehavior with the known others* behavior; observing a person in a situation where social behavioris relatively unrestrained or where a wide variety of behavioral responses are called for;deliberately structuring the physical or social environment so as to observe the person's responsesto specific stimuli; asking people who have had or have frequent contact with the person abouthim or her; and using various strategies in face-to-face interaction to uncover information aboutanother person —— questions, self-disclosures ( 自我表露) ， and so on. Getting to know someone isa never-ending task, largely because people are constantly changing and the methods we use toobtain information are often imprecise. You may have known someone for ten years and still knowvery little about him. If we accept the idea that we won't ever fully know another person, itenables us to deal more easily with those things that get in the way of accurate knowledge such assecrets and deceptions. It will also keep us from being too surprised or shocked by seeminglyinconsistent behavior. Ironically ( 讽刺性地) ， those things that keep us from knowing anotherperson too well (e.g., secrets and deceptions) may be just as important to the development of asatisfying relationship as those things that enable us to obtain accurate knowledge about a person(e.g., disclosures and truthful statements).21. The word “pinpoint” (para. 1, Line 3) basically me a n s .A) appreciate B) obtain C) interpret D) identify22. What do we learn from the first paragraph?A) People are better described in cold, objective terms.B) The difficulty of getting to know a person is usually underestimated.C) One should not judge people by their appearances.D) One is usually subjective when assessing other people's personality.23. It can be inferred from Berger's suggestions t hat .A) People do not reveal their true self on every occasion.B) in most cases we should avoid contacting the observed person directly.C) the best way to know a person is by making comparisons.D) face-to-face interaction is the best strategy to uncover information about a person24. In developing personal relationships, secrets and deceptions, in the author's opinion,ar e .A) personal matters that should be seriously dealt withB) barriers that should be done away with.C) as significant as disclosures and truthful statementsD) things people should guard against25. The author's purpose in writing the passage is .A) to give advice on appropriate conduct for social occasionsB) to provide ways of how to obtain information about peopleC) to call the reader's attention to the negative side of people's charactersD) to discuss the various aspects of getting to know peopleQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:The competition among producers of personal computers is essentially a race to get the best,most innovative products to the marketplace. Marketers in this environment frequently have tomake a judgment as to their competitors1 role when making marketing strategy decisions. If majorcompetitors are changing their products, then a marketer may want to follow suit to remaincompetitive. Apple Computer, Inc. has introduced two new, faster personal computers, theMackintosh II and Mackintosh SE, in anticipation of the introduction of a new PC by IBM, oneof Apple's major competitors.Apple's new computers are much faster and more powerful than its earlier models. Theimproved Mackintosh is able to run programs that previously were impossible to run on an ApplePC, including IBM-compatible ( 兼容的) programs. This compatibility feature illustrates computermanufacturers* new attitude of giving customers the features they want. Making Apple computerscapable of running IBM software is Apple's effort at making the Mackintosh compatible with IBMcomputers and thus more popular in the office, where Apple hopes to increase sales. Users of thenew Apple can also add accessories ( 附件) to make their machines specialize in specific uses,such as engineering and writing.The new computers represent a big improvement over past models, but they also cost muchmore. Company officials do not think the higher price will slow down buyers who want to step upto a more powerful computer. Apple wants to stay in the High-price end of the personal computermarket to finance research for even faster, more sophisticated computers.Even though Apple and IBM are major competitors, both companies realize that theircompetitor's computers have certain features that their own models do not. The Apple line hasalways been popular for its sophisticated color graphics ( 图形) ， whereas the IBM machines havealways been favored in offices. In the future, there will probably be more compatibility betweenthe two companies1 products, which no doubt will require that both Apple and IBM changemarketing strategies.26. According to the passage, Apple Computer, Inc, has introduced the Mackintosh II and theMackintosh SE because .A) IBM is changing its computer models continuouslyB) it wants to make its machines specialize in specific usesC) it wants to stay ahead of IBM in the competitive computer marketD) it expects its major competitor IBM to follow its example27. Apple hopes to increase Mackintosh sales chiefly by .A) making its new models capable of running IBM softwareB) improving the color graphics of its new modelsC) copying the marketing strategies of IBMD) giving the customers what they want28. Apple sells its new computer models at a high price because .A) they have new features and functionsB) they are more sophisticated than other modelsC) they have new accessories attachedD) it wants to accumulate funds for future research29. It can be inferred from the passage that both Apple and IBM try to gain a competitiveadvantage by .A) copying each other's technologyB) incorporating features that make their products distinctiveC) making their computers more expensiveD) making their computers run much faster30. The best title for the passage would be .A) Apple's Efforts to Stay Ahead of IBM C) Apple's New personal ComputersB) Apple's New Computer Technology D) Apple's Research ActivitiesQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:It is a curious paradox that we think of the physical sciences as “hard"， the social sciences as“soft” , and the biological sciences as somewhere in between. This is interpreted to mean that ourknowledge of physical systems is more certain than our knowledge of biological systems, andthese in turn are more certain than our knowledge of social systems. In terms of our capacity tosample the relevant universes, however, and the probability that our images of these universes areat least approximately correct, one suspects that a reverse order is more reasonable. We are able tosample earth's social systems with some degree of confidence that we have a reasonable sample ofthe total universe being investigated. Our knowledge of social systems, therefore, while it is inmany ways extremely inaccurate, is not likely to be seriously overturned by new discoveries. Eventhe folk knowledge in social systems on which ordinary life is based in earning, spending,organizing, marrying, taking part in political activities, fighting and so on, is not very dissimilarfrom the more sophisticated images of the social system derived from the social sciences, eventhough it is built upon the very imperfect samples of personal experience.In contrast, our image of the astronomical universe, or even of earth's geological history, caneasily be subject to revolutionary changes as new data comes in and new theories are worked out.If we define the “security“ our image of various parts of the total system as the probability oftheir suffering significant changes, then we would reverse the order of hardness and see the socialsciences as the most secure, the physical sciences as the least secure, and again the biologicalsciences as somewhere in between. Our image of the astronomical universe is the least secure ofall simply because we observe such a fantastically small sample of it and its record-keeping istrivial as compared with the rich records of the social systems, or even the limited records ofbiological systems. Records of the astronomical universe, despite the fact that we see distantthings as they were long ago, are limited in the extreme.Even in regard to such a close neighbour as the moon, which we have actually visited,theories about its origin and history are extremely different, contradictory, and hard to chooseamong. Our knowledge of physical evolution is incomplete and highly insecure.31. The word “paradox” (Para. 1, Line 1) means “ "A) implication B) contradiction C) interpretation D) confusion32. According to the author, we should reverse our classification of the physical sciences as“hard” and the social sciences as “soft” because .A) a reverse ordering will help promote the development of the physical sciencesB) our knowledge of physical systems is more reliable than that of social systemsC) our understanding of the social systems is approximately correctD) we are better able to investigate social phenomena than physical phenomena33. The author believes that our knowledge of social systems is more secure than that of physicalsystems b e c a u s e .A) it is not based on personal experienceB) new discoveries are less likely to occur in social sciencesC) it is based on a fairly representative quantity of dataD) the records of social systems are more reliable34. The chances of the physical sciences being subject to great changes are the biggestbecause .A) contradictory theories keep emerging all the timeB) new information is constantly coming inC) the direction of their development is difficult to predictD) our knowledge of the physical world is inaccurate35. We know less about the astronomical universe than we do about any social systemb e c a u s e .A) theories of its origin and history are variedB) our knowledge of it is highly insecureC) only a very small sample of it has been observedD) few scientists are involved in the study of astronomyQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:In the early days of nuclear power, the United States made money on it. But today opponentshave so complicated its development that no nuclear plants have been ordered or built here in 12years.The greatest fear of nuclear power opponents has always been a reactor ^meltdown ” ( 堆内熔化) . Today, the chances of a meltdown that would threaten U.S. public health are very little. Butto even further reduce the possibility, engineers are testing new reactors that rely not on humanjudgment to shut them down but on the laws of nature. Now General Electric is already buildingtwo advanced reactors in Japan. But don't expect them ever on U.S. shores unless things change inWashington.The procedure for licensing nuclear power plants is a bad dream. Any time during, or evenafter, construction, an objection by any group or individual can bring everything to a halt while thematter is investigated or taken to court. Meanwhile, the builder must add nice-but-not-necessaryimprovements, some of which force him to knock down walls and start over. In every case wherea plant has been opposed, the Nuclear Regulation Commission has ultimately granted a license toconstruct or operate. But the victory often costs so much that the utility ends up abandoning theplant anyway.A case in point is the Shoreham plant on New York's Long Island. Shoreham was a virtualtwin to the Millstone plant in Connecticut, both ordered in the mid-'60s. Millstone, completed for$101 million, has been generating electricity for two decades. Shoreham, however, was singledout by anti-nuclear activists who, by sending in endless protests, drove the cost over $5 billion anddelayed its use for many years.Shoreham finally won its operation license. But the plant has never produced a watt of power.Governor Mario Cuomo, an opponent of a Shoreham start-up, used his power to force New York'spublic-utilities commission to accept the following settlement: the power company could pass thecost of Shoreham along to its consumers only if it agreed not to operate the plant! Today, aperfectly good facility, capable of servicing hundreds of thousands of homes, sits rusting.36. What has made the procedure for licensing nuclear power plants a bad dream?A) The inefficiency of the Nuclear Regulation commission.B) The enormous cost of construction and operation.C) The length of time it takes to make investigations.D) The objection of the opponents of nuclear power.37. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that .A) it is not technical difficulties that prevent the building of nuclear power plants in the U.S.B) there are not enough safety measures in the U.S. for running new nuclear power plantsC) there are already more nuclear power plants than necessary in the U.S.D) the American government will not allow Japanese nuclear reactors to be installed in theU.S.38. Any objection, however trivial it may be, can .A) force the power companies to cancel the projectB) delay the construction or operation of a nuclear plantC) cause a serious debate within the Nuclear Regulation CommissionD) take the builders to court39. Governor Mario's chief intention in proposing the settlement was to .A) stop the Shoreham plant from going into operationB) help the power company to solve its financial problemsC) urge the power company to further increase its power supplyD) permit the shoreham plant to operate under certain conditions40. The author's attitude towards the development of nuclear power is .A) negative B) neutral C) positive D) questioningUnit 7Part II Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questionsor unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter onthe Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:A new era is upon us. Call it what you will: the service economy, the information age, theknowledge society. It all translates to a fundamental change in the way we work. Already we'repartly there. The percentage of people who earn their living by making things has fallendramatically in the Western World. Today the majority of jobs in America, Europe and Japan (twothirds or more in many of these countries) are in the service industry, and the number is on the rise.More women are in the work force than ever before. There are more part-time jobs. More peopleare self-employed. But the breadth of the economic transformation can't be measured by numbersalone, because it also is giving rise to a radical new way of thinking about the nature of work itself.Long-held notions about jobs and careers, the skills needed to succeed, even the relation betweenindividuals and employers - all these are being challenged.We have only to look behind us to get some sense of what may lie ahead. No one lookingahead 20 years possibly could have foreseen the ways in which a single invention, the chip,would transform our world thanks to its applications in personal computers, digitalcommunications and factory robots. Tomorrow's achievements in biotechnology, artificialintelligence or even some still unimagined technology could produce a similar wave of dramaticchanges. But one thing is certain: information and knowledge will become even more vital, andthe people who possess it, whether they work in manufacturing or services, will have theadvantage and produce the wealth. Computer knowledge will become as basic a requirement asthe ability to read and write. The ability to solve problems by applying information instead ofperforming routine tasks will be valued above all else. If you cast your mind ahead 10 years,information services will be predominant. It will be the way you do your job.21. A characteristic of the information age is that .A) the service industry is relying more and more on the female work forceB) manufacturing industries are steadily increasingC) people find it harder and harder to earn a living by working in factoriesD) most of the job opportunities can now be found in the service industry22. One of the great changes brought about by the knowledge society is t hat .A) the difference between the employee and the employer has become insignificantB) people's traditional concepts about work no longer hold trueC) most people have to take part-time jobsD) people have to change their jobs from time to time23. By referring to computers and other inventions, the author means to say t hat .A) people should be able to respond quickly to the advancement of technologyB) future achievements in technology will bring about inconceivable dramatic changesC) the importance of high technology has been overlookedD) computer science will play a leading role in the future information services24. The future will probably belong to those who .A) possess and know how to make use of informationB) give full play to their brain potentialC) involve themselves in service industriesD) cast their minds ahead instead of looking back25. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A) Computers and the Knowledge SocietyB) Service Industries in Modern SocietyC) Features and Implications of the New EraD) Rapid Advancement of Information TechnologyQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:Beauty has always been regarded as something praiseworthy. Almost everyone thinksattractive people are happier and healthier, have better marriages and have more respectableoccupations. Personal consultants give them better advice for finding jobs. Even judges are softeron attractive defendants ( 被告) . But in the executive circle, beauty can become a liability.While attractiveness is a positive factor for a man on his way up the executive ladder, it isharmful to a woman.Handsome male executives were perceived as having more integrity than plainer men; effortand ability were thought to account for their success.Attractive female executives were considered to have less integrity than unattractive ones;their success was attributed not to ability but to factors such as luck.All unattractive women executives were thought to have more integrity and to be morecapable than the attractive female executives. Interestingly, though, the rise of the unattractiveovernight successes was attributed more to personal relationships and less to ability than was thatof attractive overnight successes.Why are attractive women not thought to be able? An attractive woman is perceived to bemore feminine and an attractive man more masculine than the less attractive ones. Thus, anattractive woman has an advantage in traditionally female jobs, but an attractive woman in atraditionally masculine position appears to lack the “masculine“ qualities required.This is true even in politics/'When the only clue is how he or she looks, people treat men andwomen differently,v says Anne Bowman, who recently published a study on the effects ofattractiveness on political candidates. She asked 125 undergraduate students to rank two groups ofphotographs, one of men and one of women, in order of attractiveness. The students were told thephotographs were of candidates for political offices. They were asked to rank them again, in theorder they would vote for them.The results showed that attractive males utterly defeated unattractive men, but the womenwho had been ranked most attractive invariably received the fewest votes.26. The word u liability(Para.l, Line 5) most probably means “ . ”A) misfortune C) disadvantageB) instability D) burden27. In traditionally female jobs, attractiveness .A) reinforces the feminine qualities requiredB) makes women look more honest and capableC) is of primary importance to womenD) often enables women to succeed quickly28. Bowman's experiment reveals that when it comes to politics, a ttr a c tiv e n e s s .A) turns out to be an obstacle to menB) affects men and women alikeC) has as little effect on men as on womenD) is more of an obstacle than a benefit to women29. It can be inferred from the passage that people's views on beauty are oftenA) practical C) old-fashionedB) prejudiced D) radical30. The author writes this passage to .A) discuss the negative aspects of being attractiveB) give advice to job-seekers who are attractiveC) demand equal rights for womenD) emphasize the importance of appearanceQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:The importance and focus of the interview in the work of the print and broadcast journalist isreflected in several books that have been written on the topic. Most of these books, as well asseveral chapters, mainly in, but not limited to, journalism and broadcasting handbooks andreporting texts, stress the ,how to“ aspects of journalistic interviewing rather than the conceptualaspects of the interview, its context, and implications. Much of the “how to” material is based onpersonal experiences and general impressions. As we know, in journalism as in other fields, muchcan be learned from the systematic study of professional practice. Such study brings togetherevidence from which broad generalized principles can be developed.There is, as has been suggested, a growing body of research literature in journalism andbroadcasting, but very little significant attention has been devoted to the study of the interviewitself. On the other hand, many general texts as well as numerous research articles on interviewingin fields other than journalism have been written. Many of these books and articles present thetheoretical and empirical aspects of the interview as well as the training of the interviewers.Unhappily, this plentiful general literature about interviewing pays little attention to thejournalistic interview. The fact that the general literature on interviewing does not deal with thejournalistic interview seems to be surprising for two reasons. First, it seems likely that mostpeople in modern Western societies are more familiar, at least in a positive manner, withjournalistic interviewing than with any other form of interviewing. Most of us are probablysomewhat familiar with the clinical interview, such as that conducted by physicians andpsychologists. In these situations the professional person or interviewer is interested in gettinginformation necessary for the diagnosis ( 诊断)and treatment of the person seeking help. Anotherfamiliar situation is the job interview. However, very few of us have actually been interviewedpersonally by the mass media, particularly by television. And yet, we have a vivid acquaintancewith the journalistic interview by virtue of our roles as readers, listeners, and viewers. Even so,true understanding of the journalistic interview, especially television interviews, requiresthoughtful analyses and even study, as this book indicates.31. The main idea of the first paragraph is that .A) generalized principles for journalistic interviews are the chief concern for writers onjournalismB) importance should be attached to the systematic study of journalistic interviewingC) concepts and contextual implications are of secondary importance to journalisticinterviewingD) personal experiences and general impressions should be excluded from journalisticinterviews32. Much research has been done on interviews in general .A) so the training of journalistic interviewers has likewise been strengthenedB) though the study of the interviewing techniques hasn't received much attentionC) but journalistic interviewing as a specific field has unfortunately been neglectedD) and there has also been a dramatic growth in the study of journalistic interviewing33. Westerners are familiar with the journalistic interview, .A) but most of them wish to stay away from itB) and many of them hope to be interviewed some dayC) and many of them would like to acquire a true understanding of itD) but most of them may not have been interviewed in person34. Who is the interviewee in a clinical interview?A) The patient. C) The journalist.B) The physician. D) The psychologist.35. The passage is most likely a part of .A) a news article C) a research reportB) a journalistic interview D) a prefaceQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:The relationship between the home and market economies has gone through two distinct stages.Early industrialization began the process of transferring some production processes (e.g. clothmaking, sewing and canning foods) from the home to the marketplace. Although the homeeconomy could still produce these goods, the processes were laborious (费力的) and the marketeconomy was usually more efficient. Soon, the more important second stage was evident 一 themarketplace began producing goods and services that had never been produced by the homeeconomy, and the home economy was unable to produce them (e.g. electricity and electricalappliances, the automobile, advanced education, sophisticated medical care). In the second stage,the question of whether the home economy was less efficient in producing these new goods andservices was irrelevant; if the family were to enjoy these fruits of industrialization, they wouldhave to be obtained in the marketplace. The traditional ways of taking care of these needs in thehome, such as in nursing the sick, became socially unacceptable (and, in most serious cases,probably less successful). Just as the appearance of the automobile made the use of thehorse-drawn carriage illegal and then impractical, and the appearance of television changed theradio from a source of entertainment to a source of background music, so most of the fruits ofeconomic growth did not increase the options available to the home economy to either produce thegoods or services or purchase them in the market. Growth brought with it increased variety inconsumer goods, but not increased flexibility for the home economy in obtaining these goods andservices. Instead, economic growth brought with it increased consumer reliance on themarketplace. In order to consume these new goods and services, the family had to enter themarketplace as wage earners and consumers. The neoclassical ( 新古典主义的) model that viewsthe family as deciding whether to produce goods and services directly or to purchase them in themarketplace is basically a model of the first stage. It cannot accurately be applied to the second(and current) stage.36. The reason why many production processes were taken over by the marketplace wasthat .A) it was a necessary step in the process of industrializationB) they depended on electricity available only to the market economyC) it was troublesome to produce such goods in the homeD) the marketplace was more efficient with respect to processes37. It can be seen from the passage that in the second stage .A) some traditional goods and services were not successful when provided by the homeeconomyB) the market economy provided new goods and services never produced by the homeeconomyC) producing traditional goods at home became socially unacceptableD) whether new goods and services were produced by the home economy became irrelevant38. During the second stage, if the family wanted to consume new goods and services, they had toenter the m a r k e tp la c e .A) as wage earners C) both as workers and purchasersB) both as manufacturers and consumers D) as customers39. Economic growth did not make it more flexible for the home economy to obtain the newgoods and services b e c a u s e .A) the family was not efficient in productionB) it was illegal for the home economy to produce themC) it could not supply them by itselfD) the market for these goods and services was limited40. The neoclassical model is basically a model of the first stage, because at this stage .A) the family could rely either on the home economy or on the marketplace for the neededgoods and servicesB) many production processes were being transferred to the marketplaceC) consumers relied more and more on the market economyD) the family could decide how to transfer production processes to the marketplaceUnit 8Part II Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions orunfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) andD). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on theAnswer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:Material culture refers to the touchable, material “things“ 一 physical objects that can beseen, held, felt, used 一 that a culture produces. Examining a culture's tools and technology cantell us about the group's history and way of life. Similarly, research into the material culture ofmusic can help us to understand the music-culture. The most vivid body of “things" in it, ofcourse, are musical instruments. We cannot hear for ourselves the actual sound of any musicalperformance before the 1870s when the phonograph ( 留声机) was invented, so we rely oninstruments for important information about music-cultures in the remote past and theirdevelopment. Here we have two kinds of evidence: instruments well preserved and instrumentspictured in art. Through the study of instruments, as well as paintings, written documents, and soon, we can explore the movement of music from the Near East to China over a thousand years ago,or we can outline the spread of Near Eastern influence to Europe that resulted in the developmentof most of the instruments on the symphony orchestra.Sheet music or printed music, too, is material culture. Scholars once defined folk musiccultures as those in which people learn and sing music by ear rather than from print, but researchshows mutual influence among oral and written sources during the past few centuries in Europe,Britain, and America. Printed versions limit variety because they tend to standardize any song, yetthey stimulate people to create new and different songs. Besides, the ability to read music notation( 乐 谱 ) has a far-reaching effect on musicians and, when it becomes widespread, on themusic-culture as a whole.One more important part of music's material culture should be singled out: the influence ofthe electronic media - radio, record player, tape recorder, television, and videocassette, with thefuture promising talking and singing computers and other developments. This is all part of theu information rev o lu tio n ,a twentieth-century phenomenon as important as the industrialrevolution was in the nineteenth. These electronic media are not just limited to modern nations;they have affected music-cultures all over the globe.21. Research into the material culture of a nation is of great importance b e c a u s e .A) it helps produce new cultural tools and technologyB) it can reflect the development of the nationC) it helps understand the nation's past and presentD) it can demonstrate the nation's civilization22. It can be learned from this passage that .A) the existence of the symphony was attributed to the spread of Near Eastern and Chinese musicB) Near Eastern music had an influence on the development of the instruments in the symphonyorchestraC) the development of the symphony shows the mutual influence of Eastern and Western musicD) the musical instruments in the symphony orchestra were developed on the basisof Near Eastern music23. According to the author, music notation is important b e c a u s e .A) it has a great effect on the music-culture as more and more people are able to read itB) it tends to standardize folk songs when it is used by folk musiciansC) it is the printed version of standardized folk musicD) it encourages people to popularize printed versions of songs24. It can be concluded from the passage that the introduction of electronic media into the worldof music .A) has brought about an information revolutionB) has speeded up the arrival of a new generation of computersC) has given rise to new forms of music cultureD) has led to the transformation of traditional musical instruments25. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the passage?A) Musical instruments developed through the years will sooner or later be replaced by computers.B) Music cannot be passed on to future generations unless it is recorded.C) Folk songs cannot be spread far unless they are printed on music sheets.D) The development of music culture is highly dependent on its material aspect.Passage TwoQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:The question of whether war is inevitable is one which has concerned many of the world'sgreat writers. Before considering this question, it will be useful to introduce some related concepts.Conflict, defined as opposition among social entities directed against one another, is distinguishedfrom competition, defined as opposition among social entities independently striving forsomething which is in inadequate supply. Competitors may not be aware of one another, while theparties to a conflict are. Conflict and competition are both categories of opposition, which hasbeen defined as a process by which social entities function in the disservice of one another.Opposition is thus contrasted with cooperation, the process by which social entities function in theservice of one another. These definitions are necessary because it is important to emphasize thatcompetition between individuals or groups is inevitable in a world of limited resources, butconflict is not. Conflict, nevertheless, is very likely to occur, and is probably an essential anddesirable element of human societies.Many authors have argued for the inevitability of war from the premise that in the strugglefor existence among animal species, only the fittest survive. In general, however, this struggle innature is competition, not conflict. Social animals, such as monkeys and cattle, fight to win ormaintain leadership of the group. The struggle for existence occurs not in such fights, but in thecompetition for limited feeding areas and for the occupancy (i与有)of areas free from meat-eatinganimals. Those who fail in this competition starve to death or become victims to other species.This struggle for existence does not resemble human war, but rather the competition of individualsfor jobs, markets, and materials. The essence of the struggle is the competition for the necessitiesof life that are insufficient to satisfy all.Among nations there is competition in developing resources, trades, skills, and a satisfactoryway of life. The successful nations grow and prosper ( 繁荣) ；the unsuccessful decline. While it istrue that this competition may induce efforts to expand territory at the expense of othes, and thuslead to conflict, it cannot be said that war-like conflict among nations is inevitable, althoughcompetition is.26. In the first paragraph, the author gives the definitions of some terms in order to .A) argue for the similarities between animal societies and human societiesB) smooth out the conflicts in human societiesC) distinguish between two kinds of oppositionD) summarize the characteristic features of opposition and cooperation27. According to the author, competition differs from conflict in that .A) it results in war in most casesB) it induces efforts to expand territoryC) it is a kind of opposition among social entitiesD) it is essentially a struggle for existence28. The phrase ufunction in the disservice of one another” (Para 7, Line.l) most probably meansA) betray each other C) help to collaborate with each otherB) harm one another D) benefit one another29. The author indicates in the passage that conflict .A) is an inevitable struggle resulting from competitionB) reflects the struggle among social animalsC) is an opposition among individual social entitiesD) can be avoided30. The passage is probably intended to answer the question " ” .A) Is war inevitable? C) Is conflict desirable?B) Why is there conflict and competition? D) Can competition lead to conflict?Passage ThreeQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:As Dr. Samuel Johnson said in a different era about ladies preaching, the surprising thingabout computers is not that they think less well than a man, but that they think at all. The earlyelectronic computer did not have much going for it except a marvelous memory and some goodmath skills. But today the best models can be wired up to leam by experience, follow an argument,ask proper questions and write poetry and music. They can also carry on somewhat puzzlingconversations.Computers imitate life. As computers get more complex, the imitation gets better. Finally, theline between the original and the copy becomes unclear. In another 15 years or so, we will see thecomputer as a new form of life.The opinion seems ridiculous because, for one thing, computers lack the drives and emotionsof living creatures. But drives can be programmed into the computer's brain just as natureprogrammed them into our human brains as a part of the equipment for survival.Computers match people in some roles, and when fast decisions are needed in a crisis, theyoften surpass them. Having evolved when the pace of life was slower, the human brain has aninherent defect that prevents it from absorbing several streams of information simultaneously andacting on them quickly. Throw too many things at the brain at one time and it freezes up.We are still in control, but the capabilities of computers are increasing at a fantastic rate,while raw human intelligence is changing slowly, if at all. Computer power has increased tentimes every eight years since 1946. In the 1990s, when the sixth generation appears, the reasoningpower of an intelligence built out of silicon will begin to match that of the human brain.That does not mean the evolution of intelligence has ended on the earth. Judging by the past,we can expect that a new species will arise out of man, surpassing his achievements as he hassurpassed those of his predecessor. Only a carbon chemistry enthusiast would assume that the newspecies must be man*s flesh-and-blood descendants. The new kind of intelligent life is more likelyto be made of silicon.31. What do you suppose was the attitude of Dr. Samuel Johnson towards ladies preaching?A) He believed that ladies were born worse preachers than men.B) He was pleased that ladies could preach, though not as well as men.C) He disapproved of ladies preaching.D) He encouraged ladies to preach.32. Today, computers are still inferior to man in terms of .A) decision making C) growth of reasoning powerB) drives and feelings D) information absorption33. In terms of making quick decisions, the human brain cannot be compared with the computerb e c a u s e .A) in the long process of evolution the slow pace of life didn't require such ability of the human brainB) the human brain is influenced by other factors such as motivation and emotionC) the human brain may sometimes freeze up in a dangerous situationD) computers imitate life while the human brain does not imitate computers34. Though he thinks highly of the development of computer science, the author doesn't meanthat .A) computers are likely to become a new form of intelligent lifeB) human beings have lost control of computersC) the intelligence of computers will eventually surpass that of human beingsD) the evolution of intelligence will probably depend on that of electronic brains35. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?A) Future man will be made of silicon instead of flesh and blood.B) Some day it will be difficult to tell a computer from a man.C) The reasoning power of computers has already surpassed that of man.D) Future intelligent life may not necessarily be made of organic matter.Passage FourQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:Video recorders and photocopiers, even ticket machines on the railways, often seemunnecessarily difficult to use. Last December I bought myself a video cassette recorder (VCR)described as asimple to use” . In the first three weeks I failed repeatedly to program the machineto record from the TV, and after months of practice I still made mistakes. I am not alone.According to a survey last year by Ferguson, the British manufacturer, more than one in four VCRowners never use the timer ( 定时器)on their machines to record a programme: they don't use itbecause they've found it far too hard to operate.So why do manufacturers keep on designing and producing VCRS that are awkward to use ifthe problems are so obvious? First, the problems we notice are not obvious to technically minded( 有技术思想的)designers with years of experience and trained to understand how applianceswork. Secondly, designers tend to add one or two features at a time to each model, whereas you orI face all a machine's features at once. Thirdly, although finding problems in a finished product iseasy, it is too late by then to do anything about the design. Finally, if manufacturers can get awaywith selling products that are diificult to use, it is not worth the effort of any one of them to makeimprovements.Some manufacturers say they concentrate on providing a wide range of features rather thanon making the machines easy to use. But that gives rise to the question, “Why can't you havefeatures that are easy to use? ” The answer is you can.Good design practice is a mixture of specific procedures and general principles. For a start,designers should build an original model of the machine and try it out on typical members of thepublic—not on colleagues in the development laboratory. Simple public trials would quicklyreveal many design mistakes. In an ideal world, there would be some ways of controlling qualitysuch as that the VCR must be redesigned repeatedly until, say, 90 per cent of users can work 90per cent of the features correctly 90 per cent of the time.36. The author had trouble operating his VCR b e c a u s e .A) he had neglected the importance of using the timerB) the machine had far more technical features than necessaryC) he had set about using it without proper trainingD) its operation was far more difficult than the designer intended it to be37. According to the author, m a n u f a c tu r e r s .A) should add more useful features to their machinesB) often fail to make their products easy to useC) should make their appliances as attractive as possibleD) often fail to provide proper training in the use of their products38. It seems that manufacturers will remain reluctant to make improvements u n l e s s .A) they can do so at a very low costB) they find their machines hard to operateC) they have difficulty selling their productsD) they receive a lot of complaints about their machines39. According to the passage, before a VCR is sold on the market, its original model should betried out .A) among ordinary consumers who are not technically mindedB) among people who are technically mindedC) among experienced technicians and potential usersD) among people who are in charge of public relations40. One of the reasons why VCRs are so difficult to use is that .A) the designers are often insensitive to the operational complexities of their machines.B) the range of features provided is unlimitedC) there is no ideal way of controlling qualityD) their designers often ignore the complaints of their usersUnit 9Part II Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questionsor unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter onthe Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:Three English dictionaries published recently all lay claim to possessing a “new" feature.The BBC English Dictionary contains background information on 1,000 people and placesprominent in the news since 1988; the Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary: Encyclopedic ( 百科全书的) Edition is the OALD plus encyclopedic entries; the Longman Dictionary of EnglishLanguage and Culture is the LDOCE plus cultural information.The key fact is that all three dictionaries can be seen to have a distinctly “cultural“ as wellas language learning content. That being said, the way in which they approach the cultural elementis not identical, making direct comparisons between the three difficult.While there is some common ground between the encyclopedic/cultural entries for theOxford and Longman dictionaries, there is a clear difference. Oxford lays claim to beingencyclopedic on content whereas Longman distinctly concentrates on the language and culture ofthe English-speaking world. The Oxford dictionary can therefore stand more vigorous scrutiny 伸视 ) for cultural bias than the Longman publication because the latter does not hesitate aboutviewing the rest of the world from the cultural perspectives of the English-speaking world. Thecultural objectives of the BBC dictionary are in turn more distinct still. Based on an analysis ofover 70 million words recorded from the BBC World Service and National Public Radio ofWashington over a period of four years, their 1,000 brief encyclopedic entries are based on peopleand places that have featured ( 占显著地位) in the news recently. The intended user they have inmind is a regular listener to the World Service who will have a reasonable standard of English anda developed skill in listening comprehension.In reality, though, the BBC dictionary will be purchased by a far wider range of languagelearners, as will the other two dictionaries. We will be faced with a situation where many of theusers of these dictionaries will at the very least have distinct socio-cultural perspectives and mayhave world views which are totally opposed and even hostile to those of the West. Advancedlearners from this kind of background will not only evaluate a dictionary on how user-friendly it isbut will also have definite views about the scope and appropriateness of the various socio-culturalentries.21. What feature sets apart the three dictionaries discussed in the passage from traditional ones?A) The combination of two dictionaries into oneB) The new approach to defining wordsC) The inclusion of cultural contentD) The increase in the number of entries22. The Longman dictionary is more likely to be criticized for cultural prejudicebecause .A) its scope of cultural entries goes beyond the culture of the English-speaking worldB) it pays little attention to the cultural content of the non-English-speaking countriesC) it views the world purely from the standpoint of the English-speaking peopleD) it fails to distinguish language from culture in its encyclopedic entries23. The BBC dictionary differs from Oxford and Longman in that .A) it has a wider selection Of encyclopedic entriesB) it is mainly designed to meet the needs of radio listenersC) it lays more emphasis on language than on cultureD) it is intended to help listeners develop their listening comprehension skills24. It is implied in the last paragraph that, in approaching socio-cultural content in a dictionary,special thought should be given to .A) the language levels of its usersB) the number of its prospective purchasersC) the different tastes of its usersD) the various cultural backgrounds of its users25. What is the passage mainly about?A) Different ways of treating socio-cultural elements in the three new English dictionaries.B) A comparison of people's opinions on the cultural content in the three new Englishdictionaries.C) The advantages of the BBC dictionary over Oxford and Longman.D) The user-friendliness of the three new English dictionaries.Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:Real policemen hardly recognize any resemblance between their lives and what they see onTV.The first difference is that a policeman's real life revolves round criminal law. He has toknow exactly what actions are crimes and what evidence can be used to prove them in court. Hehas to know nearly as much law as a professional lawyer, and what is more, he has to apply it onhis feet, in the dark and rain, running down a street after someone he wants to talk to.Little of his time is spent in chatting. He will spend most of his working life typing millionsof words on thousands of forms about hundreds of sad, unimportant people who are guilty ofstupid, petty crimes.Most television crime drama is about finding the criminal: as soon as he's arrested, the storyis over. In real life, finding criminals is seldom much of a problem. Except in very serious caseslike murders and terrorist attacks little effort is spent on searching.Having made an arrest, a detective really starts to work. He has to prove his case in court andto do that he often has to gather a lot of different evidence.A third big difference between the drama detective and the real one is the unpleasantpressures: first, as members of a police force they always have to behave absolutely in accordancewith the law. Secondly, as expensive public servants they have to get results. They can hardly everdo both. Most of the time some of them have to break the rules in small ways.If the detective has to deceive the world, the world often deceives him. Hardly anyone hemeets tells him the truth. And this separation the detective feels between himself and the rest ofthe world is deepened by the simple-mindedness - as he sees it — of citizens, social workers,doctors, law-makers, and judges, who, instead of eliminating crime punish the criminals lessseverely in the hope that this will make them reform. The result, detectives feel, is that nine-tenthsof their work is re-catching people who should have stayed behind bars. This makes them rathercynical ( 愤世嫉俗的) .26. A policeman has to be trained in criminal law b e c a u s e .A) he must work hard to help reform criminalsB) he must behave as professional lawyers doC) he must be able to tell when and where a crime is committedD) he must justify the arrests he makes of criminals27. What is the most suitable word that describes the work of a policeman according to thepassage?A) Dangerous B) Demanding C) Distressing D) Dramatic28. According to the passage, policemen spend most of their time and e f f or t s .A) patrolling the street, rain or shine C) collecting and providing evidenceB) tracking and arresting criminals D) consulting the rules of law29. What*s the policeman's biggest headache?A) He has to get the most desirable results without breaking the law in any way.B) He has to justify his arrests while unable to provide sufficient evidence in most cases.C) He can hardly find enough time to learn criminal law while burdened with numerouscriminal casesD) He has to provide the best possible public service at the least possible expense30. Why do policemen feel separated from the rest of the world?A) Because they do not receive due support from society.B) Because they find people insincere to them.C) Because they feel superior to simple-minded people around them.D) Because they are suspicious of the people around them.Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:To live in the United States today is to gain an appreciation for Dahrendorfs assertion thatsocial change exists everywhere. Technology, the application of knowledge for practical ends, is amajor source of social change.Yet we would do well to remind ourselves that technology is a human creation; it does notexist naturally. A spear or a robot is as much a cultural as a physical object. Until humans use aspear to hunt game or a robot to produce machine parts, neither is much more than a solid mass ofmatter. For a bird looking for an object on which to rest, a spear or robot serves the puiposeequally well. The explosion of the Challenger space shuttle ( 挑战者号航天飞机) and the Russiannuclear accident at Chernobyl drive home the human quality of technology; they provide cases inwhich well-planned systems suddenly went haywire ( 变得? 昆舌I) and there was no ready hand toset them right. Since technology is a human creation, We are responsible for what is done with it.Pessimists worry that we will use out technology eventually to blow our world and ourselves topieces. But they have been saying this for decades, and so far we have managed to survive andeven flourish. Whether we will continue to do so in the years ahead remains uncertain. Clearly, theimpact of technology on our lives deserves a closer examination.Few technological developments have had a greater impact on our lives than the computerrevolution. Scientists and engineers have designed specialized machines that can do the tasks thatonce only people could do. There are those who assert that the switch to an information-basedeconomy is in the same camp as other great historical milestones, particularly the IndustrialRevolution. Yet when we ask why the Industrial Revolution was a revolution, we find that it wasnot the machines. The primary reason why it was revolutionary is that it led to great social change.It gave rise to mass production and, through mass production, to a society in which wealth was notconfined to the few.In somewhat similar fashion, computers promise to revolutionize the structure of Americanlife, particularly as they free the human mind and open new possibilities in knowledge andcommunication. The Industrial Revolution supplemented and replaced the muscles of humans andanimals by mechanical methods. The computer extends this development to supplement andreplace some aspects of the mind of human beings by electronic methods. It is the capacity of thecomputer for solving problems and making decisions that represents its greatest potential and thatposes the greatest difficulties in predicting the impact on society.31. A spear or a robot has the quality of technology only when it .A) is used both as a cultural and a physical objectB) serves different purposes equally wellC) is utilized by manD) can be of use to both man and animal32. The examples of the Challenger and Chernobyl cited by the author serveto show 由al .A) if not given close examination, technology could be used to destroy our worldB) technology is a human creation, so we are responsible for itC) technology usually goes wrong, if not controlled by manD) being a human creation, technology is liable to error33. According to the author, the introduction of the computer is a revolution mainlybecause .A) the computer has revolutionized the workings of the human mindB) the computer can do the tasks that could only be done by people beforeC) it has helped to switch to an information technologyD) it has a great potential impact on society34. By using the phrase u the human quality of technology (Para. 2, Lines6-7), the author refersto the fact that technology .A) has a great impact on human lifeB) has some characteristics of human natureC) can replace some aspects of the human mindD) does not exist in the natural world35. The passage is based on the author's .A) keen insight into the nature of technologyB) prejudiced criticism of the role of the Industrial RevolutionC) cautious analysis of the replacement of the human mind by computersD) exaggerated description of the negative consequences of technologyQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:Now custom has not been commonly regarded as a subject of any great importance. Theinner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation, but custom, wehave a way of thinking, is behavior at its most common place. As a matter of fact, it is the otherway around. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior moreastonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions. Yet that is a rathertrivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first-rate importance is the predominant role that customplays in experience and in belief and the very great varieties it may manifest.No man ever looks at the world with p万 ( 未 受 外界影响的) eyes. He sees it edited by adefinite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking. Even in his philosophical probingshe cannot go behind these stereotypes ( 固定的模式) ；his very concepts of the true and the falsewill still have reference to his particular traditional customs. John Dewey has said in allseriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual as over againstany way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary ofhis mother tongue over against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into thelanguage of his family. When one seriously studies social orders that have had the opportunity todevelop independently, the figure ( 这种比喻) becomes no more than an exact and matter-of-factobservation. The life history of the individual is first and foremost an adjustment to the patternsand standards traditionally handed down in his community. From the moment of his birth thecustoms into which he is born shape his experience and behavior. By the time he can talk, he is thelittle creature of his culture, and by the time he is grown and able to take part in its activities, itshabits are his habits, its beliefs his beliefs, its impossibilities his impossibilities.36. The author thinks the reason why custom has been ignored in the academic world isthat .A) custom reveals only the superficial nature of human behaviorB) the study of social orders can replace the study of customC) people are still not aware of the important role that custom plays in forming our world outlookD) custom has little to do with our ways of thinking37. Which of the following is true according to John Dewey?A) An individual can exercise very little influence on the cultural tradition into which he is born.B) Custom is the direct result of the philosophical probings of a group of people.C) An individual is strongly influenced by the cultural tradition even before he is born.D) Custom represents the collective wisdom which benefits the individual.38. The word “custom“ in this passage most probably means .A) the concept of the true and the false of a societyB) the independently developed social ordersC) the adjustment of the individual to the new social environmentD) the patterns and standards of behavior of a community39. According to the passage, a person's life, from his birth to his d e a t h , .A) is constantly shaping the cultural traditions of his peopleB) is predominated by traditional customC) is continually influenced by the habits of other communitiesD) is chiefly influenced by the people around him.40. The author's purpose in writing this passage is .A) to urge individuals to follow traditional customsB) to stress the strong influence of customs on an individualC) to examine the interaction of man and social customsD) to show man's adjustment to traditional customsUnit 10Part II Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions orunfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) andD). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on theAnswer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:More and more, the operations of our businesses, governments, and financial institutionsare controlled by information that exists only inside computer memories. Anyone clever enough tomodify this information for his own purposes can reap substantial rewards. Even worse, a numberof people who have done this and been caught at it have managed to get away withoutpunishment.It*s easy for computer crimes to go undetected if no one checks up on what the computer isdoing. But even if the crime is detected, the criminal may walk away not only unpunished but witha glowing recommendation from his former employers.Of course, we have no statistics on crimes that go undetected. But it's disturbing to notehow many of the crimes we do know about were detected by accident, not by systematicinspections or other security procedures. The computer criminals who have been caught may bethe victims of uncommonly bad luck.For example, a certain keypunch ( 键盘打孑L) operator complained of having to stay overtimeto punch extra cards. Investigation revealed that the extra cards she was being asked to punchwere for dishonest transactions. In another case, dissatisfied employees of the thief tipped off( 向. . .透露) the company that was being robbed.Unlike other lawbreakers, who must leave the country, commit suicide, or go to jail,computer criminals sometimes escape punishment, demanding not only that they not be chargedbut that they be given good recommendations and perhaps other benefits. All too often, theirdemands have been met.Why? Because company executives are afraid of the bad publicity that would result if thepublic found out that their computer had been misused. They hesitate at the thought of a criminalboasting in open court of how he juggled ( 耍弄) the most confidential records right under thenoses of the company's executives, accountants, and security staff. And so another computercriminal departs with just the recommendations he needs to continue his crimes elsewhere.21. It can be concluded from the passage that .A) it is still impossible to detect computer crimes todayB) computer crimes are the most serious problem in the operation of financial institutionsC) computer criminals can escape punishment because they can't be detectedD) people commit computer crimes at the request of their company22. It is implied in the third paragraph that .A) many more computer crimes go undetected than are discoveredB) the rapid increase of computer crimes is a troublesome problemC) most computer criminals are smart enough to cover up their crimesD) most computer criminals who are caught blame their bad luck23. Which of the following is mentioned in the passage?A) A strict law against computer crimes must be enforced.B) Companies need to impose restrictions on confidential information.C) Companies will guard against computer crimes to protect their reputation.D) Companies usually hesitate to uncover computer crimes.24. What may happen to computer criminals once they are caught?A) With a bad reputation they can hardly find another job.B) They will be denied access to confidential records.C) They may walk away and easily find another job.D) They must leave the country or go to jail.25. The passage is mainly about .A) why computer crimes are difficult to detect by systematic inspectionsB) why computer criminals are often able to escape punishmentC) how computer criminals manage to get good recommendation from their former employersD) why computer crimes can't be eliminatedQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:It is often claimed that nuclear energy is something we cannot do without. We live in aconsumer society where there is an enormous demand for commercial products of all kinds.Moreover, an increase in industrial production is considered to be one solution to the problem ofmass unemployment. Such an increase presumes an abundant and cheap energy supply. Manypeople believe that nuclear energy provides an inexhaustible and economical source of power andthat it is therefore essential for an industrially developing society. There are a number of otheradvantages in the use of nuclear energy. Firstly, nuclear power, except for accidents, is clean. Afurther advantage is that a nuclear power station can be run and maintained by relatively fewtechnical and administrative staff. The nuclear reactor represents an enormous step in ourscientific evolution and, whatever the anti-nuclear group says, it is wrong to expect a return tomore primitive sources of fuel. However, opponents of nuclear energy point out that nuclearpower stations bring a direct threat not only to the environment but also to civil liberties.Furthermore, it is questionable whether ultimately nuclear power is a cheap source of energy.There have, for example, been very costly accidents in America, in Britain and, of course, inRussia. The possibility of increases in the cost of uranium(^) in addition to the cost of greatersafety provisions could price nuclear power out of the market. In the long run, environmentalistsargue, nuclear energy wastes valuable resources and disturbs the ecology to an extent which couldbring about the destruction of the human race. Thus if we wish to survive, we cannot affordnuclear energy. In spite of the case against nuclear energy outlined above, nuclear energyprogrammes are expanding. Such an expansion assumes a continual growth in industrialproduction and consumer demands. However,it is doubtful whether this growth will or can continue. Having weighed up the arguments on bothsides, it seems there are good economic and ecological reasons for sources of energy other thannuclear power.26. The writer's attitude toward nuclear energy is .A) indifferent C) favorableB) tolerant D) negative27. According to the opponents of nuclear energy, which of the following is TRUE of nuclear energy?A) Primitive. C) Exhaustible.B) Cheap. D) Unsafe.28. Some people claim that nuclear energy is essential because .A) it provides a perfect solution to mass unemploymentB) it represents an enormous step forward in our scientific evolutionC) it can meet the growing demand of an industrially developing societyD) nuclear power stations can be run and maintained by relatively few technical andadministrative staff29. Which of the following statements does the writer support?A) The demand for commercial products will not necessarily keep increasing.B) Nuclear energy is something we cannot do without.C) Uranium is a good source of energy for economic and ecological reasons.D) Greater safety provisions can bring about the expansion of nuclear energy programmes.30. The function of the last sentence is to .A) advance the final argumentB) reflect the writer's attitudeC) reverse previously expressed thoughtsD) show the disadvantages of nuclear powerQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:Clothes play a critical part in the conclusions we reach by providing clues to who people are,who they are not, and who they would like to be. They tell us a good deal about the wearer'sbackground, personality, status, mood, and social outlook.Since clothes are such an important source of social information, we can use them tomanipulate people's impression of us. Our appearance assumes particular significance in the initialphases of interaction that is likely to occur. An elderly middle-class man or woman may be( 疏远. . . . ) by a young adult who is dressed in an unconventional manner, regardless ofthe person's education, background, or interests.People tend to agree on what certain types of clothes mean. Adolescent girls can easily agreeon the lifestyles of girls who wear certain outfits ( 套装) ，including the number of boyfriends theylikely have had and whether they smoke or drink. Newscasters, or the announcers who read thenews on TV, are considered to be more convincing, honest, and competent when they are dressedconservatively. And college students who view themselves as taking an active role in theirinterpersonal relationships say they are concerned about the costumes they must wear to play theseroles successfully. Moreover, many of us can relate instances in which the clothing we worechanged the way we felt about ourselves and how we acted. Perhaps you have used clothing togain confidence when you anticipated a stressful situation, such as a job interview, or a courtappearance.In the workplace, men have long had well-defined precedents and role models for achievingsuccess. It has been otherwise for women. A good many women in the business world areuncertain about the appropriate mixture of "masculine” and “feminine” attributes they shouldconvey by their professional clothing. The variety of clothing alternatives to women has also beengreater than that available for men. Male administrators tend to judge women more favorably formanagerial positions when the women display less “feminine“ grooming ( 打扮) ——shorter hair,moderate use of make-up, and plain tailored clothing. As one male administrator confessed, “Anattractive woman is definitely going to get a longer interview, but she won't get a job.”31. According to the passage, the way we dress .A) provides clues for people who are critical of usB) indicates our likes and dislikes in choosing a careerC) has a direct influence on the way people regard usD) is of particular importance when we get on in age32. From the third paragraph of the passage, we can conclude that young adults tend to believethat certain types of clothing can .A) change people's conservative attitudes towards their lifestylesB) help young people make friends with the opposite sexC) make them competitive in the job marketD) help them achieve success in their interpersonal relationships33. The word "precedent” (Line 1, Para.4) probably refers to .A) early acts for men to follow as examplesB) particular places for men to occupy especially because of their importanceC) things that men should agree uponD) men's beliefs that everything in the world has already been decided34. According to the passage, many career women find themselves in difficult situationsbecause .A) the variety of the professional clothing is too wide for them to chooseB) women are generally thought to be only good at being fashion modelsC) men are more favorably judged for managerial positionsD) they are not sure to what extent they should display their feminine qualities through clothing35. What is the passage mainly about?A) Dressing for effect. C) Managerial positions and clothing.B) How to dress appropriately. D) Dressing for the occasion.Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:The more women and minorities make their way into the ranks of management, the morethey seem to want to talk about things formerly judged to be best left unsaid. The newcomers alsotend to see office matters with a fresh eye, in the process sometimes coming up with criticalanalyses of the forces that shape everyone's experience in the organization.Consider the novel views of Harvey Coleman of Atlanta on the subject of getting ahead.Coleman is black. He spent 11 years with IBM, half of them working in management development,and now serves as a consultant to the likes of AT&T, Coca-Cola, Prudential, and Merch. Colemansays that based on what he's seen at big companies, he weighs the different elements that make forlong-term career success as follows: performance counts a mere 10%, image, 30%; and exposure,a full 60%. Coleman concludes that excellent job performance is so common these days that whiledoing your work well may win you pay increases, it won't secure you the big promotion. He findsthat advancement more often depends on how many people know you and your work, and howhigh up they are.Ridiculous beliefs? Not to many people, especially many women and members of minorityraces who, like Coleman, feel that the sca/es ( 障口艮物) have dropped from their eyes. "Womenand blacks in organizations work under false beliefs,v says Kaleel Jamison, a New York-basedmanagement consultant who helps corporations deal with these issues. "They think that if youwork hard, you'll get ahead——that someone in authority will reach down and give you apromotion.,, she adds, “Most women and blacks are so frightened that people will think they'vegotten ahead because of their sex or color that they play down ( 使. . .不突出) their visibility.”Her advice to those folks: learn the ways that white males havetraditionally used to find their way into the spotlight.36. According to the passage, uthings formerly judged to be best left unsaid” (Line 2, Para. 1)probably refers to " ” .A) criticisms that shape everyone's experienceB) the opinions which contradict the established beliefsC) the tendencies that help the newcomers to see office matters with a fresh eyeD) the ideas which usually come up with new ways of management in the organization37. To achieve success in your career, the most important factor, according to the passage, isto_A) let your superiors know how good you areB) project a favorable image to the people around youC) work as a consultant to your superiorsD) perform well your tasks given by your superiors38. The reason why women and blacks play down their visibility is that t hey.A) know that someone in authority will reach down and give them a promotionB) want to give people the impression that they work under false beliefsC) don't want people to think that their promotions were due to sex or colorD) believe they can get promoted by reason of their sex or color.39. The author is of the opinion that Coleman's beliefs ar e .A) biased C) insightfulB) popular D) superficial40. The best title for this passage would be .A) Role of Women and Minorities in ManagementB) The Importance of Being VisibleC) Job Performance and AdvancementD) Sex and Career SuccessUnit 11Part II Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questionsor unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter onthe Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:It is said that the public and Congressional concern about deceptive ( 欺骗性的) packaging" 〃叩”s( 喧嚣) started because Senator Hart discovered that the boxes of cereals consumed by him,Mrs. Hart, and their children were becoming higher and narrower, with a decline of net weightfrom 12 to 10 1/2 ounces, without any reduction in price. There were still twelve biscuits, but theyhad been reduced in size. Later, the Senator rightly complained of a store-bought pie in ahandsomely illustrated box that pictured, in a single slice, almost as many cherries as there were inthe whole pie.The manufacturer who increases the unit price of his product by changing his package sizeto lower the quantity delivered can, without undue hardship, put his product into boxes, bags, andtins that will contain even 4-ounce, 8-ounce, one-pound, two-pound quantities of breakfast foods,cake mixes, etc. A study of dwgsfore( 杂货店) and supermarket shelves will convince anyobserver that all possible sizes and shapes of boxes, jars, bottles, and tins are in use at the sametime, and, as the package journals show, week by week, there is never any hesitation inintroducing a new size and shape of box or bottle when it aids in product differentiation. Theproducers of packaged products argue strongly against changing sizes of packages to contain evenweights and volumes, but no one in the trade comments unfavorably on the huge costs incurred byendless changes of package sizes, materials, shape, art work, and net weights that are used forimproving a product's market position.When a packaging expert explained that he was able to multiply the price of hard sweetsby 2.5, from $1 to $ 2.50 by changing to a fancy jar, or that he had made a 5_ounce bottle look asthough it held 8 ounces, he was in effect telling the public that packaging can be a very expensiveluxury. It evidently does come high, when an average family pays about $ 200 a year for bottles,cans, boxes, jars and other containers, most of which can*t be used for anything but stuffing thegarbage can.21. What started the public and Congressional concern about deceptive packaging rumpus?A) Consumers* complaints about the changes in package size.B) A senator's discovery of the tricks in packaging.C) Expensive packaging for poor quality products.D) The rise in the unit price for many products.22. The word "undue” (Line 2,Para.2) means " ” .A) improper C) excessiveB) adequate D) unexpected23. Consumers are concerned about the changes in package size, mainly b e c a u s e .A) the unit price for a product often rises as a resultB) they hate to see any changes in things they are familiar withC) they have to pay for the cost of changing package sizesD) this entails an increase in the cost of packaging24. According to this passage, various types of packaging come into existence to.A) meet the needs of consumersB) suit all kinds of productsC) introduce new productsD) enhance the market position of products25. The author is critical mainly of .A) inferior packaging C) the changes in package sizeB) dishonest packaging D) exaggerated illustrations on packagesQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:If sustainable competitive advantage depends on work-force skills, American firms have aproblem. Human-resource management is not traditionally seen as central to the competitivesurvival of the firm in the United States. Skill acquisition is considered an individual responsibility.Labour is simply another factor of production to be hired 一 rented at the lowest possible cost 一much as one buys raw materials or equipment.The lack of importance attached to human-resource management can be seen in the corporatehierarchy. In an American firm the chief financial officer is almost always second in command.The post of head of human-resource management is usually a specialized job, off al the edge ofthe corporate hierarchy. The executive who holds it is never consulted on major strategic decisionsand has no chance to move up to Chief Executive Officer (CEO). By way of contrast, in Japan theheadof human-resource management is central - usually the second most important executive, afterthe CEO, in the firm's hierarchy.While American firms often talk about the vast amounts spent on training their work forces,in fact they invest less in the skills of their employees than do either Japanese or German firms.The money they do invest is also more highly concentrated on professional and managerialemployees. And the limited investments that are made in training workers are also much morenarrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basicbackground skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.As a result, problems emerge when new breakthrough technologies arrive. If Americanworkers, for example, take much longer to learn how to operate new flexible manufacturingstations than workers in Germany (as they do), the effective cost of those stations is lower inGermany than it is in the United States. More time is required before equipment is up and runningat capacity, and the need for extensive retraining generates costs and creates bottlenecks that limitthe speed with which new equipment can be employed. The result is a slower pace oftechnological change. And in the end the skills of the bottom half of the population affect thewages of the top half. If the bottom half can't effectively staff the processes that have to beoperated, the management and professional jobs that go with these processes will disappear.26.Which of the following applies to the management of human resources in Americancompanies?A) They hire people at the lowest cost regardless of their skills.B) They only hire skilled workers because of keen competition.C) They attach more importance to workers than to equipment.D) They see the gaining of skills as their employees' own business.27. What is the position of the head of human-resource management in an American firm?A) He is one of the most important executives in the firm.B) His post is likely to disappear when new technologies are introduced.C) He has no say in making important decisions in the firm.D) He is directly under the chief financial exective.28. The money most American firms put in training mainly goes to .A) technological and managerial staffB) workers who can operate new equipmentC) workers who lack basic background skillsD) top executives29. According to the passage, the decisive factor in maintaining a firm's competitive advantageis .A) the introduction of new technologiesB) the improvement of workers' basic skillsC) the rational composition of professional and managerial employeesD) the attachment of importance to the bottom half of the employees30. What is the main idea of the passage?A) American firms are different from Japanese and German firms in human-resource management.B) Extensive retraining is indispensable to effective human-resource management.C) The human-resource management strategies of American firms affect their competitivecapacity.D) The head of human-resource management must be in the central position in a firm's hierarchy.Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:The biographer has to dance between two shaky positions with respect to the subject ( 研究对象) . Too close a relation, and the writer may lose objectivity. Not close enough, and the writer maylack the sympathy necessary to any effort to portray a mind, a soul 一 the quality of life. Whoshould write the biography of a family, for example? Because of their closeness to the subject,family members may have special information, but by the same token, they may not have thedistance that would allow them to be fair. Similarly, a king's servant might not be the best one towrite a biography of that king. But a foreigner might not have the knowledge and sympathynecessary to write the king's biography — not for areadership from within the kingdom, at anyrate.There is no ideal position for such a task. The biographer has to work with the position he orshe has in the world, adjusting that position as necessary to deal with the subject. Every positionhas strengths and weaknesses: to thrive, a writer must try to become aware of these, evaluate themin terms of the subject, and select a position accordingly.When their subjects are heroes or famous figures, biographies often reveal a democraticmotive: they attempt to show that their subjects are only human, no better than anyone else. Otherbiographies are meant to change us, to invite us to become better than we are. The biographies ofJesus ( 耶稣) found in the Bible are in this class.Biographers may claim that their account is the "authentic” one. In advancing this claim,they are helped if the biography is u authorizedw by the subject; this presumably allows thebiographer special access to private information. "Unauthorized“ biographies also have theirappeal, however, since they can suggest an independence of mind in the biographer. In bookpromotions, the “unauthorized” characterization usually suggests the prospect of juicy gossipthat the subject had hoped to suppress. A subject might have several biographies, even several“authentic” ones. We sense intuitively that no one is in a position to tell "the” story of a life,perhaps not even the subject, and this has been proved by the history of biography.31. According to the author, an ideal biographer would be one wh o .A) possesses special private information and is sympathetic toward the subjectB) is close to the subject and knows the techniques of biography writingC) is independent and treats the subject with fairness and objectivityD) knows the subject very well and yet maintains a proper distance from him32. The author cites the biographies of Jesus in the Bible in order to show t hat .A) biographies can serve different purposesB) biographies are authentic accounts of their subjects' livesC) the best biographies are those of heroes and famous figuresD) the best biographies are meant to transform their readers33. Which of the following statements is true, according to the passage?A) An authentic biography seldom appeals to its readers.B) An authentic biography is one authorized by the subject.C) Authorized biographies have a wider readership.D) No one can write a perfect biography.34. An unauthorized biography is likely to attract more readers b e c a u s e .A) it portrays the subject both faithfully and vividlyB) it reveals a lot of accurate details unknown to outsidersC) it contains interesting information about the subject's private lifeD) it usually gives a sympathetic description of subject's character35. In this passage, the author focuses on .A) the secret of a biographer to win more readersB) the difficulty of a biographer in finding the proper perspective to do his jobC) the techniques required of a biographer to write a good biographyD) the characteristics of different kinds of biographiesQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:Whether the eyes are ,the windows of the soul” is debatable; that they are intenselyimportant in interpersonal communication is a fact. During the first two months of a baby's life,the stimulus that produces a smile is a pair of eyes. Theeyes need not be real: a mask with twodots will produce a smile. Significantly, a real human face with eyes covered will not motivate asmile, nor will the sight of only one eye when the face is presented in profile. This attraction toeyes as opposed to the nose or mouth continues as the baby matures. In one study, when Americanfour-year-olds were asked to draw people, 75 percent of them drew people with mouths, but 99percent of them drew people with eyes. In Japan, however, where babies are earned on theirmother's back, infants do not acquire as much attachment to eyes as they do in other cultures. As aresult, Japanese adults make little use of the face either to encode ( 把， , •编码) or decode( 理解)meaning. In fact, Argyle reveals that the u proper place to focus one*s gaze during a conversation inJapan is on the neck of one's conversation partner.The role of eye contact in a conversationalexchange between two Americans is well defined: speakers make contact with the eyes of theirlistener for about one second, then glance away as they talk; in a few moments they re-establisheye contact with the listener or reassure themselves that their audience is still attentive, then shifttheir gaze away once more. Listeners, meanwhile, keep their eyes on the face of the speaker,allowing themselves to glance away only briefly. It is important that they be looking at the speakerat the precise moment when the speaker reestablishes eye contact: if they are not looking, thespeaker assumes that they are disinterested and either will pause until eye contact is resumed orwill terminate the conversation. Just how critical this eye maneuvering is to the maintenance ofconversational flow becomes evident when two speakers are wearing dark glasses: there may be asort of traffic jam of words caused by interruption, false starts, and unpredictable pauses.36. The author is convinced that the eyes are .A) something the value of which is largely a matter of long debateB) something through which one can see a person's inner worldC) of considerable significance in making conversations interestingD) of extreme importance in expressing feelings and exchanging ideas37. Babies will not be stimulated to smile by a person .A) whose face is seen from the side C) whose front view is fully perceivedB) whose face is covered with a mask D) whose face is free of any covering38. According to the passage, the Japanese fix their gaze on their conversation partner's neckb e c a u s e .A) they don't like to keep their eyes on the face of the speakerB) they need not communicate through eye contactC) they didn't have much opportunity to communicate through eye contact in babyhoodD) they don't think it polite to have eye contact39. According to the passage, a conversation between two Americans may break down dueto .A) improperly-timed ceasing of eye contactB) eye contact of more than one secondC) one temporarily glancing away from the otherD) constant adjustment of eye contact40. To keep a conversation flowing smoothly, it is better for the p a r t i c i p a n ts .A) not to make any interruptions C) not to glance away from each otherB) not to wear dark spectacles D) not to make unpredictable pausesUnit 12Part II Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questionsor unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter onthe Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:A few common misconceptions. Beauty is only skin-deep. One's physical assets andliabilities don't count all that much in a managerial career. A woman should always try to look herbest.Over the last 30 years, social scientists have conducted more than 1,000 studies of how wereact to beautiful and not-so-beautiful people. The virtually unanimous conclusion: Looks domatter, more than most of us realize. The data suggest, for example, that physically attractiveindividuals are more likely to be treated well by their parents, sought out as friends, and pursuedromantically. With the possible exception of women seeking managerial jobs, they are also morelikely to be hired, paid well, and promoted.Un-American, you say, unfair and extremely unbelievable? Once again, the scientists havecaught us mouthing pieties ( 虔诚)while acting just the contrary. Their typical experiment workssomething like this. They give each member of a group 一 college students, perhaps, or teachersor corporate personnel managers —a piece of paper relating an individual's accomplishments.Attached to the paper is a photograph. While the papers all say exactly the same thing the picturesare different. Some show a strikingly attractive person, some an average-looking character, andsome an unusually unattractive human being. Group members are asked to rate the individual oncertain attributes, anything from personal warmth to the likelihood that he or she will bepromoted.Almost invariably, the better looking the person in the picture, the higher the person is rated. In thephrase, borrowed from Sappho, that the social scientists use to sum up the common perception,what is beautiful is good.In business, however, good looks cut both ways for women, and deeper than for men. A UtahState University professor, who is an authority on the subject, explains: In terms of their careers,the impact of physical attractiveness on males is only modest. But its potential impact on femalescan be tremendous, making it easier, for example, for the more attractive to get jobs where theyare in the public eye. On another note, though, there is enough literature now for us to concludethat attractive women who aspire( 追求)to managerial positions do not get on as well as womenwho may be less attractive.21. According to the passage, people often wrongly believe that in pursuing a career as amanager .A) a person's property or debts do not matter muchB) a person*s outward appearance is not a critical qualificationC) women should always dress fashionablyD) women should not only be attractive but also high-minded22. The result of research carried out by social scientists show that .A) people do not realize the importance of looking one's bestB) women in pursuit of managerial jobs are not likely to be paid wellC) good-looking women aspire to managerial positionsD) attractive people generally have an advantage over those who are not23. Experiments by scientists have shown that when people evaluate individuals on certainattuibrtes .A) they observe the principle that beauty is only skin-deepB) they do not usually act according to the views they supportC) they give ordinary-looking persons the lowest ratingsD) they tend to base their judgment on the individual's accomplishments24. “Good looks cut both ways for women ” (Line 1 ,Para. 5) means t ha t .A) attractive women have tremendous potential impact on public jobsB) good-looking women always get the best of everythingC) being attractive is not always an advantage for women.D) attractive women do not do as well as unattractive women in managerial positions25. It can be inferred from the passage that in the business wo r l d .A) handsome men are not affected as much by their looks as attractive women areB) physically attractive women who are in the public eye usually do quite wellC) physically attractive men and women who are in the public eye usually get along quite wellD) good looks are important for women as they are for menQuestion 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:Not content with its doubtful claim to produce cheap food for our own population, the factoryfarming industry also argues that u hungry nations are benefiting from advances made by the( 家禽)industry ” • In fact, rather than helping the fight against malnutrition (^ ^ 4 ^ 良)in“hungry nations w , the spread of factory farming has, inevitably aggravated the problem.Large-scale intensive meat and poultry production is a waste of food resources. This isbecause more protein has to be fed to animals in the form of vegetable matter than can ever berecovered in the form of meat. Much of the food value is lost in the animafs process of digestionand cell replacement. Neither, in the case of chicken, can one eat feathers, blood, feet or head. Inall, only about 44% of the live animal fits to be eaten as meat.This means one has to feed approximately 9_10 times as much food value to the animal thanone can consume from the carcass. As a system for feeding the hungry, the effects can provedisastrous. At times of crisis, grain is the food of life .Nevertheless, the huge increase in poultryproduction throughout Asia and Africa continues. Normally British or US firms are involved. Forinstance, an American based multinational company has this year announced its involvement inprojects in several African countries. Britain's largest suppliers of chickens, Ross Breeders, arealso involved in projects all over the world.Because such trade is good for exports, Western governments encourage it. In 1979, a firm inBangladesh called Phoenix Poultry received a grant to set up a unit of 6,000 chickens and 18,000laying hens. This almost doubled the number of poultry kept in the country all at once.But Bangladesh lacks capital, energy and food and has large numbers of unemployed. Suchchicken-raising demands capital for building and machinery, extensive use of energy resources forautomation, and involves feeding chickens with potential famine-relief protein food. At present,one of Bangladesh's main imports is food grains, because the country is unable to grow enoughfood to feed its population. On what then can they possibly feed the chicken?26. In this passage the author argues t hat .A) efficiency must be raised in the poultry industryB) raising poultry can provide more protein than growing grainC) factory farming will do more harm than good to developing countriesD) hungry nations may benefit from the development of the poultry industry27. According to the author, in factory farming, vegetable food .A) is easy for chickens to digestB) is insufficient for the needs of poultryC) is fully utilized in meat and egg productionD) is inefficiently converted into meat and eggs28. Western governments encourage the poultry industry in Asia because they regard it as aneffective way t o .A) boost their own exportsB) alleviate malnutrition in Asian countriesC) create job opportunities in Asian countriesD) promote the exports of Asian countries29. The word “carcass” (Line 2, Para. 3) most probably means " ” .A) vegetables preserved for future useB) the dead body of an animal ready to be cut into meatC) expensive food that consumers can hardly affordD) meat canned for future consumption30. What the last paragraph tells us is the author's .A) detailed analysis of the ways of raising poultry in BangladeshB) great appreciation of the development of poultry industry in BangladeshC) critical view on the development of the poultry industry in BangladeshD) practical suggestion for the improvement of the poultry industry in BangladeshQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:We all have offensive breath at one time or another. In most cases, offensive breath emanatesfrom bacteria in the mouth, although there are other, more surprising causes.Until a few years ago, the most doctors could do was to counsel patients with bad breathabout oral cleanliness. Now they are finding new ways to treat the usually curable condition.Bad breath can happen whenever the normal flow of saliva ( 唾液) slows. Our mouths are fullof bacteria feeding on protein in bits of food and shed tissue. The bacteria emit evil-smelling gases,the worst of which is hydrogen s〃 行 de( 硫化物) .Mouth bacteria thrive in airless conditions.Oxygen-rich saliva keeps their numbers down. When we sleep, for example, the saliva streamslows, and sulfur-producing bacteria gain the upper hand, producing classic “ morningbreath” .Alcohol, hunger, too much talking, breathing through the mouth during exercise一 anything that dries the mouth produces bad breath. So can stress, though it's not understoodwhy. Some people's breath turns sour every time they go on a job interview.Saliva flow gradually slows with age, which explains why the elderly have more bad-breathtrouble than younger people do. Babies, however, who make plenty of saliva and whose mouthscontain relatively few bacteria have characteristically sweet breath.For most of us, the simple, dry-mouth variety of bad breath is easily cured. Eating or drinkingstarts saliva and sweeps away many of the bacteria. Breakfast often stops morning breath.Those with chronic dry mouth find that it helps to keep gum, hard candy, or a bottle of wateror juice around. Brushing the teeth wipes out dry-mouth bad breath because it clears away manyof the offending bacteria.Surprisingly, one thing that rarely works is mouthwash. The liquid can mask bad-breath odorwith its own smell, but the effect lasts no more than an hour. Some mouthwashes claim to kill thebacteria responsible for bad breath. The trouble is, they don't necessarily reach all offending germs.Most bacteria are well protected from mouthwash under thick layers of mucus ( 粘液) . If themouthwash contains alcohol 一 as most do 一 it can intensify the problem by drying out themouth.31. The phrase “emanate from“ in Paragraph 1 most probably means "A) thrive on B) account for C) originate from D) descend from32. Which of the following is mentioned as one of the causes of bad breath?A) Tooth trouble. C) Too much exercise.B) Sulfur-rich food. D) Mental strain.33. According to the passage, alcohol has something to do with bad breath mainlybecause _ .A) it keeps offending bacteria from reproducingB) its smell adds to bad breathC) it kills some helpful bacteriaD) it affects the noumal flow of saliva34. Mouthwashes are not an effective cure for bad breath mainly because .A) they can*t mask the bad odor long enoughB) they can*t get to all the offending bacteriaC) their strong smell mixes with bad breath and makes it worseD) they can*t cover the thick layers of mucus35. We can infer from this passage that .A) offensive breath can't easily be curedB) elderly people are less offended by bad breathC) heavy drinkers are less affected by bad breathD) offensive breath is less affected by alcoholQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:u Welcome to the U.S.A.! Major Credit cards acceptedBy the millions they are coming no longer the tired, the poor, the wretched masses longingfor a better living. These are the wealthy. "We don't have a budget, v says a biologist from Brazil,as she walks with two companions through New York City's South Street. " We just use our creditcards. ”The U.S. has long been one of the world's most popular tourist destinations, but this year hasbeen exceptional. First there was the World Cup, which drew thousands from every corner of theglobe; then came the weakening of the U.S. dollar against major currencies. Now the U.S., still theworld's superpower, can also claim to be the world's bargain basement ( 廉价商品部) . Nobodyundersells America these days on just about everything, from consumer electronics to fashionclothes to tennis rackets. Bottom retail prices — anywhere from 30% to 70% lower than those inEurope and Asia —— have attracted some 47 million visitors, who are expected to leave behind$79 billion in 1994. That*s up from $74 billion the year before.True, not everyone comes just for bargains. There remains an undeniable fascination in therest of the world with all things American, nourished by Hollywood films and U.S. televisionseries. But shopping the U.S.A, is proving irresistible. Every week thousands arrive with emptysuitcases ready to be filled; some even rent an additional hotel room to hold their purchases. Thebuying binge ( 无节制) has become as important as watching Old Faithful fountains erupt inYellowstone Park or sunbathing on a beach in Florida.The U.S. has come at last to appreciate what other countries learned long ago: the pouring inof foreign tourists may not always be convenient, but it does put money in the bank. And with atrade deficit at about $ 130 billion and growing for the past 12 months, the U.S. needs all thedeposits it can get. Compared with American tourists abroad, visitors to the U.S. stay longer andspend more money at each stop; an average of 12.2 night and $1624 a traveller versus theAmericans* four nights and $298.36. From what the Brazilian biologist says, we know that tourists like her .A) are reluctant to carry cash with themB) simply don't care how much they spendC) are not good at planning their expenditureD) often spend more money than they can afford37. The reason why 1994 was exceptional is thatA) it saw an unusually large number of tourists to the U.S.B) it witnessed a drop in the number of tourists to the U.S.C) tourism was hardly affected by the weakening of the U.S. dollar that yearD) tourists came to the U.S. for sightseeing rather than for bargains that year38. By saying unobody undersells America” (Line 4, Para. 3), the author means that .A) no other country underestimates the competitiveness of American productsB) nobody expects the Americans to cut the prices of their commoditiesC) nobody restrains the selling of American goodsD) no other country sells at a lower price than America39. Why does the author assert that all things American are fascinating to foreigners?A) Because they have gained much publicity through the American media.B) Because they represent the world's latest fashions.C) Because they embody the most sophisticated technology.D) Because they are available at all tourist destinations.40. From the passage we can conclude that the U.S. has come to realize .A) the weakening if the U.S. dollar can result in trade deficitsB) the lower the retail prices, the greater the profitsC) tourism can make great contributions to its economyD) visitors to the U.S. are wealthier than U.S. tourists abroadUnit 13Part II Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questionsor unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter onthe Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:Cyberspace ( 网络空间) ，data superhighways, multi media — for those who have seen thefuture, the linking of computers, television and telephones will change our lives for ever. Yet forall the talk of a forthcoming technological “fopia( 乌托邦) little attention has been given to theimplications of these developments for the poor. As with all new high technology, while the Westconcerns itself with the “ how, " the question of “ for whom “ is put aside once again.Economists are only now realizing the full extent to which the communications revolutionhas affected the world economy. Information technology allows the extension of trade acrossgeographical and industrial boundaries, and transnational corporations take full advantage of it.Terms of trade, exchange and interest rates and money movements are more important than theproduction of goods. The electronic economy made possible by information technology allows thehaves to increase their control on global markets — with destructive impact on the have-nots.For them the result is instability. Developing countries which rely on the production of a smallrange of goods for export are made to feel like small parts in the international economic machine.As “ futures ” ( 期货) are traded on computer screens, developing countries simply have lessand less control of their destinies.So what are the options for regaining control? One alterative is for developing countries tobuy in the latest computers and telecommunications themselves - so-called “developmentcommunicationsmodernization. Yet this leads to long-term dependency and perhaps permanentconstraints on developing countries' economies.Communications technology is generally exported from the U.S., Europe or Japan; the patents,skills and ability to manufacture remain in the hands of a few industrialized countries. It is alsoexpensive, and imported products and services must therefore be bought on credit——credit usuallyprovided by the very countries whose companies stand to gain.Furthermore, when new technology is introduced there is often too low a level of expertise toexploit it for native development. This means that while local elites, foreign communities andsubsidiaries of transnational corporations may benefit, those whose lives depend on access to theinformation are denied it.21. From the passage we know that the development of high technology is in the interestsof .A) the rich countriesB) scientific developmentC) the eliteD) the world economy22. It can be inferred from the passage that .A) international trade should be expandedB) the interests of the poor countries have not been given enough considerationC) the exports of the poor countries should be increasedD) communications technology in the developing countries should be modernized23. Why does the author say that the electronic economy may have a destructive impact ondeveloping countries?A) Because it enables the developed countries to control the international market.B) Because it destroys the economic balance of the poor countries.C) because it violates the national boundaries of the poor countries.D) Because it inhibits the industrial growth of developing countries.24. The development of modem communications technology in developing countriesma y .A) hinder their industrial productionB) cause them to lose control of their tradeC) force them to reduce their share of exportsD) cost them their economic independence25. The author's attitude toward the communications revolution is .A) positive B) critical C) indifferent D) tolerantQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:The estimates of the numbers of home-schooled children vary widely. The U.S. Departmentof Education estimates there are 250,000 to 350,000 home-schooled children in the country.Home-school advocates put the number much higher - at about a million.Many public school advocates take a harsh attitude toward home schoolers, perceiving theiractions as the ultimate slap in the face for public education and a damaging move for the children.Home schoolers harbor few kind words for public schools, charging shortcomings that range fromlack of religious perspective in the curriculum to a herd like approach to teaching children.Yet, as public school officials realize they stand little to gain by remaining hostile to thehome-school population, and as home schoolers realize they can reap benefits from public schools,these hard lines seem to be softening a bit. Public schools and home schoolers have moved closerto tolerance and, in some cases, even cooperation.Says John Marshall, an education official, “We are becoming relatively tolerant of homeschoolers. The idea is, 4 Let's give the kids access to public school so they'll see it's not as terribleas they've been told, and they'll want to come back.’ "Perhaps, but don't count on it, say home-school advocates. Home schoolers oppose thesystem because they have strong convictions that their approach to education 一 whether fueledby religious enthusiasm or the individual child's interests and natural pace - is best.“ The bulk of home schoolers just want to be left alone, “ says Enge Cannon, associate directorof the National Center For Home Education. She says home schoolers choose that path for avariety of reasons, but religion plays a role 85 percent of the time.Professor Van Galen breaks home schoolers into two groups. Some home schoolers wanttheir children to learn not only traditional subject matter but also “strict religious doctrine and aconservative political and social perspective. Not incidentally, they also want their children tolearn - both intellectually and emotionally - that the family is the most important institutionin society.n Other home schoolers contend “not so much that the schools teach heresy ( 异端邪说) ，but that schools teach whatever they teach inappropriately,Van Galen writes. "Theseparents are highly independent and strive to 'take responsibilityJ for their own lives within asociety that they define as bureaucratic and inefficient.,,26. According to the passage, home schoolers are .A) those who engage private teachers to provide additional education for their childrenB) those who educate their children at home instead of sending them to schoolC) those who advocate combining public education with home schoolingD) those who don't go to school but are educated at home by their parents27. Public schools are softening their position on home schooling b e c a u s e .A) there isn't much they can do to change the present situationB) they want to show their tolerance for different teaching systemsC) home schooling provides a new variety of education for childrenD) public schools have so many problems that they cannot offer proper education for all children28. Home-school advocates are of the opinion t hat .A) things in public schools are not so bad as has often been saidB) their tolerance of public education will attract more kids to public schoolsC) home schooling is superior and, therefore, they will not easily give inD) their increased cooperation with public school will bring about the improvement of publiceducation29. Most home schoolers' opposition to public education stems from t he i r .A) respect for the interests of individualsB) worry about the inefficiency of public schoolsC) concern with the cost involvedD) devotion to religion30. According to Van Galen some home schoolers believe t hat .A) public schools take up a herdlike approach to teaching childrenB) teachers in public school are not as responsible as they should beC) public schools cannot provide an education that is good enough for their childrenD) public schools are the source of bureaucracy and inefficiency in modern societyQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:Every year television stations receive hundreds of complaints about the loudness ofadvertisements. However, federal rules forbid the practice of making ads louder than theprogramming. In addition, television stations always operate at the highest sound level allowed forreasons of efficiency. According to one NBC executive, no difference exists in the peak soundlevel of ads and programming. Given this information, why do commercials sound so loud?The sensation of sound involves a variety of factors in addition to its speak level. Advertisersare skilful at creating the impression of loudness through their expert use of such factors. Onemajor contributor to the perceived loudness of commercials is that much less variation in soundlevel occurs during a commercial. In regular programming the intensity of sound varies over alarge range. However, sound levels in commercials tend to stay at or near peak levels.Other utricks of the trade” are also used. Because low-frequency sounds can mask higherfrequency sounds, advertisers filter out any noises that may drown out the primary message. Inaddition, the human voice has more 。

〃 力 ( 歹〒觉的)impact in the middle frequency ranges.Advertisers electronically vary voice sounds so that they stay within such a frequency band.Another approach is to write the script so that lots o f 〃双辅音)are used, because peopleare more aware of consonants than uowe/(元 音 )sounds. Finally, advertisers try to begincommercials with sounds that are highly different from those of the programming within whichthe commercial is buried. Because people become adapted to the type of sounds coming fromprogramming, a dramatic change in sound quality draws viewer attention. For example, noticehow many commercials begin with a cheerful song of some type.The attention-getting property of commercials can be seen by observing one-to-two-year-oldchildren who happen to be playing around a television set. They may totally ignore theprogramming. However, when a commercial comes on, their attention is immediately drawn to itbecause of its dramatic sound quality.31. According to the passage, the maximum intensity of sound coming from commercials .A) does not exceed that of programsB) is greater than that of programsC) varies over a large range than that of programsD) is less than that of programs32. Commercials create the sensation of loudness b e c a u s e .A) TV stations always operate at the highest sound levelsB) their sound levels are kept around peak levelsC) their sound levels are kept in the middle frequency rangesD) unlike regular programs their intensity of sound varies over a wide range33. Many commercials begin with a cheerful song of some kind because .A) pop songs attract viewer attentionB) it can increase their loudnessC) advertisers want to make them sound different from regular programsD) advertisers want to merge music with commercials34. One of the reasons why commercials are able to attract viewer attention is t hat .A) the human voices in commercials have more auditory impactB) people like cheerful songs that change dramatically in sound qualityC) high-frequency sounds are used to mask sounds that drown out the primary messageD) they possess sound qualities that make the viewer feel that something unusual is happening35. In the passage, the author is trying to tell us .A) how TV ads vary vocal sounds to attract attentionB) how the loudness of TV ads is overcomeC) how advertisers control the sound properties of TV adsD) how the attention-getting properties of sounds are made use of in TV adsQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:In the United States, the need to protect plant and animal species has become a highlycontroversial and sharply political issue since the passage of the Endangered Species Act in 1973.The act, designed to protect species1 living areas, and policies that preserve land and forestscompete with economic interests. In the 1990's, for example, the woodcutters in the WesternUnited States were challenged legally in their attempt to cut trees for timber in the CascadeMountains. The challenge was mounted to protect the endangered spotted owl ( 猫头鹰) ， whoseremaining population occupies these forests and requires the intact, ancient forest for survival. Theproblematic situation set the interests of environmentalists against those of corporations and ofindividuals who stood to lose jobs. After months of debate and legal battles, the fate of thewoodcutters 一 and the owls 一 was still undecided in mid-1992.Similar tensions exist between the developed and the developing nations. Many people inindustrialized nations, for example, believe that developing nations in tropical regions should domore to protect their rain forests and other natural areas. But the developing countries may beimpoue/iMed( 使穷困) ， with populations growing so rapidly that using the land is a means totemporarily avoid worsening poverty and starvation.Many of the changes to Earth that concern scientists have the potential to rob the planet of itsbiological richness. The destruction of Earth's ozone layer ( 臭氧层) ， for example, could contributeto the general process of impoverishment by allowing ultra-violet rays to harm plants and animals.And global warming could wipe out species unable to quickly adapt to changing climates. Clearly,protecting Earth's biological diversity is a complex problem. But solutions to humanity*s cunentproblems will come only through coordinated international efforts to control human population,stabilize the composition of the atmosphere, and preserve intact Earth's complex web of life.36. Why does the author say that the protection of endangered species is a highly controversialissue?A) Because people can't agree as to what species to protect.B) Because it is difficult to find an effective way to protect such species.C) Because it affects the interests of certain groups of people.D) Because it is a major problem involving a series of legal procedures.37. According to the passage, the preservation of rain forests .A) may hamper a developing country in its fight against povertyB) benefits developed countries rather than developing countriesC) should take priority over the control of human populationD) will help improve the living conditions in developing countries38. According to the passage, cutting trees to grow more food .A) will widen the gap between the developed and the developing countriesB) is but a short-term relief to the food problemC) can hardly alleviate the shortage of foodD) proves to be an effective way out for impoverished nations39. Among humanity's current problems, the chief concern of the scientists is .A) the impoverishment of developing countriesB) the explosion of the human populationC) the reduction of biological diversityD) the effect of global warming40. The author's purpose in writing this passage is .A) to describe the difficulties in solving humanity's current problemsB) to present the different views on humanity's current problemsC) to analyze the contradiction between countries in dealing with humanity's current problemsD) to point out that humanity's current problems can only be solved through thecooperation ofnationsUnit 14Part II Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questionsor unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter onthe Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:Many Americans harbour a grossly distorted and exaggerated view of most of the riskssurrounding food. Fergus Clydesdale, head of the department of food science and nutrition at theUniversity of Massachusetts-Amherst, says bluntly that if the dangers from bacteriallycontaminated chicken were as great as some people believe, “the streets would be littered withpeople lying here and there.nThough the public increasingly demands no-risk food, there is no such thing. Bruce Ames,chairman of the biochemistry department at the University of California, Berkeley, points out thatup to 10% of a plant's weight is made up of natural pesticides ( 杀虫剂J). Says he: "Since plants donot have jaws or teeth to protect themselves, they employ chemical warfare." And many naturallyproduced chemicals, though occurring in tiny amounts, prove in laboratory tests to be strongcarcinogens — a substance which can cause cancer. Mushrooms (W ^) might be banned if theywere judged by the same standards that apply to food additives ( 添 力 口 齐ll). Declares Christina Stark,a nutritionist at Cornell University: "We've got far worse natural chemicals in the food supplythan anything man-made.”Yet the issues are not that simple. While Americans have no reason to be ten ified to sit downat the dinner table, they have every reason to demand significant improvements in food and watersafety. They unconsciously and unwillingly take in too much of too many dangerous chemicals. Iffood already contains natural carcinogens, it does not make much sense to add dozens of new manmade ones. Though most people will withstand the small amounts of contaminants generallyfound in food and water, at least a few individuals will probably get cancer one day because ofwhat they eat and drink.To make good food and water supplies even better, the Government needs to tighten itsregulatory standards, stiffen its inspection program and strengthen its enforcement policies. Thefood industry should modify some long-accepted practies or turn to less hazardous alternatives.Perhaps most important, consumers will have to do a better job of learning how to handle andcook food properly. The problems that need to be tackled exist all along the food-supply chain,from fields to processing plants to kitchens.21. What does the author think of the Americans' view of their food?A) They overstate the government's interference with the food industry.B) They are overoptimistic about the safety of their food.C) They overestimate the hazards of their food.D) They overlook the risks of the food they eat.22. The author considers it impossible to obtain no-risk food because .A) no food is free from pollution in the environmentB) pesticides are widely used in agricultureC) many vegetables contain dangerous natural chemicalsD) almost all foods have additives23. By saying “ they employ chemical warfare” (Line 4, Para. 2), Bruce Ames meansA) plants produce certain chemicals to combat pests and diseasesB) plants absorb useful chemicals to promote their growthC) farmers use man-made chemicals to dissolve the natural chemicals in plants.D) farmers use chemicals to protect plants against pests and diseases24. The reduction of the possible hazards in food ultimately depends on .A) the government C) the processorB) the consumer D) the grower25. What is the message the author wants to convey in the passage?A) Eating and drinking have become more hazardous than before.B) Immediate measures must be taken to improve food production and processing.C) Health food is not a dream in modern society.D) There is reason for caution but no cause for alarm with regard to food consumption.Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:There are some phenomena you can count on, but the magnetic field, someday is not of them.It fluctuates in strength, drifts from its axis, and every few 100,000 years undergo dramaticpolarity reversal — a period when north pole becomes south pole and south pole becomes northpole. But how is the field generated, and why is it so unstable?Groundbreaking research by two French geophysicists promises to shed some light on themystery. Using 80 metres of deep sea sediment。

冗淀物)core, they have obtained measured lotsof magnetic-field intensity that span 11 polarity reversals and four million years. The analysisreveals that intensity appears to fluctuate with a clear, well-defined rhythm. Although the strengthof the magnetic field varies irregularly during the short term, there seems to be an inevitablelongterm decline preceding each polarity reversal. When the poles flip 一 a process that takesseveral hundred thousand years - the magnetic field rapidly regains its strength and the cycle isrepeated.The results have caused a stir among geophysicists. The magnetic field is thought to originatefrom molten ( 熔化的) iron in the outer core, 3,000 kilometres beneath the earth's surface. Bystudying mineral grains found in material ranging from rocks to clay articles, previous researchershave already been able to identify reversals dating back 170 million years, including the mostrecent switch730,000 years ago. How and why they occur, however, has been widely debated.Several theories link polarity flips to external disasters such as meteor ( 陨星) impacts. But PeterOlson, a geophysicist at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, says this is unlikely if theFrench researchers are right. In fact, Olson says intensity that predictably declines from onereversal to the next contradicts 90 percent of the models currently under study. If the results proveto be valid geophysicists will have a new theory to guide them in their quest to understand theearth*s inner physics. It certainly points the direction for future research.26. Which of the following titles is most appropriate to the passage?A) Polarity Reversal: A Fantastic Phenomenon of NatureB) Measurement of the Earth's Magnetic-Field IntensityC) Formation of the Two Poles of the EarthD) A New Approach to the Study of Geophysics27. The word uflip", (Line 6, Para. 2) most probably means " ” .A) decline B) intensify C) fluctuate D) reverse28. What have the two French geophysicists discovered in their research?A) Some regularity in the changes of the earth's magnetic field.B) Some causes of the fluctuation of the earth's magnetic field.C) The origin of the earth*s magnetic field.D) The frequency of polarity reversals.29. The French geophysicists* study is different from currently prevailing theories in .A) its identification of the origin of the earth's magnetic fieldB) the way the earth's magnetic intensity is measuredC) its explanation of the shift in the earth's polarityD) the way the earth's fluctuation rhythm is defined30. In Peter Olson's opinion the French experiment .A) is likely to direct further research in the inner physics of the earthB) has successfully solved the mystery of polarity reversalsC) is certain to help predict external disastersD) has caused great confusion among the world's geophysicistsQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:Imagine a world in which there was suddenly no emotion - a world in which human beingscould feel no love or happiness, no terror or hate. Try to imagine the consequences of such atransformation. People might not be able to stay alive: knowing neither joy nor pleasure, anxietynor fear, they would be as likely to repeat acts that hurt them as acts that were beneficial. Theycould not learn: they could not benefit from experience because this emotionless world would lackrewards and punishments. Society would soon disappear: people would be as likely to harm oneanother as to provide help and support. Human relationships would not exist: in a world withoutfriends or enemies, there could be no marriage, affection among companions, or bonds amongmembers of groups. Society's economic underpinnings ( 支柱) would be destroyed: since earning$ 10 million would be no more pleasant than earning $ 10, there would be no incentive to work. Infact, there would be no incentives of any kind. For as we will see, incentives imply a capacity toenjoy them.In such a world, the chances that the human species would survive are next to zero, becauseemotions are the basic instrument of our survival and adaptation. Emotions structure the world forus in important ways. As individuals, we categorize objects on the basis of our emotions. True weconsider the length, shape, size, or texture, but an object's physical aspects are less important thanwhat it has done or can do to us - hurt us, surprise us, anger us or make us joyful. We also usecategorizations colored by emotions in our families, communities, and overall society. Out of ouremotional experiences with objects and events comes a social feeling of agreement that certainthings and actions are “good" and others are “b ad "， and we apply these categories to everyaspect of our social life 一 from what foods we eat and what clothes we wear to how we keeppromises and which people our group will accept. In fact, society exploits our emotional reactionsand attitudes, such as loyalty, morality, pride, shame, guilt, fear and greed, in order to maintainitself. It gives high rewards to individuals who perform important tasks such as surgery, makesheroes out of individuals for unusual or dangerous achievements such as flying fighter planes in awar, and uses the legal and penal ( 刑法的) system to make people afraid to engage in antisocialacts.31. The reason why people might not be able to stay alive in a world without emotion isthat .A) they would not be able to tell the texture of objectsB) they would not know what was beneficial and what was harmful to themC) they would not be happy with a life without loveD) they would do things that hurt each other's feelings32. According to the passage, people's learning activities are possible because they .A) believe that emotions are fundamental for them to stay aliveB) benefit from providing help and support to one anotherC) enjoy being rewarded for doing the right thingD) know what is vital to the progress of society33. It can be inferred from the passage that the economic foundation of society is dependenton .A) the ability to make moneyB) the will to work for pleasureC) the capacity to enjoy incentivesD) the categorizations of our emotional experiences34. Emotions are significant for man's survival and adaptation because .A) they provide the means by which people view the size or shape of objectsB) they are the basis for the social feeling of agreement by which society is maintainedC) they encourage people to perform dangerous achievementsD) they generate more love than hate among people35. The emotional aspects of an object are more important than its physical aspects in thatthey .A) help society exploit its members for profitB) encourage us to perform important tasksC) help to perfect the legal and penal systemD) help us adapt our behavior to the world surrounding usQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:The Carnegie Foundation report says that many colleges have tried to be u all things to allpeople” . In doing so, they have increasingly catered to a naiTow minded careerism while failing tocultivate a global vision among their students. The current crisis, it contends, does not derive froma legitimate desire to put learning to productive ends. The problem is that in too many academicfields, the work has no context; skills, rather than being means, have become ends. Students areoffered a variety of options and allowed to pick their way to a degree. In short, driven bycareerism, “the nation*s colleges and universities are more successful in providing credentials ( 文凭) than in providing a quality education for their students.The report concludes that the specialchallenge confronting the undergraduate college is one of shaping an uintegrated core” ofcommon learning. Such a core would introduce students “to essential knowledge, to connectionsacross the disciplines, and in the end, to application of knowledge to life beyond the campus.”Although the key to a good college is a high—quality faculty, the Carnegie study found thatmost colleges do very little to encourage good teaching. In fact, they do much to undermine it. Asone professor observed: "Teaching is important, we are told, and yet faculty know that researchand publication matter most. " Not surprisingly, over the last twenty years colleges anduniversities have failed to graduate half of their four-year degree candidates. Faculty memberswho dedicate themselves to teaching soon discover that they will not be granted tenure ( 终身任期) ， promotion, or substantial salary increases. Yet 70 percent of all faculty say their interests liemore in teaching than in research. Additionally, a frequent complaint among young scholars is that“There is pressure to publish, although there is virtually no interest among administrators orcolleagues in the content of the publications.w36. When a college tries to be i(all things to all people^ (Lines 1-2, Para. 1), it aims to .A) satisfy the needs of all kinds of students simultaneouslyB) focus on training students in various skillsC) encourage students to take as many courses as possibleD) make learning serve academic rather than productive ends37. By saying that “in too many academic fields, the work has no contextv (Lines 4-5, Pare. 1)the author means that the teaching in these areas .A) ignores the actual situationB) is not based on the right perspectiveC) only focuses on an integrated core of common learningD) gives priority to the cultivation of a global vision among students38. One of the reasons for the current crisis in American colleges and universities ist hat .A) a narrow vocationalism has come to dominate many collegesB) students don't have enough freedom in choosing what they want to learnC) skills are being taught as a means to an endD) students are only interested in obtaining credentials39. American colleges and universities failed to graduate half of their four-year degree candidatesb e c a u s e .A) most of them lack high-quality facultiesB) the interests of most faculty members lie in researchC) there are not enough incentives for students to study hardD) they attach greater importance to research and publication than to teaching40. Il can be inferred from the passage that high-quality college education calls for .A) putting academic work in the proper contextB) a commitment to students and effective teachingC) the practice of putting learning to productive endsD) dedication to research in frontier areas of knowledgeUnit 15Part II Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questionsor unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter onthe Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:We sometimes think humans are uniquely vulnerable to anxiety, but stress seems to affect theimmune defenses of lower animals too. In one experiment, for example, behavioral， 加 加 ( 免 ^ 芟 学 家 ) Mark Laudenslager, at the University of Denver, gave mild electricshocks to 24 rats. Half the animals could switch off the current by turning a wheel in theirenclosure, while the other half could not. The rats in the two groups were paired so that each timeone rat turned the wheel it protected both itself and its helpless partner from the shock.Laudenslager found that the immune response was depressed below normal in the helpless ratsbut not in those that could turn off the electricity. What he has demonstrated, he believes, is thatlack of control over an event, not the experience itself, is what weakens the immune system.Other researchers agree. Jay Weiss, a psychologist at Duke University School of Medicine,has shown that animals who are allowed to control unpleasant stimuli don't develop sleepdisturbances or changes in brain chemistry typical of stressed rats. But if the animals areconfronted with situations they have no control over, they later behave passively when faced withexperiences they can control. Such findings reinforce psychologists* suspicions that the experienceor perception of helplessness is one of the most harmful factors in depression.One of the most startling examples of how the mind can alter the immune response wasdiscovered by chance. In 1975 psychologist Robert Ader at the University of Rochester School ofMedicine ( 使形成条件反射) mice to avoid s a c c h a r i n ^ by simultaneouslyfeeding them the sweetener and injecting them with a drug that while suppressing their immunesystems caused stomach upsets. Associating the saccharin with the stomach pains, the micequickly learned to avoid the sweetener. In order to extinguish this dislike for the sweetener, Aderreexposed the animals to saccharin, this time without the drug, and was astonished to find thatthose mice that had received the highest amounts of sweetener during their earlier conditioningdied. He could only speculate that he had so successfully conditioned the rats that saccharin alonenow served to weaken their immune systems enough to kill them.21. Laudenslagefs experiment showed that the immune system of those rats who could turn offthe electricity .A) was altered C) was weakenedB) was strengthened D) was not affected22. According to the passage, the experience of helplessness causes rats to .A) turn off the electricityB) try to control unpleasant stimuliC) become abnormally suspiciousD) behave passively in controllable situations23. The reason why the mice in Ader's experiment avoided saccharin was that.A) they associated it with stomachachesB) it affected their immune systemsC) it led to stomach painsD) they disliked its taste24. The passage tells us that the most probable reason for the death of the mice in Ader'sexperiment was that .A) the sweetener was poisonous to themB) their immune systems had been altered by the mindC) they had been weakened psychologically by the saccharinD) they had taken too much sweetener during earlier conditioning25. It can be concluded from the passage that the immune systems of a n i ma l s .A) can be altered by electric shocksB) can be weakened by conditioningC) can be suppressed by drug injectionsD) can be affected by frequent doses of saccharinQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:The destruction of our natural resources and contamination of our food supply continue tooccur, largely because of the extreme difficulty in affixing ( 把. . .固定) legal responsibility onthose who continue to treat our environment with reckless abandon ( 放任) . Attempts to preventpollution by legislation, economic incentives and friendly persuasion have been met by lawsuits,personal and industrial denial and long delays一not only in accepting responsibility, but moreimportantly, in doing something about it.It seems that only when government decides it can afford tax incentives or productionsacrifices is there any initiative for change. Where is industry's and our recognition that protectingmankind's great treasure is the single most important responsibility? If ever there will be time forenvironmental health professionals to come to the frontlines and provide leadership to solveenvironmental problems, that time is now.We are being asked, and, in fact, the public is demanding that we take positive action. It isour responsibility as professionals in environmental health to make the difference. Yes, theecologists, the environmental activists and the conservationists serve to communicate, stimulatethinking and promote behavioral change. However, it is those of us who are paid to make thedecisions to develop, improve and enforce environmental standards, I submit, who must lead thecharge.We must recognize that environmental health issues do not stop at city limits, county lines,state or even federal boundaries. We can no longer afford to be tunnel-visioned in our approach.We must visualize issues from every perspective to make the objective decisions. We must expressour views clearly to prevent media distortion and public confusion.I believe we have a three-part mission for the present. First, we must continue to press forimprovements in the quality of life that people can make for themselves. Second, we mustinvestigate and understand the link between environment and health. Third, we must be able tocommunicate technical information in a form that citizens can understand. If we can accomplishthese three goals in this decade, maybe we can finally stop environmental degradation, and notmerely hold it back. We will then be able to spend pollution dollars truly on prevention rather thanon bandages.26. We can infer from the first two paragraphs that the industrialists disregard environmentalprotection chiefly b e c a u s e .A) it is difficult for them to take effective measuresB) time has not yet come for them to put due emphasis on itC) they are reluctant to sacrifice their own economic interestsD) they are unaware of the consequences of what they are doing27. The main task now facing ecologists, environmental activists and conservationistsis .A) to arouse public awareness of the importance of environmental protectionB) to prevent pollution by legislation, economic incentives and persuasionC) to improve the quality of life by enforcing environmental standardsD) to take radical measures to control environmental pollution28. The word u tunnel-visioned v (Line 2, Para.4) most probably means "” .A) narrow-minded C) able to see only one aspectB) short-sighted D) blind to the facts29. Which of the following, according to the author, should play the leading role in the solutionof environmental problems?A) The cooperation of ecologists, environmental activists and conservationists.B) The efforts of environmental health professionals.C) The industry's understanding and support.D) Legislation and government intervention.30. Which of the following is true according to the last paragraph?A) More money should be spent in order to stop pollution.B) Environmental degradation will be stopped by the end of this decade.C) Ordinary citizens have no access to technical information on pollution.D) Efforts should be exerted on pollution prevention instead of on remedial measures.Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:British universities, groaning under the burden of a huge increase in student numbers, arewarning that the tradition of a free education is at risk. The universities have threatened to imposean admission fee on students to plug a gap in revenue if the government does not act to improvetheir finances and scrap some public spending cutbacks.The government responded to the universities' threat by setting up the most fundamentalreview of higher education for a generation, under a non-party troubleshooter^^K), Sir RonDearing.One in three school-leavers enters higher education, five times the number when the lastreview took place thirty years ago.Everyone agrees a system that is feeling the strain after rapid expansion needs a lot moremoney—but there is little hope of getting it from the taxpayer and not much scope for attractingmore finance from business.Most colleges believe students should contribute to tuition costs, something that is commonelsewhere in the world but would mark a revolutionary change in Britain. Universities want thegovernment to introduce a loan scheme for tuition fees and have suspended their own threatenedaction for now. They await Dearing's advice, hoping it will not be too late——some are alreadyreported to be in financial difficulty.As the century nears its end, the whole concept of what a university should be is under themicroscope. Experts ponder how much they can use computers instead of classrooms, talk of theneed for lifelong learning and refer to students as “consumers” .The Confederation^^) of British Industry, the key employers* organization, wants evenmore expansion in higher education to help fight competition on world markets from boomingAsian economies. But the government has doubts about more expansion. The Times newspaperagrees, complaining that quality has suffered as student numbers soared, with close tutorialsupervision giving way to “mass production methods more typical of European universities.”31. The chief concern of British universities is .A) how to tackle their present financial difficultyB) how to improve their educational technologyC) how to expand the enrollment to meet the needs of enterprisesD) how to put an end to the current tendency of quality deterioration32. We can learn from the passage that in Britain .A) higher education is provided free of chargeB) universities are mainly funded by businessesC) the government pays dearly for its financial policyD) students are ready to accept loan schemes for tuition33. What was the percentage of high school graduates admitted to universities in Britain thirtyyears ago?A) About 15%. C) Below 10%.B) 20% or so.D) Above 30%.34. It can be inferred from the passage that.A) British employers demand an expansion in enrollment at the expense of qualityB) the best way out for British universities is to follow their European counterpartsC) the British government will be forced to increase its spending on higher educationD) British students will probably have to pay for their higher education in the near future35. Which of the following is the viewpoint of the Times newspaper?A) British universities should expand their enrollment to meet the needs of industry.B) Expansion in enrollment is bound to affect the quality of British higher education.C) British universities should help fight competition on world markets.D) European universities can better meet the needs of the modern world.Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:There's a simple premise behind what Larry Myers does for a living: If you can smell it, youcan find it.Myers is the founder of Auburn University's Institute for Biological Detection Systems, themain task of which is to chase the ultimate in detection devices一an artificial nose.For now, the subject of their research is little more than a stack of gleaming chips tuckedaway in a laboratory drawer. But soon, such a tool could be hanging from the belts of police,〃( 纵火)investigators and food-safety inspectors.The technology that they are working on would suggest quite reasonably that, within three tofive years, we'll have some workable sensors ready to use. Such devices might find wide use inplaces that attract terrorists. Police could detect drugs, bodies and bombs hidden in cars, whilefood inspectors could easily test food and water for contamination.The implications for revolutionary advances in public safety and the food industry areastonishing. But so, too, are the possibilities for abuse: Such machines could determine whether awoman is ovulating ( 排卵) ,without a physical exam——or even her knowledge.One of the traditional protectors of American liberty is that it has been impossible to searcheveryone. That's getting not to be the case.Artificial biosensors created at Auburn work totally differently from anything ever seenbefore. Aromas can, for example, is a desktop machine based on a bank of chips sensitive tospecific chemicals that evaporate into the air. As air is sucked into the machine, chemicals passover the sensor surfaces and produce changes in the electrical current flowing through them.Those current changes are logged into a computer that sorts out odors based on their electricalsignatures.Myers says they expect to load a single fingernail-size chip with thousands of odor忆cep/ors( 感受器) ， enough to create a sensor that's nearly as sensitive as a dog's nose.36. Which of the following is within the capacity of the artificial nose being developed?A) Monitoring food processing.B) Performing physical examinations.C) Locating places which attract terrorists.D) Detecting drugs and water contamination.37. A potential problem which might be caused by the use of an artificial nose is .A) a hazard to physical healthB) negligence of public safetyC) a threat to individual privacyD) an abuse of personal freedom38. The word alogged^ (Line 5, Para. 7) most probably means " " .A) preset C) enteredB) simulated D) processed39. To produce artificial noses for practical use, it is e s s e n t i a l .A) to find chemicals that can alter the electrical current passing throughB) to develop microchips with thousands of odor receptorsC) to design a computer program to sort out smellsD) to invent chips sensitive to various chemicals40. The author's attitude towards Larry Myers' work is .A) approving C)cautiousB) overenthusiastic D) suspiciousUnit 16Part II Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questionsor unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter onthe Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:In the world of entertainment, TV talk shows have undoubtedly flooded every inch of spaceon daytime television. And anyone who watches them regularly knows that each one varies instyle and format. But no two shows are more profoundly opposite in content, while at the sametime standing out above the rest, than the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfrey shows.Jerry Springer could easily be considered the king of a trash s/k( 废话) ” . The topics on hisshow are as shocking as shocking can be. For example, the show takes the ever-common talkshow themes of love, sex, cheating, guilt, hate, conflict and morality to a different level. Clearly,the Jerry Springer show is a display and exploitation of society's moral catastrophes ( 灾难) ， yetpeople are willing to eat up the intriguing predicaments ( 困境) of other people's lives.Like Jerry Springer, Oprah Winfrey takes TV talk show to its extreme, but Oprah goes in theopposite direction. The show focuses on the improvement of society and an individuafs quality oflife. Topics range from teaching your children responsibility, managing your work weekly, togetting to know your neighbors.Compared to Oprah, the Jerry Springer show looks like poisonous waste being dumped onsociety. Jeny ends every show with a "final word” . He makes a small speech that sums up theentire moral of the show. Hopefully, this is the part where most people will learn something veryvaluable.Clear as it is, the Oprah show is not for everyone. The show*s main target audience aremiddle-class Americans. Most of these people have the time, money, and stability to deal withlife's tougher problems. Jerry Springer, on the other hand, has more of an association with theyoung adults of society. These are 18-to 21 -year-olds whose main troubles in life involve love,relationship, sex, money and peers. They are the ones who see some value and lessons to belearned underneath the show's exploitation.While the two shows are as different as night and day, both have ruled the talk show circuitfor many years now. Each one caters to a different audience while both have a strong followingfrom large groups of fans. Ironically, both could also be considered pioneers in the talk showworld.21. Compared with other TV talk shows, both the Jerry Springer and the Oprah Winfreyare .A) more family-orientedB) unusually popularC) more profoundD) relatively formal22. Though the social problems Jerry Springer talks about appear distasteful, theaudience .A) remain fascinated by themB) are ready to face up to themC) remain indifferent to themD) are willing to get involved in them23. Which of the following is likely to be a topic of the Oprah Winfrey show?A) A new type of robot.B) Racist hatred.C) Family budget planning.D) Street violence.24. Despite their different approaches, the two talk shows are b o t h .A) ironical C) instructiveB) sensitive D) cynical25 . We can learn from the passage that the two talk shows .A) have monopolized the talk show circuitB) exploit the weaknesses in human natureC) appear at different times of the dayD) are targeted at different audiencesQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:To understand the marketing concept, it is only necessary to understand the differencebetween marketing and selling. Not too many years ago, most industries concentrated primarily onthe efficient production of goods, and then relied on persuasive salesmanships to move as muchof these goods as possible. Such production and selling focuses on the needs of the seller toproduce goods and then convert them into money.Marketing, on the other hand, focuses on the wants of consumers. It begins with firstanalyzing the preferences and demands of consumers and then producing goods that will satisfythem. This eye-on-the-consumer approach is known as the marketing concept, which simplymeans that instead of trying to sell whatever is easiest to produce or buy for resale, the makers anddealers first endeavor to find out what the consumer wants to buy and then go about making itavailable for purchase.This concept does not imply that business is benevolent(慈善) or that consumer satisfactionis given priority over profit in a company. There are always two sides to every business transaction——the firm and the customer——and each must be satisfied before trade occurs. Successfulmerchants and producers, however, recognize that the surest route to profit is throughunderstanding and catering to customers. A striking example of the importance of catering to theconsumer presented itself in mid_1985, when Coca Cola changed the flavor of its drink. Thenonacceptance of the new flavor by a significant portion of the public brought about a promptrestoration of the Classic Coke, which was then marketed alongside the new. King Customerruled!26 .The marketing concept discussed in the passage is, in essence,A) the practice of turning goods into moneyB) making goods available for purchaseC) the customer-centred approachD) a form of persuasive salesmanship27. What was the main concern of industrialists before the marketing concept was widelyaccepted?A) The needs of the market.B) The efficiency of production.C) The satisfaction of the user.D) The preferences of the dealer.28. According to the passage, “to move as much of these goods as possible v (Lines 3_4, Para. 1)“ ，，means .A) to sell the largest possible amount of goodB) to transport goods as efficiently as possibleC) to dispose of these goods in large quantitiesD) to redesign these goods for large-scale production29. What does the restoration of the Classic Coke best illustrate?A) Traditional goods have a stronger appeal to the majority of people.B) It takes time for a new product to be accepted by the public.C) Consumers with conservative tastes are often difficult to please.D) Products must be designed to suit the taste of the consumer.30. In discussing the marketing concept, the author focuses on .A) its main characteristicB) its social impactC) its possible consequenceD) its theoretical basisQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:Conventional wisdom about conflict seems pretty much cut and dried. Too little conflictbreeds 在血似冷 漠 )and stagnations^). Too much conflict leads to diuisii吆 〃ess( 分裂)andhostility. Moderate levels of conflict, however, can spark creativity and motivate people in ahealthy and competitive way.Recent research by Professor Charles R. Schwenk, however, suggests that the optimal levelof conflict may be more complex to determine than these simple generalizations. He studiedperceptions of conflict among a sample of executives. Some of the executives worked forprofit-seeking organizations and others for not-for-profit organizations.Somewhat surprisingly, Schwenk found that opinions about conflict varied systematically asa function of the type of organization. Specifically, managers in not-for-profit organizationsstrongly believed that conflict was beneficial to their organizations and that it promoted higherquality decision making than might be achieved in the absence of conflict.Managers of for-profit organizations saw a different picture. They believed that conflictgenerally was damaging and usually led to poor-quality decision making in their organizations.Schwenk interpreted these results in terms of the criteria for effective decision making suggestedby the executives. In the profit-seeking organizations, decision-making effectiveness was mostoften assessed in financial terms. The executives believed that consensus rather than conflictenhanced financial indicators.In the not-for-profit organizations, decision-making effectiveness was defined from theperspective of satisfying constituents. Given the complexities and ambiguities associated withsatisfying many diverse constituents executives perceived that conflict led to more considered andacceptable decisions.31. In the eyes of the author, conventional opinion on conflict is .A) wrong C) misleadingB) oversimplified D) unclear32. Professor Charles R. Schwenk's research showsA) the advantages and disadvantages of conflictB) the real value of conflictC) the difficulty in determining the optimal level of conflictD) the complexity of defining the roles of conflict33. We can learn from Schwenk's research that .A) a person's view of conflict is influenced by the purpose of his organizationB) conflict is necessary for managers of for-profit organizationsC) different people resolve conflicts in different waysD) it is impossible for people to avoid conflict34. The passage suggests that in for-profit o r g a n iz a tio n .A) there is no end of conflictB) expression of different opinions is encouragedC) decisions must be justifiableD) success lies in general agreement35. People working in a not-for-profit organization .A) seem to be difficult to satisfyB) are free to express diverse opinionsC) are less effective in making decisionsD) find it easier to reach agreementQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:Imagine eating everything delicious you want—with none of the fat. That would be great,wouldn't it?New “fake fat“ products appeared on store shelves in the United States recently, but noteveryone is happy about it. Makers of the products, which contain a compound called olestra, sayfood manufacturers can now eliminate fat from certain foods. Critics, however, say the newcompound can rob the body of essential vitamins and nutrients ( 营养物) and can also causeunpleasant side effects in some people. So it's up to consumers to decide whether the new fat-freeproducts taste good enough to keep eating.Chemists discovered olestra in the late 1960s, when they were searching for a fat that couldbe digested by infants more easily. Instead of finding the desired fat, the researchers created a fatthat can't be digested at all.Normally, special chemicals in the intestines ( 肠) “grab” molecules of regular fat and breakthem down so they can be used by the body. A molecule of regular fat is made up of threemolecules of substances called fatty acids.The fatty acids are absorbed by the intestines and bring with them the essential vitamins A, D,E, and K. When fat molecules are present in the intestines with any of those vitamins, the vitaminsattach to the molecules and are carried into the bloodstream.Olestra, which is made from six to eight molecules of fatty acids, is too large for theintestines to absorb. It just slides through the intestines without being broken down. Manufacturerssay it's that ability to slide unchanged through the intestines that makes olestra so valuable as a fatsubstitute. It provides consumers with the taste of regular fat without any bad effects on the body.But critics say olestra can prevent vitamins A, D, E, and K from being absorbed. Il can alsoprevent the absorption of carotenoids( 类胡萝 卜素) ， compounds that may reduce the risk of cancer,heart disease, etc.Manufacturers are adding vitamins A, D, E, and K as well as carotenoids to their productsnow. Even so, some nutritionists are still concerned that people might eat unlimited amounts offood made with the fat substitute without worrying about how many calories they are consuming.36. We learn from the passage that olestra is a substance that .A) contains plenty of nutrientsB) renders foods calorie-free while retaining their vitaminsC) makes foods easily digestibleD) makes foods fat-free while keeping them delicious37. The result of the search for an easily digestible fat turned out to be .A) commercially uselessB) just as anticipatedC) somewhat controversialD) quite unexpected38. Olestra is different from ordinary fats in that .A) it passes through the intestines without being absorbedB) it facilitates the absorption of vitamins by the bodyC) it helps reduce the incidence of heart diseaseD) it prevents excessive intake of vitamins39. What is a possible negative effect of olestra according to some critics?A) It may impair the digestive system.B) It may affect the overall fat intake.C) It may increase the risk of cancer.D) It may spoil the consumers* appetite.40. Why are nutritionists concerned about adding vitamins to olestra?A) It may lead to the over-consumption of vitamins.B) People may be induced to eat more than is necessary.C) The function of the intestines may be weakened.D) It may trigger a new wave of fake food production.Unit 17Part II Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questionsor unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter onthe Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:In the 1920s demand for American farm products fell, as European countries began torecover from World War I and instituted 紧缩)programs to reduce their imports. Theresult was a sharp drop in farm prices. This period was more disastrous for fanners than earliertimes had been, because farmers were no longer self-sufficient. They were paying for machinery,seed, and fertilizer, and they were also buying consumer goods. The prices of the items farmersbought remained constant, while prices they received for their products fell. These developmentswere made worse by the Great Depression, which began in 1929 and extended throughout the1930s.In 1929, under President Herbert Hoover, the Federal Farm Board was organized. Itestablished the principle of direct interference with supply and demand, and it represented the firstnational commitment to provide greater economic stability for farmers.President Hoovefs successor attached even more importance to this problem. One of the firstmeasures proposed by President Franklin D.Roosevelt when he took office in 1933 was theAgricultural Adjustment Act, which was subsequently passed by Congress. This law gave theSecretary of Agriculture the power to reduce production through voluntary agreements withfarmers who were paid to take their land out of use. A deliberate scarcity of farm products wasplanned in an effort to raise prices. This law was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Courton the grounds that general taxes were being collected to pay one special group of people.However, new laws were passed immediately that achieved the same result ofresting soil andproviding flood-control measures, but which were based on the principle of soil conservation. TheRoosevelt Administration believed that rebuilding the nation's soil was in the national interest andwas not simply a plan to help farmers at the expense of other citizens. Later the governmentguaranteed loans to farmers so that they could buy farm machinery, hybrid(杂/ grain, andfertilizers.21. What brought about the decline in the demand for American farm products?A) The impact of the Great Depression.B) The shrinking of overseas markets.C) The destruction caused by the First World War.D) The increased exports of European countries.22. The chief concern of the American government in the area of agriculturein the 1920swas .A) to increase farm productionB) to establish agricultural lawsC) to prevent farmers from going bankruptD) to promote the mechanization of agriculture23. The Agricultural Adjustment Act encouraged American farmers to .A) reduce their scale of productionB) make full use of their landC) adjust the prices of their farm productsD) be self-sufficient in agricultural production24. The Supreme Court rejected the Agricultural Adjustment Act because it believed that theAct .A) might cause greater scarcity of farm productsB) didn't give the Secretary of Agriculture enough powerC) would benefit neither the government nor the farmersD) benefited one group of citizens at the expense of others25. It was claimed that the new laws passed during the Roosevelt Administration were aimedat .A) reducing the cost of farmingB) conserving soil in the long-term interest of the nationC) lowering the burden of fannersD) helping farmers without shifting the burden onto other taxpayersQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:In the 1950s, the pioneers of artificial intelligence(AI) predicted that, by the end of thiscentury, computers would be conversing with us at work and robots would be performing ourhousework. But as useful as computers are, they're nowhere close to achieving anything remotelyresembling these early aspirations for humanlike behavio匚 Never mind something as complex asconversation: the most powerful computers struggle to reliably recognize the shape of an object,the most elementary of tasks for a ten-month-old kid.A growing group of AI researchers think they know where the field went wrong. The problem,the scientists say, is that AI has been trying to separate the highest, most abstract levels of thought,like language and mathematics, and to duplicate them with logical, step-by-step programs. A newmovement in AI, on the other hand, takes a closer look at the more roundabout way in whichnature came up with intelligence. Many of these researchers study evolution and naturaladaptation instead of formal logic and conventional computer programs. Rather than digitalcomputers and transistors, some want to work with brain cells and proteins. The results of theseearly efforts are as promising as they are peculiar, and the new nature-based AI movement isslowly but surely moving to the forefront of the field.Imitating the brain's neural ( 神经的) nelwork is a huge step in the right direction, sayscomputer scientist and biophysicist Michael Conrad, but it still misses an important aspect ofnatural intelligence. u people tend to treat the brain as if it were made up of color-codedtransistors,he explains. "But it*s not simply a clever network of switches. There are lots ofimportant things going on inside the brain cells themselves.Specifically, Conrad believes thatmany of the brain's capabilities stem from the pattern-recognition proficiency of the individualmolecules that make up each brain cell. The best way to build an artificially intelligent device, heclaims, would be to build it around the same sort of molecular skills.Right now, the notion that conventional computers and software are fundamentallyincapable of matching the processes that take place in the brain remains controversial. But if itproves true, then the efforts of Conrad and his fellow AI rebels could turn out to be the only gamein town.26. The author says that the powerful computers of today .A) are capable of reliably recognizing the shape of an objectB) are close to exhibiting humanlike behaviorC) are not very different in their performance from those of the 50*sD) still cannot communicate with people in a human language27. The new trend in artificial intelligence research stems f r om .A) the shift of the focus of study on to the recognition of the shapes of objectsB) the belief that human intelligence cannot be duplicated with logical, step-by-step programsC) the aspirations of scientists to duplicate the intelligence of a ten-month-old childD) the efforts made by scientists in the study of the similarities between transistors and brain cells28. Conrad and his group of AI researchers have been making enormous efforts to .A) find a roundabout way to design powerful computersB) build a computer using a clever network of switchesC) find out how intelligence developed in natureD) separate the highest and most abstract levels of thought29. What*s the author's opinion about the new AI movement?A) It has created a sensation among artificial intelligence researchers but will soon die out.B) It's a breakthrough in duplicating human thought processes.C) It's more like a peculiar game rather than a real scientific effort.D) It may prove to be in the right direction though nobody is sure of its future prospects.30. Which of the following is closest in meaning to the phrase “ the only game in town ” (line 3, Para.4)?A) The only approach to building an artificially intelligent computer.B) The only way for them to win a prize in artificial intelligence research.C) The only area worth studying in computer science.D) The only game they would like to play in town.Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:Cars account for half the oil consumed in the U.S., about half the urban pollution and onefourth the greenhouse(温室) gases. They take a similar toll d d 员耗) resources in other industrialnations and in the cities of the developing world. As vehicle use continues to increase in thecoming decade, the U.S. and other countries will have to deal with these issues or else faceunacceptable economic, health-related and political costs. It is unlikely that oil prices will remainat their current low level or that other nations will accept a large and growing U.S. contribution toglobal climatic change.Policymakers and industry have four options: reduce vehicle use, increase the efficiency andreduce the emissions of conventional gasoline-powered vehicles, switch to less harmful fuels, orfind less polluting driving systems. The last of these一in particular the introduction of vehiclespowered by electricity—is ultimately the only sustainable option. The other alternatives areattractive in theory but in practice are either impractical or offer only marginal improvements. Forexample, reduced vehicle use could solve traffic problems and a host of social and environmentalproblems, but evidence from around the world suggests that it is very difficult to make people giveup their cars to any significant extent. In the U.S., mass-transit ridership and ( 合伙用车)have declined since World War II. Even in western Europe, with fuel prices averaging more than1 a liter(about 4 a gallon) and with easily accessible mass transit and dense populations, carsstill account for 80 percent of all passenger travel.Improved energy efficiency is also appealing, but automotive fuel economy has barely madeany progress in 10 years. Alternative fuels such as natural gas, burned in internal-combustionengines, could be introduced at relatively low cost, but they would lead to only marginalreductions in pollution and greenhouse emissions(especially because oil companies are alreadyspending billions of dollars every year to do develop less pollution types of gasoline.)31. From the passage we know that the increased use of cars wi l l .A) consume half of the oil produced in the worldB) have serious consequences for the well-being of all nationsC) widen the gap between the developed and developing countriesD) impose an intolerable economic burden on residents of large cities32. The U.S. has to deal with the problems arising from vehicle use because__ .A) most Americans are reluctant to switch to public transportation systemsB) the present level of oil prices is considered unacceptableC) other countries will protest its increasing greenhouse emissionsD) it should take a lead in conserving natural resources33. Which of the following is the best solution to the problems mentioned in the passage?A) The designing of highly efficient car engines.B) A reduction of vehicle use in cities.C) The development of electric cars.D) The use of less polluting fuels.34. Which of the following is practical but only makes a marginal contribution to solving theproblem of greenhouse emissions?A) The use of fuels other than gasoline.B) Improved energy efficiency.C) The introduction of less polluting driving systems.D) Reducing car use by carpooling.35. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A) The decline of public transportation accounts for increased car use in western Europe.B) Cars are popular in western Europe even though fuel prices are fairly high.C) The reduction of vehicle use is the only sustainable option in densely populated westernEurope.D) Western European oil companies cannot sustain the cost of developing new-type fuels.Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:Reebok executives do not like to hear stylish athletic shoes called u footwear for yuppies^皮士， 少壮高薪职业人士) ” . They contend that Reebok shoes appeal to diverse market segments.Especially now that the company offers basketball and children's shoes for the under_18 set andwalking shoes for older customers not interested in aerobics ( 健身操) or running. The executivesalso point out that through recent acquisitions they have added hiking boots, dress and casualshoes, and high-performance athletic footwear to their product lines, all of which should attractnew and varied groups of customers.Still, despite its emphasis on new markets, Reebok plans few changes in the 〃 〃 加 Q/ked( 高档消费人群的) retailing network that helped push sales to $1 billion annually, ahead of all othersports shoe marketers. Reebok shoes, which are priced from $27 to $85, will continue to be soldonly in better specialty, sporting goods, and department stores, in accordance with the company'sview that consumers judge the quality of the brand by the quality of its distribution.In the past few years, the Massachusetts-based company has imposed limits on the number ofits distributors(and the number of shoes supplied to stores), partly out of necessity. At times theunexpected demand for Reeboks exceeded supply, and the company could barely keep up withorders from the dealers it already had. These fulfillment problems seem to be under control now,but the company is still selective about its distributors. At present, Reebok shoes are available inabout five thousand retail stores in the United States.Reebok has already anticipated that walking shoes will be the next fitness-related crazereplacing aerobics shoes the same way its brightly colored, soft leather exercise footwear replacedconventional running shoes. Through product diversification and careful market research, Reebokhopes to avoid the distribution problems Nike came across several years ago, when Nikemisjudged the strength of the aerobics shoe craze and was forced to unload huge inventories ofrunning shoesthrough discount stores.36. One reason why Reebok's managerial personnel don't like their shoes to be called “footwearfor yuppies “ is that .A) they believe that their shoes are popular with people of different age groupsB) new production lines have been added to produce inexpensive shoesC) “yuppies” usually evokes a negative imageD) the term makes people think of prohibitive prices37. Reebok*s view that a consumers judge the quality of the brand by the quality of itsdistribution ” (Line 5, para. 2) implies t ha t .A) the quality of a brand is measured by the service quality of the store selling itB) the quality of a product determines the quality of its distributorsC) the popularity of a brand is determined by the stores that sell it.D) consumers believe that first-rate products are only sold by high-quality stores38. Reebok once had to limit the number of its distributors b e c a u s e .A) its supply of products fell short of demandB) too many distributors would cut into its profitsC) the reduction of distributors could increase its share of the marketD) it wanted to enhance consumer confidence in its products39. Although the Reebok Company has solved the problem of fulfilling its orders, it .A) does not want to further expand its retailing networkB) still limits the number of shoes supplied to storesC) is still particular about who sells its productsD) still carefully chooses the manufacturers of its products40. What lesson has Reebok learned from Nike's distribution problems?A) A company should not sell its high quality shoes in discount stores.B) A company should not limit its distribution network.C) A company should do follow-up surveys of its products.D) A company should correctly evaluate the impact of a new craze on the market.Unit 18Part II Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)Passage OneQuestions 11 to 15 are based on the following passage.Birds that are literally half-asleep~with one brain hemisphere alert and the other sleeping~~controlwhich side of the brain remains awake, according to a new study of sleeping ducks.Earlier studies have documented half-brain sleep in a wide range of birds. The brainhemispheres take turns sinking into the sleep stage characterized by slow brain waves. The eyecontrolled by the sleeping hemisphere keeps shut, while the wakeful hemisphere's eye stays openand alert. Birds also can sleep with both hemispheres resting at once.Decades of studies of bird flocks led researchers to predict extra alertness in the morevulnerable, end-of-the-row sleepers. Sure enough, the end birds tended to watch carefully on theside away from their companions. Ducks in the inner spots showed no preference for gazedirection.Also, birds doz加g( 打盹)at the end of the line resorted to single-hemisphere sleep, ratherthan total relaxation, more often than inner ducks did. Rotating 16 birds through the positions in afour-duck row, the researchers found outer birds half-asleep during some 32 percent of dozingtime versus about 12 percent for birds in internal spots.“We believe this is the first evidence for an animal behaviorally controlling sleep andwakefulness simultaneously in different regions of the brain/, the researchers say.The results provide the best evidence for a long-standing supposition that single-hemispheresleep evolved as creatures scanned for enemies. The preference for opening an eye on the lookoutside could be widespread, he predicts. He's seen it in a pair of birds dozing side-by-side in the zooand in a single pet bird sleeping by a mirror. The mirror-side eye closed as if the reflection were acompanion and the other eye stayed open.Useful as half-sleeping might be, it's only been found in birds and such water mammals ( 哺乳动物) as dolphins, whales, and seals. Perhaps keeping one side of the brain awake allows asleeping animal to surface occasionally to avoid drowning.Studies of birds may offer unique insights into sleep. Jerome M. Siegel of the UCLA says hewonders if birds, half-brain sleep “is just the tip of the iceberg ( 冰 山 )He speculates that moreexamples may turn up when we take a closer look at other species.11.A new study on birds' sleep has revealed that .A) half-brain sleep is found in a wide variety of birdsB) half-brain sleep is characterized by slow brain wavesC) birds can control their half-brain sleep consciouslyD) birds seldom sleep with the whole of their brain at rest12. According to the passage, birds often half sleep because .A) they have to watch out for possible attacksB) their brain hemispheres take turns to restC) the two halves of their brain are differently structuredD) they have to constantly keep an eye on their companions13. The example of a bird sleeping in front of a mirror indicates that .A) the phenomenon of birds dozing in pairs is widespreadB) birds prefer to sleep in pairs for the sake of securityC) even an imagined companion gives the bird a sense of securityD) a single pet bird enjoys seeing its own reflection in the mirror14. While sleeping, some water mammals tend to keep half awake in order to .A) alert themselves to the approaching enemyB) emerge from water now and then to breatheC) be sensitive to the ever-changing environmentD) avoid being swept away by rapid currents15.By “just the tip of the iceberg” (Line 2, Para. 8), Siegel suggests that .A) half-brain sleep has something to do with icy weatherB) the mystery of half-brain sleep is close to being sleepersC) most birds living in cold regions tend to be half sleepersD) half-brain sleep is a phenomenon that could exist among other speciesPassage TwoQuestions 16 to 20 are based on the following passage.A nine-year-old schoolgirl single-handedly cooks up a science-fair experiment that ends updebunking ( 揭穿. . . 的真相) a widely practiced medical treatment. Emily Rosa's target was apractice known as therapeutic ( 治疗的) touch(TT for short), whose advocates manipulate patients5“energy field“ to make them feel better and even, say some, to cure them of various ills. YetEmily's test shows that these energy fields can't be detected, even by trained TT practitioners ( 行医者) . Obviously mindful of the publicity value of the situation, Journal editor George Lundbergappeared on TV to declare, t4Age doesn't matter. It's good science that matters, and this is goodscience.^^Emily's mother Linda Rosa, a registered nurse, has been campaigning against TT for nearly adecade. Linda first thought about TT in the late '80s, when she learned it was on the approved listfor continuing nursing education in Colorado. Its 100,000 trained practitioners (48,000 in the U.S.)don't even touch their patients. Instead, they waved their hands a few inches from the patient'sbody, pushing energy fields around until they're in "balance." TT advocates say thesemanipulations can help heal wounds, relieve pain and reduce fever. The claims are taken seriouslyenough that TT therapists are frequently hired by leading hospitals, at up to $70 an hour, tosmooth patients9 energy, sometimes during surgery.Yet Rosa could not find any evidence that it works. To provide such proof, TT therapistswould have to sit down for independent testing-something they haven't been eager to do, eventhough James Randi has offered more than $1 million to anyone who can demonstrate theexistence of a human energy field. (He's had one taker so far. She failed). A skeptic mightconclude that TT practitioners are afraid to lay their beliefs on the line. But who could turn downan innocent fourth-grader? Says Emily: "I think they didn't take me very seriously because I'm akid.”The experiment was straightforward: 21 TT therapists stuck their hands, palms up, through ascreen. Emily held her own hand over one of theirs- left or right- and the practitioners had to saywhich hand it was. When the results were recorded, they'd done no better than they would have bysimply guessing. If there was an energy field, they couldn't feel it.16. Which of the following is evidence that TT is widely practiced?A) TT has been in existence for decades.B) Many patients were cured by therapeutic touch.C) TT therapists are often employed by leading hospitals.D) More than 100,000 people are undergoing TT treatment.17. Very few TT practitioners responded to the $1 million offer because .A) they didn't take the offer seriouslyB) they didn't want to risk their careerC) they were unwilling to reveal their secretD) they thought it was not in line with their practice18. The purpose of Emily Rosa's experiment was .A) to see why TT could work the way it didB) to find out how TT cured patients, illnessesC) to test whether she could sense the human energy fieldD) to test whether a human energy field really existed19. Why did some TT practitioners agree to be the subjects of Emily's experiment?A) It involved nothing more than mere guessing.B) They thought it was going to be a lot of fun.C) It was more straightforward than other experiments.D) They sensed no harm in a little girl's experiment.20. What can we learn from the passage?A) Some widely accepted beliefs can be deceiving.B) Solid evidence weights more than pure theories.C) Little children can be as clever as trained TT practitioners.D) The principle of TT is too profound to understand.Passage ThreeQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.What might driving on an automated highway be like? The answer depends on what kind ofsystem is ultimately adopted. Two distinct types are on the drawing board. The first is a specialpurpose lane system, in which certain lanes are reserved for automated vehicles. The second is amixed traffic system: fully automated vehicles would share the road with partially automated ormanually driven cars. A special-purpose lane system would require more extensive physicalmodifications to existing highways, but it promises the greatest gains in /Neeway( 高速公路)capacity.Under either scheme, the driver would specify the desired destination, furnishing thisinformation to a computer in the car at the beginning of the trip or perhaps just before reaching theautomated highway. If a mixed traffic system was in place, automated driving could beginwhenever the driver was on suitable equipped roads. If special-purpose lanes were available, thecar could enter them and join existing traffic in two different ways. One method would use aspecial on ramp ( 入 口 弓 | 道 ) . As the driver approached the point of entry for the highway, devicesinstalled on the roadside would electronically check the vehicle to determine its destination and toascertain that it had the proper automation equipment in good working order. Assuming it passedsuch tests, the driver would then be guided through a gate and toward an automated lane. In thiscase, the transition from manual to automated control would take place on the entrance ramp. Analternative technique could employ conventional lanes, which would be shared by automated andregular vehicles. The driver would steer onto the highway and move in normal fashion to a“transition" lane. The vehicle would then shift under computer control onto a lane reserved forautomated traffic. (The limitation of these lanes to automated traffic would, presumably, be wellrespected, because all trespassers ( 非法进入者) could be swiftly identified by authorities.)Either approach to joining a lane of automated traffic would harmonize the movement ofnewly entering vehicles with those already traveling. Automatic control here should allow forsmooth merging, without the usual uncertainties and potential for accidents. And once a vehiclehad settled into automated travel, the driver would be free to release the wheel, open the morningpaper or just relax.21. We learn from the first paragraph that two systems of automated highways .A) are being planned C) are now in wide useB) are being modified D) are under construction22. A special-purpose lane system is probably advantageous in that .A) it would require only minor changes to existing highwaysB) it would achieve the greatest highway traffic efficiencyC) it has a lane for both automated and partially automated vehiclesD) it offers more lanes for automated vehicles23. Which of the following is true about driving on an automated highway?A) Vehicles traveling on it are assigned different lanes according to their destinations.B) A car can join existing traffic any time in a mixed lane system.C) The driver should inform his car computer of his destination before driving onto it.D) The driver should share the automated lane with those of regular vehicles.24. We know from the passage that a car can enter a special-purpose lane .A) by smoothly merging with cars on the conventional laneB) by way of a ramp with electronic control devicesC) through a specially guarded gateD) after all trespassers are identified and removed25. When driving in an automated lane, the dr i ve r .A) should harmonize with newly entering carsB) doesn't have to rely on his computer systemC) should watch out for potential accidentsD) doesn't have to hold on to the steering wheelPassage FourQuestions 21 to 30 are based on the following passage.Taking charge of yourself involves putting to rest some very prevalent myths. At the top ofthe list is the notion that intelligence is measured by your ability to solve complex problems; toread, write and compute at certain levels; and to resolve abstract equations quickly. This vision ofintelligence asserts formal education and bookish excellence as the true measures ofself-fulfillment. It encourages a kind of intellectual prejudice that has brought with it somediscouraging results. We have come to believe that someone who has more educational meritbadges, who is very good at some form of school discipline is “intelligent." Yet mental hospitalsare filed with patients who have all of the properly lettered certificates. A truer indicator ofintelligence is an effective, happy life lived each day and each present moment of every day.If you are happy, if you live each moment for everything it's worth, then you are anintelligent person. Problem solving is a useful help to your happiness, but if you know that givenyour inability to resolve a particular concern you can still choose happiness for yourself, or at aminimum refuse to choose unhappiness, then you are intelligent. You are intelligent because youhave the ultimate weapon against the big N.B.D.—Nervous Break Down.44 Intelligenf, people do not have N.B.D/s because they are in charge of themselves. Theyknow how to choose happiness over depression, because they know how to deal with the problemsof their lives.You can begin to think of yourself as truly intelligent on the basis of how you choose to feelin the face of trying circumstances. The life struggles are pretty much the same for each of us.Everyone who is involved with other human beings in any social context has similar difficulties.Disagreements, conflicts and compromises are a part of what it means to be human. Similarly,money, growing old, sickness, deaths, natural disasters and accidents are all events which presentproblems to virtually all human beings. But some people are able to make it, to avoidimmobilizing depression and unhappiness despite such occurrences, while others collapse or havean N.B.D. Those who recognize problems as a human condition and don't measure happiness byan absence of problems are the most intelligent kind of humans we know; also, the most rare.26. According to the author, the conventional notion of intelligence measured in terms of one'sability to read, write and compute .A) is a widely held but wrong concept C) is the root of all mental distressB) will help eliminate intellectual prejudice D) will contribute to one's self-fulfillment27. It is implied in the passage that holding a university degree .A) may result in one's inability to solve complex real-life problemsB) does not indicate one's ability to write properly worded documentsC) may make one mentally sick and physically weakD) does not mean that one is highly intelligent28. The author thinks that an intelligent person knows .A) how to put up with some very prevalent mythsB) how to find the best way to achieve success in lifeC) how to avoid depression and make his life worthwhileD) how to persuade others to compromise29. In the last paragraph, the author tells us that .A) difficulties are but part of everyone's lifeB) depression and unhappiness are unavoidable in lifeC) everybody should learn to avoid trying circumstancesD) good feelings can contribute to eventual academic excellence30. According to the passage, what kind of people are rare?A) Those who don't emphasize bookish excellence in their pursuit of happiness.B) Those who are aware of difficulties in life but know how to avoid unhappiness.C) Those who measure happiness by an absence of problems but seldom suffer from N.B. D.'s.D)Those who are able to secure happiness though having to struggle against trying circumstancesUintl9Part IIReading Comprehension(35 minutes)Passage OneQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal butthat the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye isthe way to summon a person from the Philippines to one's side, or that in Italy and someLatin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell.Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World WarII and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that "Gift” meanspoison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least3 feet or an arm's length away from others. Latins and Middle Easterners like to come closer andtouch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.Our linguistic ( 语言上的) and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we takenotice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and language of other countries, are losing usfriends, business and respect in the world.Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors.There are no information signs in four language on our public buildings or monuments; we do nothave multilingual〈 多语的) guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, andmultilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps inEnglish only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them.When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken.The attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives—usually the richer-who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation's diplomacy, are conductedthrough interpreters.For many years, America and Americans could get by with cultural blindness and linguisticignorance. After all, America was the most powerful country of the free world, the distributor ofneeded funds and goods.But all that is past. American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowlybeginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; wewant to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even tough it may not alwaysbe the upper hand.21. It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners wouldmost probably,.A) stand stillB) jump asideC) step forwardD) draw back22. The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their_.A) cultural self-centeredness C) indifference towards foreign visitorsB) casual manners D) arrogance towards other cultures23. In countries other than their own most Americans..A) are isolated by the local peopleB) are not well informed due to the language barrierC) tend to get along well with the nativesD) need interpreters in hotels and restaurants24. According to the author, American's cultural blindness and linguistic ignorance willA) affect their innage in the new eraB) cut themselves off from the outside worldC) limit their role in world affairsD) weaken the position of the US dollar25. The author's intention in writing this article is to make Americans realize t hat .A) it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friendsB) it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairsC) it is necessary to use several languages in public placesD) it is time to get acquainted with other culturesPassage TwoQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.In department stores and closets all over the world, they are waiting. Their outwardappearance seems rather appealing because they come in a variety of styles, textures, and colors.But they are ultimately the biggest deception that exists in the fashion industry today. What arethey? They are high heels- a woman's worst enemy (whether she knows it or not). High heelshoes are the downfall of modem society. Fashion myths have led women to believe that they aremore beautiful or sophisticated for wearing heels, but in reality, heels succeed in posing short aswell as long term hardships. Women should fight the high heel industry by refusing to use orpurchase them in order to save the world from unnecessary physical and psychological suffering.For the sake of fairness, it must be noted that there is a positive side to high heels. First, heelsare excellent for 历 g( 使通气J lawns. Anyone who has ever worn heels on grass knows what Iam talking about. A simple trip around the yard in a pair of those babies eliminates all need to callfor a lawn care specialist, and provides the perfect-sized holes to give any lawn oxygen without allthose messy chunks of dirt lying around. Second, heels are quite functional for defense againstoncoming enemies, who can easily be scared away by threatening them with a pair of these sharp,deadly fashion accessories.Regardless of such practical uses for heels, the fact remains that wearing high heels isharmful to one's physical health. Talk to any 〃 。

力足病医生) ， and you will hear that themajority of their business comes from high-heel-wearing women. High heels are known to causeproblems such as deformed feet and torn toenails. The risk of severe back problems and twisted orbroken ankles is three times higher for a high heel wearer than for a flat shoe wearer. Wearingheels also creates the threat of getting a heel caught in a sidewalk crack or a sewer-grate ( 阴沟栅)and being thrown to the ground一possibly breaking a nose, back, or neck. And of course, afterwearing heels for a day, any woman knows she can look forward to a night of pain as she tries tocomfort her swollen, aching feet.26. What makes women blind to the deceptive nature of high heels?A) The multi-functional use of high heels. C) The rich variety of high heel styles.B) Their attempt to show off their status. D) Their wish to improve their appearance.27. The author's presentation of the positive side of high heels is meant .A) to be ironic C) to be fair to the fashion industryB) to poke fun at women D) to make his point convincing28. The author's presentation of the expression “those babies* (Line 3, Para. 2) to refer to highheels..A) to show their fragile characteristics C) to show women's affection for themB) to indicate their feminine features D) to emphasize their small size29. The author's chief argument against high heels is t hat .A) they pose a threat to lawnsB) they are injurious to women's healthC) they don't necessarily make women beautifulD) they are ineffective as a weapon of defense30. It can be inferred from the passage that women s h o u l d .A) see through the very hature of fashion mythsB) boycott the products of the fashion industryC) go to a podiatrist regularly for adviceD) avoid following fashion too closelyPassage ThreeQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.It is hardly necessary for me to cite all the evidence of the depressing state of literacy. Thesefigures from the Department of Education are sufficient: 27 million Americans cannot read at all,and a further 35 million read at a level that is less than sufficient to survive in our society.But my own worry today is less that of the overwhelming problem of elemental literacy thanit is of the slightly more luxurious problem of the decline in the skill even of the middle-classreader, of his unwillingness to afford those spaces of silence, those luxuries of domesticity andtime and concentration, that surround the image of the classic act of reading. It has been suggestedthat almost 80 percent of America's literate, educated teenagers can no longer read without anaccompanying noise(music) in the background or a television screen/M e r加 g( 闪烁) at the cornerof their field of perception. We know very little about the brain and how it deals with simultaneousconflicting input, but every common-sense intuition suggests we should be profoundly alarmed.This violation of concentration, silence, ( 独处的状态) goes to the very heart of our notionof literacy, this new form of part-reading, of part-perception against background distraction,renders impossible certain essential acts of apprehension and concentration, let alone that mostimportant tribute any human being can pay to a poem or a piece of prose he or she really loves,which is to learn it by heart. Not by brain, by heart; the expression is vital.Under these circumstances, the question of what future there is for the arts of reading is a realone. Ahead of us lie technical, psychic( 心理的) , and social transformations probably much moredramatic than those brought about by Gutenberg, the German inventor in printing. The Gutenbergrevolution, as we now know it, took a long time; its effects are still being debated. Theinformation revolution will touch every facet of composition, publication, distribution, andreading. No one in the book industry can say with any confidence what will happen to the book aswe've known it.31 .The picture of the reading ability of the American people, drawn by the author, is.A) rather bleak C) very impressiveB) fairly bright D) quite encouraging32. The author's biggest concern is__ .A) elementary school children's disinterest in reading classicsB) the surprisingly low rate of literacy in the U.S.C) the musical setting American readers require of readingD) the reading ability and reading behavior of the middle class33. A major problem with most adolescents who can read is___.A) their fondness of music and TV programsB) their ignorance of various forms of art and literatureC) their lack of attentiveness and basic understandingD) their inability to focus on conflicting input34. The author claims that the best way a reader can show admiration for a piece of poetry orprose is.A) to the able to appreciate it and memorize itB) to analyze its essential featuresC) to think it over conscientiouslyD) to make a fair appraisal of its artistic value35. About the future of the arts of reading the author f e el s .A) upset B) uncertain C) alarmed D) pessimisticPassage FourQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.For centuries, explorers have risked their lives venturing into the unknown for reasons thatwere to varying degrees economic and nationalistic. Columbus went west to look for better traderoutes to the Orient and to promote the greater glory of Spain. Lewis and Clark journeyed into theAmerican wilderness to find out what the U.S. had acquired when it purchased Louisiana, and theAppolo astronauts rocketed to the moon in a dramatic show of technological muscle during thecold war.Although their missions blended commercial and political-military imperatives, the explorersinvolved all accomplished some significant science simply by going where no scientists had gonebefore.Today Mars 隐约出।现 ) as humanity's next great terra 〃加( 未探明之地) . Andwith doubtful prospects for a short-term financial return, with the cold war a rapidly fadingmemory and amid a growing emphasis on international cooperation in large space ventures, it isclear that imperatives other than profits or nationalism will have to compel human beings to leavetheir tracks on the planet's reddish surface. Could it be that science, which has long played aminor role in exploration, is at last destined to take a leading role? The question naturally invites acouple of others: Are there experiments that only humans could do on Mars? Could thoseexperiments provide insights profound enough to justify the expense of sending people acrossinterplanetary space?With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever been. The issue ofwhether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted bymounting evidence that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and by thecontinuing controversy over suggestions that bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a 加 (陨 石 )from Mars. A more conclusive answer about life on Mars, past or present, would give researchersinvaluable data about the range of conditions under which a planet can generate the complexchemistry that leads to life. If it could be established that life arose independently on Mars andEarth, the finding would provide the first concrete clues in one of the deepest mysteries in all ofscience: the prevalence of life in the universe.36. According to the passage, the chief purpose of explorers in going to unknown places in the pastwas.A) to display their country's military might C) to find new areas for colonizationB) to accomplish some significant science D) to pursue commercial and state interests37.At present, a probable inducement for countries to initiate large-scale space ventures is_ .A) international cooperation C) scientific researchB) nationalistic reasons D) long-term profits38. What is the main goal of sending human missions to Mars?A) To find out if life ever existed there.B) To see if humans could survive there.C) To prove the feasibility of large-scale space ventures.D) To show the leading role of science in space exploration.39. By saying “With Mars the scientific stakes are arguably higher than they have ever been^^(Line 1, Para, 4), the author means that_.A) with Mars the risks involved are much greater than any previous space venturesB) in the case of Mars, the rewards of scientific exploration can be very highC) in the case of Mars, much more research funds are needed than ever beforeD) with Mars, scientists argue, the fundamental interests of science are at issue40. The passage tells us that proof of life on Mars wo u l d .A) make clear the complex chemistry in the development of lifeB) confirm the suggestion that bacterial fossils travelled to Earth on a meteoriteC) reveal the kind of conditions under which life originatesD) provide an explanation why life is common in the universeUnit 20Part II Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions orunfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter onthe Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.Navigation computers, now sold by most car-makers, cost $2 000 and up. No surprise, then,that they are most often found in luxury cars, like Lexus, BMW and Audi. But it is a developingtechnology一meaning prices should eventually drop一and the market does seem to be growing.Even at current prices, a navigation computer is impressive. It can guide you from point topoint in most major cities with precise tum-by-tum directions — spoken by a clearhuman-sounding voice, and written on a screen in front of the driver.The computer works with an antennal 天线)that takes signals from no fewer than three of the24 global positioning system(GPS) satellites. By measuring the time required for a signal to travelbetween the satellites and the antenna, the car's location can be pinned down within 100 meters.The satellite signals, along with inputs on speed from a wheel-speed sensor and directionfrom a meter, determine the car's position even as it moves. This information is combined with amap database. Streets, landmarks and points of interest are included.Most systems are basically identical. The differences come in hardware—the way thecomputer accepts the driver's request for directions and the way it presents the driving instructions.On most systems, a driver enters a desired address, motorway junction or point of interest via atouch screen or disc. But the Lexus screen goes a step further: you can point to any spot on themap screen and get directions to it.BMW's system offers a set of cross hairs (瞄准器上的十字纹) that can be moved across themap (you have several choices of map scale) to pick a point you'd like to get to. Audi's screen canbe switched to TV reception.Even the voices that recite the directions can differ, with better systems like BMW's andLexus's having a wider vocabulary. The instructions are available in French, German, Spanish,Dutch and Italian, as well as English. The driver can also choose parameters for determining theroute: fastest, shortest or no freeways( 说， 高速公路)， for example.21. We learn from the passage that navigation computers .A) will greatly promote sales of automobiles B) may help solve potential traffic problemsC) are likely to be accepted by more drivers D) will soon be viewed as a symbol of luxuiy22. With a navigation computer, a driver will easily find the best route to hisdestination .A) by inputting the exact address B) by indicating the location of his carC) by checking his computer database D) by giving vocal orders to the computer23. Despite their varied designs, navigation computers used in cars .A) are more or less the same price B) provide directions in much the same wayC) work on more or less the same principles D) receive instructions from the same satellites24. The navigation computer functions .A) By means of a direction finder and a speed detectorB) Basically on satellite signals and a map databaseC) Mainly through the reception of turn-by-turn directionsD) By using a screen to display satellite signals25. The navigation systems in cars like Lexus, BMW and Audi are mentioned to show .A) the immaturity of the new technologyB) the superiority of the global positioning systemC) the cause of price fluctuations in car equipmentD) the different ways of providing guidance to the driverPassage TwoQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.“The world's environment is surprisingly healthy. Discuss.^^ If that were an examination topic,most students would tear it apart, offering a long list of complaints: from local smog (烟 雾 ) toglobal climate change, from the felling (砍 伐 ) of forests to the extinction of species. The listwould largely be accurate, the concern legitimate. Yet the students who should be given thehighest marks would actually be those who agreed with the statement. The surprise is how goodthings are, not how bad.After all, the world's population has more than tripled during this century, and world outputhas risen hugely, so you would expect the earth itself to have been affected. Indeed, if people lived,consumed and produced things in the same way as they did in 1900 (or 1950, or indeed 1980), theworld by now would be a pretty disgusting place: smelly, dirty, toxic and dangerous.But they don't. The reasons why they don't, and why the environment has not been ruined,have to do with prices, technological innovation, social change and government regulation inresponse to popular pressure. That is why today's environmental problems in the poor countriesought, in principle, to be solvable.Raw materials have not run out, and show no sign of doing so. Logically, one day they must:the planet is a finite place. Yet it is also very big, and man is very ingenious. What has happened isthat every time a material seems to be running short, the price has risen and, in response, peoplehave looked for new sources of supply, tried to find ways to use less of the materials, or looked fora new substitute. For this reason prices for energy and for minerals have fallen in real terms duringthe century. The same is true for food. Prices fluctuate, in response to harvests, natural disastersand political instability; and when they rise, it takes some time before new sources of supplybecome available. But they always do, assisted by new farming and crop technology. Thelong-term trend has been downwards.It is where prices and markets do not operate properly that this benign ( 良性的) trend beginsto stumble, and the genuine problems arise. Markets cannot always keep the environment healthy.If no one owns the resource concerned, no one has an interest in conserving it or fostering it: fishis the best example of this.26. According to the author, most students .A) believe the world's environment is in an undesirable conditionB) agree that the environment of the world is not as bad as it is thought to beC) get high marks for their good knowledge of the world's environmentD) appear somewhat unconcerned about the state of the world's environment27. The huge increase in world production and population .A) has made the world a worse place to live in B) has had a positive influence on the environmentC) has not significantly aftected the environment D) has made the world a dangerous place to live in28. One of the reasons why the long-term trend of prices has been downwards is that .A) technological innovation can promote social stabilityB) political instability will cause consumption to dropC) new farming and crop technology can lead to overproductionD) new sources are always becoming available29. Fish resources are diminishing because .A) no new substitutes can be found in large quantitiesB) they are not owned by any particular entityC) improper methods of fishing have ruined the fishing groundsD) water pollution is extremely serious30. The primary solution to environmental problems is .A) to allow market forces to operate properly B) to curb consumption of natural resourcesC) to limit the growth of the world population D) to avoid fluctuations in pricesPassage ThreeQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.About the time that schools and others quite reasonably became interested in seeing to it thatall children, whatever their background, were fairly treated, intelligence testing became unpopular.Some thought it was unfair to minority children. Through the past few decades such testinghas gone out of fashion and many communities have indeed forbidden it.However, paradoxically, just recently a group of black parents filed a ( 诉讼)inCalifornia claiming that the state's ban on IQ testing discriminates against their children bydenying them the opportunity to take the test. (They believed, correctly, that IQ tests are a validmethod of evaluating children for special education classes.) The judge, therefore, reversed, atleast partially, his original decision.And so the argument goes on and on. Does it benefit or harm children from minority groupsto have their intelligence tested? We have always been on the side of permitting, even facilitating,such testing. If a child of any color or group is doing poorly in school it seems to us veryimportant to know whether it is because he or she is of low intelligence, or whether some otherfactor is the cause.What school and family can do to improve poor performance is influenced by its cause. It isnot discriminative to evaluate either a child's physical condition or his intellectual level.Unfortunately, intellectual level seems to be a sensitive subject, and what the law allows us todo varies from time to time. The same fluctuation back and forth occurs in areas other thanintelligence. Thirty years or so ago, for instance, white families were encouraged to adopt blackchildren. It was considered discriminative not to do so.And then the style changed and this cross-racial adopting became generally unpopular, andsocial agencies felt that black children should go to black families only. It is hard to say what arethe best procedures. But surely good will on the part of all of us is needed.As to intelligence, in our opinion, the more we know about any child's intellectual level, thebetter for the child in question.31. Why did the intelligence test become unpopular in the past few decades?A) Its validity was challenged by many communities.B) It was considered discriminative against minority children.C) It met with strong opposition from the majority of black parents.D) It deprived the black children of their rights to a good education.32. The recent legal action taken by some black parents in California aimed to .A) draw public attention to IQ testingB) put an end to special educationC) remove the state's ban on intelligence testsD) have their children enter white schools33. The author believes that intelligence testing .A) may ease racial confrontation in the United StatesB) can encourage black children to keep up with white childrenC) may seriously aggravate racial discrimination in the United StatesD) can help black parents make decisions about their children's education34. The author's opinion of child adoption seems to be that .A) no rules whatsoever can be prescribedB) white families should adopt black childrenC) adoption should be based on IQ test resultsD) cross-racial adoption is to be advocated35. Child adoption is mentioned in the passage to show that.A) good will may sometimes complicate racial problemsB) social surroundings are vital to the healthy growth of childrenC) intelligence testing also applies to non-academic areasD) American opinion can shift when it comes to sensitive issuesPassage FourQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.Not too many decades ago it seemed “obvious“ both to the general public and to sociologiststhat modern society has changed people's natural relations, loosened their responsibilities to kin( 亲 戚 ) and neighbors, and substituted in their place superficial relationships with passingacquaintances. However, in recent years a growing body of research has revealed that the“obvious" is not true. It seems that if you are a city resident, you typically know a smallerproportion of your neighbors than you do if you are a resident of a smaller community. But, for themost part, this fact has few significant consequences. It does not necessarily follow that if youknow few of your neighbors you will know no one else.Even in very large cities, people maintain close social ties within small, private social worlds.Indeed, the number and quality of meaningful relationships do not differ between more and lessurban people. Small-town residents are more involved with kin than are big-city residents. Yet citydwellers compensate by developing friendships with people who share similar interests andactivities. Urbanism may produce a different style of life, but the quality of life does not differbetween town and city. Nor are residents of large communities any likelier to displaypsychological symptoms of stress or alienation, a feeling of not belonging, than are residents ofsmaller communities. However, city dwellers do worry more about crime, and this leads them to adistrust of strangers.These findings do not imply that urbanism makes little or no difference. If neighbors arestrangers to one another, they are less likely to sweep the sidewalk of an elderly couple livingnext door or keep an eye out for young trouble makers. Moreover, as Wirth suggested, there maybe a link between a community's population size and its social heterogeneity( ). Forinstance, sociologists have found much evidence that the size of a community is associated withbad behavior including gambling, drugs, etc. Large-city urbanites are also more likely than theirsmall-town counterparts to have a cosmopo〃 3 z(见 多 识 广 者 的 ) outlook, to display lessresponsibility to traditional kinship roles, to vote for leftist political candidates, and to be tolerantof nontraditional religious groups, unpopular political groups, and so-called undesirables.Everything considered, heterogeneity and unusual behavior seem to be outcomes of largepopulation size.36. Which of the following statements best describes the organization of the first paragraph?A) Two contrasting views are presented.B) An argument is examined and possible solutions given.C) Research results concerning the quality of urban life are presented in order of time.D) A detailed description of the difference between urban and small-town life is given.37. According to the passage, it was once a common belief that urban residents .A) did not have the same interests as their neighborsB) could not develop long-standing relationshipsC) tended to be associated with bad behaviorD) usually had more friends38. One of the consequence of urban life is that impersonal relationships amongneighbors .A) disrupt people's natural relationsB) make them worry about crimeC) cause them not to show concern for one anotherD) cause them to be suspicious of each other39. It can be inferred from the passage that the bigger a community is, .A) the better its quality of lifeB) the more similar its interestsC) the more tolerant and open-minded it isD) the likelier it is to display psychological symptoms of stress40. What is the passage mainly about?A) Similarities in the interpersonal relationships between urbanites and small-town dwellers.B) Advantages of living in big cities as compared with living in small towns.C) The positive role that urbanism plays in modern life.D) The strong feeling of alienation of city inhabitants.Unit 21Part II Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)Directions: There are 4 passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions orunfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C)and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter cmthe Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.When global warming finally came, it stuck with a ( 异乎寻' 落地) . In some regions,temperatures rose several degrees in less than a century. Sea levels shot up nearly 400 feet,flooding coastal settlements and forcing people to migrate inland. Deserts spread throughout theworld as vegetation shifted drastically in North America, Europe and Asia. After driving many ofthe animals around them to near extinction, people were forced to abandon their old way of life fora radically new survival strategy that resulted in widespread starvation and disease. The adaptationwas farming: the global-warming crisis that gave rise to it happened more than 10,000 years ago.As environmentalists convene in Rio de Janeiro this week to ponder the global climate of thefuture, earth scientists are in the midst of a revolution in understanding how climate has changedin the past一and how those changes have transformed human existence. Researchers have begunto piece together an illuminating picture of the powerful geological and astronomical forces thathave combined to change the planet's environment from hot to cold, wet to dry and back againover a time period stretching back hundreds of millions of year.Most important, scientists are beginning to realize that the climatic changes have had a majorimpact on the evolution of the human species. New research now suggests that climate shifts haveplayed a key role in nearly every significant turning point in human evolution: from the dawn of( 灵长 目 动物) some 65 million years ago to human ancestors rising up to walk on two legs,from the huge expansion of the human brain to the rise of agriculture. Indeed, the human historyhas not been merely touched by global climate change, some scientists argue, it has in someinstances been driven by it.The new research has profound implications for the environmental summit in Rio. Amongother things, the findings demonstrate that dramatic climate change is nothing new for planetEarth. The 加 〃 ig〃( 宜人的) global environment that has existed over the past 10,000 years——duringwhich agriculture, writing, cities and most other features of civilization appeared——is a merebright spot in a much larger pattern of widely varying climate over the ages. In fact, the pattern orclimate change in the past reveals that Earth's climate will almost certainly go through dramaticchanges in the future——even without the influence of human activity.21. Farming emerged as a survival strategy because man had been obliged .A) to give up his former way of lifeB) to leave the coastal areasC) to follow the ever-shifting vegetationD) to abandon his original settlement24. Earth scientists have come to understand that c l i ma t e ,A) is going through a fundamental changeB)has been getting warmer for 10,000 yearsC) will eventually change from hot to coldD) has gone through periodical change23. Scientists believe that human e v o l u t i o n .A) has seldom been accompanied by climatic changesB) has exerted little influence on climatic changesC) has largely been effected by climatic changesD) has had a major impact on climatic changes24. Evidence of past climatic changes indicates that.A) human activities have accelerated changes of Earth's environmentB) Earth's environment will remain mild despite human interferenceC) Earth's climate is bound to change significantly in the futureD) Earth's climate is unlikely to undergo substantial changes in the future25. The message the author wishes to convey in the passage is that.A) human civilization remains glorious though it is affected by climatic changesB) mankind is virtually helpless in the face of the dramatic changes of climateC) man has to limit his activities to slow down the global warming processD) human civilization will continue to develop in spite of the changes of naturePassage TwoQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.No woman can be too rich or too thin. This saying often attributed to the late Duchess ( 公爵夫人)Of Windsor embodies much of the odd spirit of our times. Being thin is deemed as such a virtue.The problem with such a view is that some people actually attempt to live by it. I myselfhaveFantasies of slipping into narrow designer clothes. Consequently, I have been on a diet for thebetter- or worse——part of my life. Being rich wouldnH be bad either, but that won't happen unlessan unknown relative dies suddenly in some distant land, leaving me millions of dollars.Where did we go off the track? When did eating butter become a sin, and a little bit of extraflesh unappealing, if not repellent? All religions have certain days when people refrain from eating,and excessive eating is one of Christianity's seven deadly sins. However, until quite recently, mostpeople had a problem getting enough to eat. In some religious groups, wealth was a symbol ofprobable salvation and high morals, and fatness a sign of wealth and well-being.Today the opposite is true. We have shifted to thinness as our new mark of virtue. The resultisthat being fat-or even only somewhat overweight-is bad because it implies a lack of moralstrength.Our obsession( 迷恋) with thinness is also fueled by health concerns. It is true that in thiscountry we have more overweight people than ever before, and that, in many cases, beingoverweight correlates with an increased risk of heart and blood vessel disease. These diseases,however, may have as much to do with our way of life and our high-fat diets as with excessweight. And the associated risk of cancer in the digestive system may be more of a dietaryproblem一too much fat and a lack of fiber- than a weight problem.The real concern, then, is not that we weigh too much, but that we neither exercise enough noreat well. Exercise is necessary for strong bones and both heart and lung health. A balanced dietwithout a lot of fat can also help the body avoid many diseases. We should surely stop paying somuch attention to weight. Simply being thin is not enough. It is actually hazardous if those whoget(or already are)thin think they are automatically healthy and thus free from paying attention totheir overall life-style. Thinness can be pure vainglory( 虚荣) 。

26. In the eyes of the author, an odd phenomenon nowadays is that.A) the Duchess of Windsor is regarded as a woman of virtueB) looking slim is a symbol of having a large fortuneC) being thin is viewed as a much desired qualityD) religious people are not necessarily virtuous27. Swept by the prevailing trend, the a ut hor .A) had to go on a diet for the greater part of her lifeB) could still prevent herself from going off the trackC) had to seek help from rich distant relativesD) had to wear highly fashionable clothes28.In human history, people's views on body we i ght .A)were closely related to their religious beliefsB)changed from time to timeC)varied between the poor and the richD)led to different moral standards29.The author criticizes women's obsession with t h i n n e s s .A)from an economic and educational perspectiveB)from sociological and medical points of viewC)from a historical and religious standpointD)in the light of moral principles30 . What's the author\ advice to women who are absorbed in the idea of thinness?A)They should be more concerned with their overall lifestyle.B)They should be more watchful for fatal diseases.C)They should gain weight to look healthy.D)They should rid themselves of fantasies about designer clothes.Passage ThreeQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passageWar may be a natural expression of biological instincts and drives toward aggression in thehuman species. Natural impulses of anger, hostility, and territorialily( 守卫地盘的天性) areexpressed through acts of violence. These are all qualities that humans share with animals.Aggression is a kind of innate( 天生的) survival mechanism, an instinct for self-preservation, thatallows animals to defend themselves from threats to their existence. But, on the other hand, humanviolence shows evidence of being a learned behavior. In the case of human aggression, violencecannot be simply reduced to an instinct. The many expressions of human violence are alwaysconditioned by social conventions that give shape to aggressive behavior. In human societiesviolence has a social function: It is a strategy for creating or destroying forms of social order.Religious traditions have taken a leading role in directing the powers of violence. We will look atthe ritual and ethical( 道德 上的) patterns within which human violence has been directed.The violence within a society is controlled through institutions of law. The more developed alegal system becomes, the more society takes responsibility for the discovery , control, andpunishment of violent acts. In most tribal societies the only means to deal with an act of violenceis revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility for personally carrying out judgmentand punishment upon the person who committed the offense. But in legal systems, theresponsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused. The society assumes theresponsibility for protecting individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be protected,the society is responsible for imposing punishment. In a state controlled legal system, individualsare removed from the cycle of revenge motivated by acts of violence, and the state assumesresponsibility for their protection.The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus. While the one protectsthe individual from violence ,the other sacrifices the individual to violence in the interests of thestate. In war the state affirms its supreme power over the individuals within its own borders. Waris not simply a trial by combat to settle disputes between states; it is the moment when the statemakes its most powerful demands upon its people for their commitment, allegiance, and supremesacrifice. Times of war test a community's deepest religious and ethical commitments.31 .Human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior in that.A)it threatens the existing social systemsB) it is influenced by societyC) it has roots in religious conflictsD) it is directed against institutions of law32 .The function of legal systems, according to the passage is.A)to control violence wi由in a societyB) to protect the world from chaosC) to free society from the idea of revengeD) to give the government absolute power33 .What does the author mean by saying "...in legal systems, the responsibility for revengebecomes depersonalized and diffused" (Lines5・ 6, Para.2 )?A) Legal systems greatly reduce the possibilities of physical violence.B) Offenses against individuals are no longer judged on a personal basis.C) Victims of violence find it more difficult to take revenge.D) Punishment is not carried out directly by the individuals involved.34 .The word “allegiance” ( Line5, Para.3 )is closest in meaning to.A)loyaltyB) ObjectiveC) survivalD) motive35.What can we learn from the last paragraph?A) Governments tend to abuse their supreme power in times of war.B) In times of war governments may extend their power across national borders.C) In times of war governments impose high religious and ethical standards on their people.D) Governments may sacrifice individuals in the interests of the state in times of warPassage FourQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.Researchers who are unfamiliar with the cultural and ethnic groups they are studying musttake extra precautions to shed any biases they bring with them from their own culture. Forexample, they must make sure they construct measures that are meaningful for each of the culturalor ethnic minority groups beings studied.In conducting research on cultural and ethnic minority issues, investigators distinguishbetween the emic approach and the etic approach. In the emic approach, the goal is to describebehavior in one culture or ethnic group in terms that are meaningful and important to the people inthat culture or ethnic group, without regard to other cultures or ethnic groups. In the etic approach,the goal is to describe behavior so that generalizations can be made across cultures. If researchersconstruct a questionnaire in an emic fashion, their concern is only that the questions aremeaningful to the particular culture or ethnic group being studied. If, however, the researchersconstruct a questionnaire in an ecit fashion, they want to include questions that reflect conceptsfamiliar to all cultures involved.How might the emic and etic approaches be reflected in the study of family processes? In theemic approach , the researchers might choose to focus only on middle-class White families,without regard for whether the information obtained in the study can be generalized or isappropriate for ethnic minority groups. In a subsequent Study, the researchers may decide to adoptan etic approach by studying not only middle-class White families, but also lower-income Whitefamilies, Black American families, Spanish American families, and Asian American families. Instudying ethnic minority families, the researchers would likely discover that the extended family ismore frequently a support system in ethnic minority families than in White American families. Ifso, the emic approach would reveal a different pattern of family interaction than would the eticapproach, documenting that research with middle-class White families cannot always begeneralized to all ethnic groups.36 .According to the first paragraph, researchers unfamiliar with the target cultures are inclinedto.A) be overcautious in constructing meaningful measuresB) view them from their own cultural perspectiveC) guard against interference from their own cultureD) accept readily what is alien to their own culture37 .What does the author say about the emic approach and the etic approach?A) They have different research focuses in the study of ethnic issues.B) The former is biased while the latter is objectiveC) The former concentrates on study of culture while the latter on family issues.D) They are both heavily dependent on questionnaires in conducting surveys.38 .Compared with the etic approach, the emic approach is apparently mor e.A)culturally interactiveB) culture-orientedC) culturally biasedD) culture-specific39.The etic approach is concerned wi t h.A) the general characteristics of minority familiesB) culture-related concepts of individual ethnic groupsC) features shared by various cultures or ethnic groupsD) the economic conditions of different types of families40. Which of the following is true of the ethnic minority families in the U.S. according to the passage?A) Their cultural patterns are usually more adaptableB) Their cultural concepts are difficult to comprehendC) They don't interact with each other so much as White familiesD)They have closer family ties than White familiesUnit 22Part II Reading Comprehension(35 minutes)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questionsor unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B)y C)and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter onthe Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage.Bill Gates, the billionaire Microsoft chairman without a single earned university degree, is byhis success raising new doubts about the worth of the business world's favorite academic title: theMBA (Master of Business Administration).The MBA, a 20th-century product, always has borne the mark of lowly commerce andgreed ( 贪婪)on the tree-lined campuses ruled by purer disciplines such as philosophy andliterature.But even with the recession apparently cutting into the hiring of business schoolgraduates, about 79,000 people are expected to receive MBAs in 1993.This is nearly 16 times thenumber of business graduates in 1960,a testimony to the widespread assumption that the MBA isvital for young men and women who want to run companies some day. "If you are going into thecorporate world it is still a disadvantage not to have one,“ said Donald Morrison, professor ofmarketing and management science." But in the last five years or so, when someone says, ' ShouldI attempt to get an MBA,* the answer a lot more is: It depends."The success of Bill Gates and other non-MBAs, such as the late Sam Walton of Wal-MartStores Inc. has helped inspire self-conscious debates on business school campuses over the worthof a business degree and whether management skills can be taught.The Harvard Business Review printed a lively, fictional exchange of letters to dramatizecomplaints about business degree holders.The article called MBA hires uextremely disappointing'* and said “ MBAs wants tomove up too fast, they don*t understand politics and people, and they aren't able to function as partof a team until their third year. But by then, they Ye out looking for other jobs/*The problem, most participants in the debate acknowledge, is that the MBA has acquiredan aura ( 光环)of future riches and power far beyond its actual importance and usefulness.Enrollment in business schools exploded in the 1970s and 1980s and created theassumption that no one who pursued a business career could do with out one. The growth wasfueled by a backlash( 反冲) against the anti-business values of the 1960s and by the women'smovement.Business people who have hired or worked with MBAs say those with the degrees of tenknow how to analyze systems but are not so skillful at motivating people. "They don't get a lot ofgrounding in the people side of the business, "said James Shaffer, vice-president and principal ofthe Towers Perrin management consulting firm.21. According to Paragraph 2,what is the general attitude towards business on campusesdominated by purer disciplines?A) Envious.B) Scornful.C) Realistic.D) Appreciative.22. It seems that the controversy over the values of MBA degrees has been fueled mainlyby .A) the success of many non-MBAsB)the complaints from various employersC)the poor performance of MBAs at workD)the criticism from the scientists of purer disciplines23. What is the major weakness of MBA holders according to The Harvard Business Review?A) They are not good at dealing with people.B) They keep complaining about their jobs.C) They are usually self-centered.D) They are aggressive and greedy.24. From the passage we know that most MBAs .A) can climb the coiporate ladder fairly quicklyB) cherish unrealistic expectations about their futureC) quit their jobs once they are familiar with their workmatesD) receive salaries that do not match their professional training25. What is the passage mainly about?A) A debate held recently on university campuses.B) Doubts about the worth of holding an MBA degree.C) Why there is an increased enrollment in MBA programs.D） The necessity of reforming MBA programs in business schools.Passage TwoQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage.German Chancellor （ 首相）Otto Von Bismarck, may be most famous for his military anddiplomatic talent, but his legacy （ 遗产）includes many of today's social insurance programsDuring the middle of the 19th century, Germany, along with other European nations, experiencedan unprecedented rash of workplace deaths and accidents as a result of growing industrialization.Motivated in part by Christian compassion（ 怜悯） for the helpless as well as a practical politicalimpulse to undercut the support of the socialist labor movement, Chancellor Bismarck created theworld's first workers* compensation law in 1884.By 1908,the United States was the only industrial nation in the world that lacked workers'compensation insurance. America's injured workers could sue for damages in a court of law, butthey still faced a number of tough legal baiTiers. For example, employees had to prove that theirinjuries directly resulted from employer negligence and that they themselves were ignorant aboutpotential hazards in the workplace. The first state workers* compensation law in this country waspassed in 1911 ,and the program soon spread throughout the nation.After World War II benefit payments to American workers did not keep up with the cost ofliving.In fact, real benefit levels were lower in the 1970s than they were in the 1940s,and in moststates the maximum benefit was below the poverty level for a family of four. In 1970,PresidentRichard Nixon set up a national commission to study the problems of workers' compensation.Two years later, the commission issued 19 key recommendations, including one that called forincreasing compensation benefit levels to 100 percent of the states' average weekly wages.In fact, the average compensation benefit in America has climbed from 55 percent of thestates* average weekly wages in 1972 to 97 percent today. But, as most studies show, every 10percent increase in compensation benefits results in a 5 percent increase in the numbers of workerswho file for claims. And with so much more money floating in the workers1 compensation system,it*s not surprising that doctors and lawyers have helped themselves to a large slice of the growingpie.26. The world's first workers* compensation law was introduced by Bismarck .A） for fear of losing the support of the socialist labor movementB）out of religious and political considerationsC）to speed up the pace of industrializationD）to make industrial production safer27. We learn from the passage that the process of industrialization in Europe .A) met growing resistance from laborers working at machinesB)resulted in the development of popular social insurance programsC)was accompanied by an increased number of workshop accidentsD)required workers to be aware of the potential dangers at the workplace28. One of the problems the American injured workers faced in getting compensation in theearly 19th century was that .A)they had to produce evidence that their employers were responsible for the accidentB)America's average compensation benefit was much lower than the cost of livingC)different state in the U.S. had totally different compensation programsD)they had to have the courage to sue for damages in a court of law29. After 1972 workers* compensation insurance in the U.S. became more favorable to workersso that .A)the poverty level for a family of four went up drasticallyB)more money was allocated to their compensation systemC)there were fewer legal barriers when they filed for claimsD)the number of workers suing for damages increased30. The author ends the passage with the implication that .A) compensation benefits in America are soaring to new heightsB)people from all walks of life can benefit from the compensation systemC)the workers are not the only ones to benefit from the compensation systemD)money floating in the compensation system is a huge drain on the U.S. economyPassage ThreeQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.When school officials in Kalkaska, Michigan, closed classes last week, the media flocked tothe story, portraying the town's 2,305 students as victims of sf山 gy ( 吝 啬 的 ) taxpayers. There issome truth to that; the property-tax rate here is one-third lower than the state average. But shuttingtheir schools also allowed Kalkaska's educators and the state's largest teachers' union, theMichigan Education Association, to make a political point. Their aim was to spur passage oflegislation Michigan lawmakers are debating to increase the state's share of school funding.It was no coincidence that Kalkaska shut its schools two weeks after residents rejected a 28percent property-tax increase. The school board argued that without the increase it lacked the $ 1.5million needed to keep schools open.But the school system had not done all it could to keep the schools open. Officials declined toborrow against next year's state aid, they refused to trim extra curricular activities and they did notconsider seeking a smaller- perhaps more acceptable—tax increase. In fact, closing early iscosting Kalkaska a significant amount, including $600,000 in unemployment payments to teachersand staff and $250,000 in lost state aid. In February, the school system promised teachers and stafftwo months of retirement payments in case schools closed early, a deal that will cost the district$275,000 more.Other signs suggest school authorities were at least as eager to make a political statement asto keep schools open. The Michigan Education Association hired a public relations firm to stage arally marking the school closings, which attracted 14 local and national television stations andnetworks. The president of the National Education Association, the MEA's parent organization,flew from Washington, D.C., for the event. And the union tutored school officials in the art oftelevision interviews. School supervisor Doyle Disbrow acknowledges the district could have keptschools open by cutting programs but denies the moves were politically motivated.Michigan lawmakers have reacted angrily to the closings. The state Senate has already votedto put the system into receivership ( 破产管理) and reopen schools immediately; the MichiganHouse plans to consider the bill this week.31. We learn from the passage that schools in Kalkaska, Michigan, are f u n d e d .A) mainly by the state governmentB) exclusively by the local governmentC) by the National Education AssociationD) by both the local and state governments32. One of the purposes for which school officials closed classes wa s .A)to draw the attention of local taxpayers to political issuesB)to avoid paying retirement benefits to teachers and staffC)to pressure Michigan lawmakers into increasing state funds for local schoolsD)to make the financial difficulties of their teachers and staff known to the public33. The author seems to disapprove of .A)the shutting of schools in KalkaskaB)the involvement of the mass mediaC)the Michigan lawmakers1 endless debatingD)delaying the passage of the school funding legislation34. We learn from the passage that school authorities in Kalkaska are more concerned about .A) making a political issue of the closing of the schoolsB) the attitude of the MEA's parent organizationC) a raise in the property-tax rate in MichiganD) reopening the schools there immediately35. According to the passage, the closing of the schools developed into a crisis becauseof .A) the strong protest on the part of the students1 parentsB) the political motives on the part of the educatorsC) the weak response of the state officialsD) the complexity of the problemPassage FourQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.Early in the age of affluence (富裕) that followed World War II, an American retailinganalyst named Victor Lebow proclaimed, “Our enormously productive economy...demands thatwe make consumption our way of life, that we convert the buying and use of goods into rituals,that we seek our spiritual satisfaction, our ego satisfaction, in consumption. We need thingsconsumed, burned up, worn out, replaced and discarded at an ever increasing rate."Americans have responded to Lebow's call, and much of the world has followed.Consumption has become a central pillar of life in industrial lands and is even embedded in socialvalues. Opinion surveys in the world's two largest economics-Japan and the United States-showconsumerist definitions of success becoming ever more prevalent.Overconsumption by the world's fortunate is an environmental problem unmatched inseverity by anything but perhaps population growth. Their surging exploitation of resourcesthreatens to exhaust or unalterably spoil forests, soils, water, air and climate.Ironically, high consumption may be a mixed blessing in human terms, too. Thetime-honored values of integrity of character, good work, friendship, family and community haveoften been sacrificed in the rush to riches.Thus many in the industrial lands have a sense that their world of plenty is somehowhollow, that misled by a consumerist culture, they have been fruitlessly attempting to satisfy whatare essentially social, psychological and spiritual needs with material things.Of course, the opposite of overconsumption, poverty, is no solution to either environmentalor human problems. It is infinitely worse for people and bad for the natural world too.Dispossessed (被剥夺得一无所有的) peasants slash, and burn their way into the rain forests ofLatin America, and hungry nomads (游牧民族) turn their herds out onto fragile African grassland,reducing it to desert.If environmental destruction results when people have either too little or too much, we areleft to wonder how much is enough .What level of consumption can the earth support ?When dosehaving more cease to add noticeably to human satisfaction?36. The emergence of the affluent society after World War II .A) led to the reform of the retailing systemB)resulted in the worship of consumerismC)gave rise to the dominance of the new egoismD)gave birth to a new generation of upper class consumers37. Apart from enormous productivity, another important impetus to high consumption isA) the people's desire for a rise in their living standardsB)the concept that one's success is measured by how much they consumeC)the imbalance that has existed between production and consumptionD)the conversion of the sale of goods into rituals38. Why does the author say high consumption is a mixed blessing?A) Because poverty still exists in an affluent society.B) Because overconsumption won't last long due to unrestricted population growth.C) Because traditional rituals are often neglected in the process of modernization.D) Because moral values are sacrificed in pursuit of material satisfaction.39. According to the passage, consumerist culture .A)will not alleviate poverty in wealthy countriesB)will not aggravate environmental problemsC)cannot thrive on a fragile economyD)cannot satisfy human spiritual needs40. It can be inferred from the passage that .A)human spiritual needs should match material affluenceB)whether high consumption should be encouraged is still an issueC)how to keep consumption at a reasonable level remains a problemD)there is never an end to satisfying people's material needs第二部分阅读理解模拟练习Unitl(35 minutes)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by somequestions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices markedA), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the correspondingletter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:The banking revolution in America is as much about attitudes and assumptions as about sizeand structure. For centuries, Americans have distrusted banks. In the 1830s, Andrew Jacksondenounced and destroyed the Second Bank of the United States, which existed “to make the richric h e ra t the expense of u farmers, mechanics and laborers.In the 1930s, banks were blamedfor helping cause the Depression. The wonder, then, is that the latest wave of bank mergers -the largest ever — has inspired little more than a bewildered and, perhaps, irritated shrug fromthe public.As banks grow bigger, they seem less fearsome. Why? The answer is that banks have shrunkin power even as they have expanded in size. Traditionally, banking has been a simple business.Deposits come through one door, loans go out through an olhe匚 Profits derive from thespread “ between interest rates on deposits and loans. If savers and borrowers cannot goelsewhere, banks are powerful. And if there are other choices, banks are less powerful. And so it is.We inhabit an age of superabundant credit and its purveyors. A century ago, matters weredifferent. Small depositors could choose from only one or several local banks; getting a loanmeant winning the good graces of the neighborhood banker. Even big corporations depended on afew big banks or investment houses.John Reed or Hugh McColl 一 the heads of Citicorp and Nations Bank 一 are nothousehold names. In 1900 J. P. Morgan was. As head of J. P. Morgan & Co., he controlled—through stock and positions on corporate boards 一 a third of U.S. railroads and 70 percent of thesteel industry. A railroad executive once cheerfully confessed his dependence on Morgan's capital:“If Mr. Morgan were to order me tomorrow to China or Siberia ...I would go.”No bankers today inspires such awe or fear. Time, technology and government restrictionsweakened bank power. In the 1920s, auto companies popularized car loans. National credit cardsoriginated in 1950 with the Dinners Club card. In 1933, the Glass-Steagal Act required banks andtheir investment houses to split. After World War II, pensions and the stock market competed forconsumer savings. As aresult, banks command a shrinking share of the nation's wealth: 20 percentof assets of financial institutions in 1997, down from 50 percent in 1950.21. Traditionally, Americans* attitude towards banks is one of .A) suspicion B) trust C) dependence D) admiration22. Why are John Reed and Hugh McColl not as well-known as J.P. Morgan?A) John Reed and Hugh McColl are not as rich as J.P. Morgan was.B) Banks are no longer as powerful as they were in J.P. Morgan's time.C) John Reed and Hugh McColl are not as capable as J.P. Morgan was.D) The banks John Reed and Hugh McColl head are smaller than Morgan's.23. The word “spread“ in Paragraph 2 most probably means .A) cover B) extent C) difference D) degree24. Which of the following statements is true?A) The recent bank mergers have given much shock to the nation.B) People no longer distrust banks.C) No bank today can compare with J.P. Morgan's in size.D) It is easier to boiTow money today than it was in the past.25. What does the author chiefly talk about in the passage?A) Banking and investment. C) The evolution of the banks.B) The credit market. D) The shrinking power of the banks.Questions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:Let us ask what were the preparation and training Abraham Lincoln had for oratory, whetherpolitical or forensic.Born in rude and abject poverty, he never had any education, except what he gave himself,till he was approaching manhood. Not even books wherewith to inform and train his mind werewithin his reach. No school, no university, no legal faculty had any part in training his powers.When he became a lawyer and a politician, the years most favorable to continuous study hadalready passed, and the opportunities he found for reading were very scanty. He knew but fewauthors in general literature, though he knew those few thoroughly. He taught himself a littlemathematics, but he could read no language save his own, and can have had only the faintestacquaintance with European history or with any branch of philosophy. The want of regulareducation was not made up for by the persons among whom his lot was cast. Till he was a grownman, he never moved in any society from which he could learn those things with which the mindof an orator to be stored. Even after he had gained some legal practice, there was for many yearsno one for him to mix with except the petty practitioners of a petty town, men nearly all of whomknew little more than he did himself.Schools gave him nothing, and society gave him nothing. But he had a powerful intellect anda resolute will. Isolation fostered not only self-reliance but the habit of reflection, and indeed, ofprolonged and intense reflection. He made all that he knew a part of himself. His convictions werehis own------clear and coherent. He was not positive or opinionated and he did not deny that atcertain moments he pondered and hesitated long before he decided on his course. But though hecould keep a policy in suspense, waiting for events to guide him, he did not waver. He paused andreconsidered, but it was never his way to go back on a decision once more or to waste time in vainregrets that all he had expected had not been attained. He took advice readily and left many thingsto his ministers; but he did not lean on his advisers. Without vanity or ostentation, he was alwaysindependent, self-contained, prepared to take full responsibility for his acts.26. It is said in the second paragraph that Abraham Lincoln .A) was illiterate C) was educated very lateB) was never educated D) behaved rudely when he was young27. We are also told that Abraham Li nc ol n .A) never cared much for readingB) did much reading when he was youngC) never had much chance to readD) became an enthusiastic reader when he was grown up28. It is said in the third paragraph that Abraham Lincoln .A) was anti-social C) had few friendsB) learned little from his friends D) knew very few doctors29. The habit of reflection helped LincolnA) to develop independence C) to attain clear convictionsB) to become more opinionated D) to become a hesitant person30. We may say, taking the passage as a whole, that Lincoln was .A) a failure because of his ignoranceB) a man who triumphed over his disadvantagesC) an exceptionally successful and well-educated personD) an illiterate man, but with some natural talentsQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage:When the young man who would revolutionize American industry turned down a chance toattend Harvard in 1874 for an apprenticeship in a Philadelphia machine shop, it was hardlybecause he foresaw the transformation of the world into what it is today-marked by a u fierce,unholy obsession with time, order, productivity, and efficiency,as Robert Kanigel describes it inhis biography, The One Best Way: Frederick Winslow Taylor and the Enigma of Efficiency.The truth was, Taylor's eyes were bad. And yet, 30 years before the first assembly line, armedwith a surplus of work, a stopwatch, and a utopian thirst, he systemized scientific management,crusading it nearly singlehandedly through industry after industry. Its anthem was the scrape of thelathe, its banner the instruction card. A century has passed, and with it the promise of a radiant,mechanical heaven in which the interests of management and labor are forever joined. Most of us,though, have it pretty damn good because of Taylor.At more than 600 pages, Kanigel's biography is an exhausting study of its subjects influenceand psychology. Taylor comes across in various roles: fanatical bully; member of the first winningUS Open doubles tennis duo; inventor of a process to manufacture high-speed steel thatrevolutionized industrial output. At times, the man seems little more than a slave to thedevelopment of his own system. u Studying the growth of grass plots,“ he lamented toward the endof his life, dogged by labor-sympathetic hearings on Capitol Hill, “is a great time consumer. " Sowas the book. Occasionally, I was tempted to implement my own version of time management.And yet I took its length as a kind of charming inefficiency in the face of the spiritual emptinessthat seeps through today's egalitarian consumerism.But what would life be without this system? u Industrialized countries today enjoy materialabundance so great we no longer see it,“ Kanigel states, "Many living today have never knownlife without radios, TVs, home freezers, power mowers, and computers.”“In the past the man was first. In the future the system will be first,,, Taylor was infamous forhaving said. It must have been a nice thought at the turn of the century, but what about today,when our collective appetites threaten to mar the planet?31. The young man in the first sentence refers to .A) a Harvard professor C) Frederick Winslow TaylorB) Robert Kanigel D) the author of this passage32. The young man chose not to go to Harvard because .A) he wanted to have the apprenticeship in a Philadelphia machine shopB) he foresaw he had a great role to play in the transformation of the worldC) he could not afford toD) he had poor eyesight33. Which of the following statements is true?A) Taylor did much more to modern material abundance than the assembly line.B) Taylor's vision of a mechanical heaven for both management and labor did not come true.C) Workers, conditions worsened as Taylor revolutionized industrial production.D) Workers throughout the world hated Taylor.34. The author of this passage thinks that Robet Kanigel's biography of Taylor isA) too lengthyB) not objective enoughC) vivid and truthfulD) a pleasure to read35. What is the implication of the last paragraph?A) We have much to thank for Taylor.B) Taylor neglected the environment in his search for efficiency.C) Taylor's system seems to have an adverse effect on our globe.D) Efficiency is no longer important today.Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:University Physics is intended for students of science and engineering. Primary emphasis ison physical principles and problem-solving; historical background and specialized practicalapplications have been given a place of secondary importance. Many worked-out examples and anextensive collection of problems are included with each chapter.In this new edition, the basic philosophy and outline and the balance between depth oftreatment and breadth of subject-matter coverage are unchanged from previous editions. We havetried to preserve those features that users of previous editions have found desirable, whileincorporating a number of changes that should enhance the book's usefulness.The textbook is adaptable to a wide variety of course outlines. The entire textbook can beused for an intensive course two or three semesters in length. For a less intensive course, manyinstructors will want to omit certain chapters or sections to tailor the book to their individual needs.The arrangement of this edition facilitates this kind of flexibility.Conversely, however, many topics that were regarded a few years ago as of peripheral ( 外围的; 次要的)importance and were omitted from introductory courses have now come to the foreagain in the life sciences, earth and space sciences, and environmental problems. An instructorwho wishes to stress these kinds of application will find this textbook a useful source fordiscussion of the appropriate principles.In any case, it should be emphasized that instructors should not feel constrained ( 受约束的)to work straight through the book from cover to cover. Many chapters are, of course, inherentlysequential in nature, but within this general limitation instructors should be encouraged to selectamong the contents those chapters that fit their needs, omitting material that is not relevant for theobjectives of a particular course.36. This textbook lays stress on .A) the exploration of physical principlesB) the principles of physics and their applicationC) the development of physicsD)the application of physics in different fields37. Compared with the old one, this new edition .A) has been made more applicableB) is easier to learnC) covers a wider range of subject matterD) has improved the balance between theory and practice38. One of the features of this textbook is that .A) some contents are dealt with in terms of philosophyB) it has an outline for each chapterC) it introduces the physical principles in great depthD) it can be used for different course arrangements39. The words aConversely, however” (para. 4, line 1) indicate that .A) many topics can be emphasized though they were not covered in the old editionB) many topics can be emphasized though they were usually omitted by instructorsC) many topics have been added to the new edition as they were not covered in the old oneD) many topics have been added to the new edition though they can be omitted by the instructors40. To meet the needs of a particular course, the teacher of this book can omit some of thecontents provided that .A) his selection is based on the request of his studentsB) he does not omit any chapter completelyC) his students are particularly intelligentD) he keeps an eye on the internal relations between the chaptersUnit 3(35 minutes)Directions: There are 4 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by somequestions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices markedA), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark thecorresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the centre.Questions 21 to 25 are based on the following passage:The health-care economy is filled with unusual and even unique economic relationships. Oneof the least understood involves the peculiar roles of producer or u providerv and purchaser or“consumer” in the typical doctor-patient relationship.In most sectors of the economy, it is the seller who attempts to attract a potential buyerwith various inducements of price, quality, and utility, and it is the buyer who makes the decision.Such condition, however, does not prevail in most of the health-care industry.In the health-care industry, the doctor-patient relationship is the mirror image of the ordinaryrelationship between producer and consumer. Once an individual has choice - it is the physicianwho usually makes all significant purchasing decisions: whether the patient should return ”nextWednesday,v whether X-rays are needed, whether drugs should be prescribed, etc. It is a rare andsophisticated patient who will challenge such professional decisions or raise in advance questionsabout price, especially when the disease is regarded as serious.This is particularly significant in relation to hospital care. The physician must certify the needfor hospitalization, determine what procedures will be performed, and announce when the patientmay be discharged. The patient may be consulted about some of these decisions, but in the main itis the doctor's judgments that are final. Little wonder when that in the eye of the hospital it is thephysician who is the real “consumer." As a consequence, the medical staff represents the“power centerv in hospital policy and decision-making, not the administration.Although usually there are in this situation four identifiable participants 一 the physician,the hospital, the patient, and the payer (generally an insurance carrier or government) - thephysician makes the essential for all of them. The hospital becomes an extension of the physician;the payer generally meets mosts of the bills generated by the physician/hospital; and for the mostpart the patient plays a passive role. We estimate that about 75-80 percent of health-careexpenditures are determined by physicians, not patients. For this reason, economy directed atpatients or the general are relatively ineffective.21. The author's primary purpose is to .A) criticize doctors for exercising too much control over patientsB) analyze some important economic factors in health-careC) urge hospitals to reclaim their decision-making authorityD) inform potential patients of their health-care rights22. It can be inferred that doctors are able to determine hospital policies because .A) it is doctors who generate income for the hospitalB) most of a patient's bills are paid by his health insuranceC) a doctor is ultimately responsible for a patients healthD) some patients might refuse to accept their physician's advice23. According to the author, when a doctor tells a patient toa return next W ednesdaythe doctoris in effect .A) instructing the patient to buy more medical servicesB) warning the patient that a hospital stay might be necessaryC) advising the patient to seek a second opinionD) admitting that the initial visit was ineifective24. The author is most probably leading up to .A) a proposal to control medical costsB) a discussion of a new medical treatmentC) an analysis of the cause of inflation in the United StatesD) a study of lawsuits against doctors for malpractice25. With which of the following statements would the author be likely to agree?A) Few patients are reluctant to object to the course of the treatment prescribed by a doctor or toquestion the cost of the services.B) The more serious the illness of a patient, the less likely it is that the patient will object to thecourse of treatment prescribed or to question the cost of services.C) The payer, whether insurance carrier or the government is less likely to acquiesce to demandsfor payment when the illness of the patient is regarded as serious.D) Both A and BQuestions 26 to 30 are based on the following passage:For me, scientific knowledge is divided into mathematical sciences, natural sciences orsciences dealing with the natural world (physical and biological sciences), and sciences dealingwith mankind (psychology, sociology, all the sciences of cultural achievements, every kind ofhistorical knowledge). Apart from these sciences is philosophy, about which we will talk later. Inthe first place, all this is pure or theoretical knowledge, sought only for the purpose ofunderstanding, in order to fulfill the need to understand what is intrinsic ( 固 有 的 ) andconsubstantial (同体的) to man. What distinguishes man from animal is that he knows and needsto know. If man did not know that the world was of a certain kind, that he was in the world andthat he himself was of a certain kind, he wouldn't be man. The technical aspects or applications ofknowledge are equally necessary for man and are of the greatest importance, because they alsocontribute to defining him to pursue a life increasingly more truly human.But even while enjoying the results of technical progress, he must defend the primacy andautonomy of pure knowledge. Knowledge sought directly for its practical applications will haveimmediate and foreseeable success, but not the kind of important result whose revolutionary scopeis in large part unforeseen, except by the imagination of the Utopians. Let me recall a well-knownexample. If the Greek mathematicians had not applied themselves to the investigation of conicsections, zealously and without the least suspicion that it might someday be useful, it would nothave been possible centuries later to navigate far from shore. The first men to study the nature ofelectricity could not imagine that their experiments, carried on because of mere intellectualcuriosity, would eventually lead to modem electrical technology, without which we can scarcelyconceive of contemporary life. Pure knowledge is valuable for its own sake, because the humanspirit cannot resign itself to ignorance. But, in addition, it is the foundation for practical resultsthat would not have been reached if this knowledge had not been sought disinterestedly.26. The most important advances made by mankind come from .A) technical applications C) the natural sciencesB) apparently useless information D) philosophy27. What may we expect the author to discuss in the paragraph that follows this passage?A) The value of technical research. C) Philosophy.B) The value of pure research. D) Unforeseen discoveries.28. The author points out that the Greeks who studied conic sections .A) were mathematiciansB) were interested in navigationC) were unaware of the value of their studiesD) worked with electricity29. What might be the best title for this passage?A) A Little Learning Is a Dangerous ThingB) Man's Distinguishing CharacteristicsC) Learning for Its Own SakeD) The Difference between Science and Philosophy30. The author does NOT include among the sciences the study of .A) astronomy C) anthropologyB) physics D) literatureQuestions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.Women do not put money aside for a variety of reasons. They come and go in the work force,taking time off early to raise children and later, to tend to elderly relatives. When they do work,they earn less, regardless of age, industry or education. But societal patterns cannot be blamed foreverything. Sometimes the problem is vanity, a refusal by an individual to think about white hairand wrinkles. Other times, saving money gets lost in the crush of family and career. AdeleMorrissette, the 40-year-old head of media and entertainment investment banking at Cowen &Company, believes that “ sometimes women who work hard don't pay enough attention to saving.We are too busy thinking about making money. ”Whatever the cause, the effect can be devastating. As an American woman, you have analmost nine-out-of-ten chance of ending up alone. Either your marriage is one of the four in tenthat will be broken up by divorce, or you will outlive your male partner by four to six years一evenlonger if you are younger than he (and you probably are). And don*t deceive yourself. Widowsaren't all blue-haired ladies playing mahjong ( 麻将)in Miami. TheyYe also your fiftyish big sistersfrom college. Whether by death or divorce, you will likely someday be solely responsible foryour financial security and well-being. If you aren't preparing for that, you are at high risk ofoutliving your assets. Three out of four older poor Americans are female.One woman gets to the core when she complains/'Our mothers didn't have to do thisZ,Daddydid. So girls often grew up not knowing the language, thinking that financial matters were forsomebody else to worry about. The result shows up in surveys: most women don't know thatcommon stocks historically outperform bonds, don't understand that when interest rates go up, theprice of a bond goes down, agree somewhat or strongly with the statement" I'm not really sure howa mutual fund works. ”31. This passage is mainly about .A) the cause and effect of women's not saving moneyB) women's low position in the societyC) why women earn less than menD) the reason why women do not save money32. What is NOT true according to the passage?A) 40% American families end in divorce.B) Among the older poor Americans, 75% are female.C) Every woman has to be responsible for her own living at old age.D) A woman generally survives her husband by 4〜 6 years.33. According to Adele Morrissette, women .A) should not work too hardB) pay more attention to making than saving moneyC) should think out better ways to make moneyD) are so busy that they are not able to make money34. The main idea of paragraph 2 is .A) if a woman does not save money, she will lose her propertyB) a woman will have to live on her own when her husband dies or when she gets divorcedC) 90% American old women live by themselvesD) a woman should save money for her possible future independence35. In paragraph 3 line 2 " the language “ most probably means .A) human speech in generalB) the speech used by the men living in that societyC) the special terms concerning financial mattersD) words used in everyday communicationQuestions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage:The main idea of these business-school academics is appealing. In a world where companiesmust adapt to new technologies and sources of competition, it is much harder than it used to be tooffer good employees job security and an opportunity to climb the corporate ladder. Yet it is alsomore necessary than ever for employees to invest in better skills and sparkle with bright ideas.How can firms get the most out of people if they can no longer offer them protection andpromotion?Many bosses would love to have an answer. Sumantra Ghoshal of the London BusinessSchool and Christopher Bartlett of the Harvard Business School think they have one:“employability” . If managers offer the right kinds of training and guidance, and change theirattitude towards their underlings, they will be able to reassure their employees that they willalways have the skills and experience to find a good job 一 even if it is with a different company.Unfortunately, they promise more than they deliver. Their thoughts on what an idealorganization should accomplish are hard to quarrel with: encourage people to be creative, makesure the gains from creativity are shared with the parts of the business that can make the most ofthem, keep the organization from getting stale and so forth. The real disappointment comes whenthey attempt to show how firms might actually create such an environment. At its nub is the notionthat companies can attain these elusive goals by changing their implicit contract with individualworkers, and treating them as a source of value rather than a cog in a machine.The authors offer a few inspiring examples of companies - they include Motorola, 3M and ABB— that have managed to go some way towards creating such organizations. But they offer littleuseful guidance on how to go about it, and leave the biggest questions unanswered. How do youcontinuously train people, without diverting them from their everyday job of making the businessmore profitable? How do you train people to be successful elsewhere while still encouraging themto make big commitments to your own firm? How do you get your newly liberated employees tospend their time on ideas that create value, and not simply on those they enjoy? Most of theiranswers are platitudinous; and when they are not they are unconvincing.36. We can infer from the passage that in the past a good employee .A) had job security and opportunity of promotionB) had to compete with each other to keep his jobC) had to undergo training all the timeD) had no difficulty climbing the corporate ladder37. By uemployability, Ghoshal and Bartlett mean .A) ability to learn new skills C) ability to do different kinds of jobsB) ability to find a good job D) ability to keep one's job38. What does the writer of this passage think of the ideas of Ghoshal and Bartlett?A) Very instructive. C) Hard to implement.B) Very inspiring. D) Quite foolish.39. In their book, Ghoshal and Bartlett discuss .A) changes in business organizationsB) contracts between employers and employeesC) employment situationsD) management ideas40. This passage seems to be a(n) .A) book review C) news reportB) advertisement D) research paper第三部分简答题评述根 据 “ 通知”要求，简答安排在“ 阅读理解”部分之后。

如 1997年 1 月的大学英语考试 中 “ 简答题”与 “ 写作”被安排在试卷二部分一、简答题评分原则及标准1.评分原则简答题要求考生在读懂文章的基础上， 用正确简洁的语言回答问题 在评分时应同时考虑内容和语言每题满分为2分，最低为0分2.给分标准2分——答出全部内容，语言正确；1分——答出部分内容，语言正确；0分——没有答对问题3.扣分标准(1 )语言有错误扣0 .5分( 不包括引起歧义的，可以辨识的拼写错误) ，每题山于语言错误扣分不能超过0.5分；(2 )涉及无关内容者扣0.5分；其答案中有相互矛盾的内容，则内容矛盾的部分均不得分；(3 )整句原封不动照搬应扣分；照搬一句扣0.5分；照搬两句及两句以上者扣2分；(4 )考生所给答案超过10个单词扣0.5分二、答题中常见的语言错误因简答题测试的是学生阅读理解和语言表达能力， 从评分原则及评分标准不难发现， 学生的错误存在于语言和内容两方面在语言方面，错误之处主要表现为：(1 )主谓不一致；(2 )时态不对应；(3 )连词或起连接作用的副词或短语使用不当；(4 )介词使用不当；(5 )代词、冠词及其它的限定词使用不当；(6 )动名词、分词及动词不定式使用不当；(7 )虚拟语气使用不正确；(8 )否定形式使用不正确；(9 )搭配不当；(1 0 )强调、倒装、省略等句型使用不当；(11)逻辑关系混乱。

三、简答题样题评析Short Answer Questions(15 minutes)Directions: In this part there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements.Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements inthe fewest possible words.Joe Templer should have known better: after all, he works for a large auto-insurancecompany.It won't hurt to leave the key in the truck this once, he thought, as he filled his gas tank at a self-service gasstation. But moments later, as he was paying the money, he saw the truck being driven away.In 1987, 1.6 million motor vehicles were stolen in the United States —— one every 20seconds. If current trends continue, experts predict annual vehicle thefts could exceed two millionby the end of the decade.Vehicle theft is a common phenomenon, which has a direct impact on over four millionvictims a year. The cost is astonishing.Many police officials blame professional thieves for the high volume of thefts. It is a majormoney-maker for organized crime. Typically, stolen cars are taken to pieces and the parts sold toindividuals. But as many as 200,00 cars are smuggled out of the country every year. Most go toLatin America, the Middle East and Europe.Only about 15 percent car thefts result in arrest, because few police departments routinelyconduct in-depth auto-investigations. When thieves are arrested, judges will often sentence themto probation not immediately put them in prison because the prisons are overcrowded withviolent criminals.One exception is a Michigan program that assigns 92 police officers to work full-time on thestate's 65,000 car theft cases a year. Since 1986, when the effort began, the state's auto-theft ratehas fallen from second in the nation to ninth.How can you protect your car? If you live in a high-theft area or drive an expensive model,consider a security system. It may cost anywhere from $25 to $l,000.Some systems engageautomatically 一 simply removing the key disables the fuel pump and the starter. When cars areequipped with such systems, thefts may dropby one-third. In some states, you may be able to use a device that transmits radio signals, allowingstolen cars to be tracked by police.Questions:(71) What is the passage mainly about?(72) What does the author think Joe Templer should be blamed for?(73) How serious did the author predict the annual vehicle theft could be in the United States in1989?(74) What are the two ways thieves sell the stolen cars?(75) What type of security system can help the police track down a stolen car?Key to Short Answer Questions ：(71) Car theft in the U.S.(72) His carelessness./Leaving his key in the truck.(73) More than 2 million cars would be stolen.(74) Selling their parts at home or smuggling them abroad.(75) A device that transmits radio signals.以下对每个问题列举六个回答以供分析( 回答均来自考生原作，未做改动) 。

71) A. Vehicle theft.B. About the car stolen problem in United States.C. The passage says about the high vehicle theft in American.D. The passage mainly talk about Auto_theft in the U.S.E. The annual vehicle thefts is serious in the U.S.F. thefts./A social problem of the United States.该题是对文章的主旨提问 本文先记述了一位汽车保险公司的职员，由于粗心大意将车钥匙留在车上，而几分钟后等他加完油，却发现他的汽车已被人开跑了由文章可以看出，在美国汽车盗窃率极高，已成为普遍现象；随之，文章又交待了盗贼销赃的两种方式：卖零件或将整车走私出境，以及警方在反盗窃方面采取的措施可观，本文的主旨是讲美国的汽车盗窃答案A 答出全部内容且语言正确，得 2 分答 案 B 答出全部内容但存在错用过去分词及漏用定冠词等语法错误， 应 改 为 Aboul the car stealing problem in the United States.因此该答案扣0.5分，得 1.5分。

答案C 答出全部内容，但主要存在动词词组使用不当，错将tells about写 成 says about;词语搭配不当，” 汽车盗窃率高”应 译 为 the high rate of vehicletheft;此外还有拼写错误， 错把America拼 写 成 American( 美国的) 该句应改为： The passagetells about the high rate of vehicle theft in America/the U.S.,依据每题语言错误最多不超 过 0.5分的原则，该题答案扣0.5分，得 1.5分答案D 答出全部内容，但错在主谓不一致，应改为：The passage mainly talks about Auto-theft in the U .S .,该答案因语言有误扣 0.5 分，得 1.5分答 案 E 有两处错误，一处有多余信息annual,扣 0.5分，二是主谓不一致，扣 0.5分，得 1分该句应改变: The vehicle thefts are serious in the U.S.答案F 因内容笼统，得 72) A. Leaving his key in the truck.B. He should have taken his key with him.C. He leaves the key in the truck this once.D. He should have not left his key in the truck.E. He forgot his key in the car and he didn't buy a security system.F. Himself.该题是对文章作者的观点“ 乔为什么应该受责备”的提问。

本文第一段已作了交待：乔在一家汽车保险公司任职，本来会更清楚地了解这些( 指在美国有许多汽车被盗) ，但这次他认为时间很短，把钥匙放在车子上不会出问题的可见正确答案应该是“ 他的粗心大意或由于他把钥匙掉在了车上」 答 案 A 和 B 回答出全部内容且语言正确，得 2 分答 案 C 回答出全部内容, 但时态有误, 应改为： He left the key in the truck this once. Ill 0.5 得 1.5 分答案D 回答出全部内容，但否定词位置不对，应改为：He should not have left his key in thetruck.扣 0.5分， 得 1.5分 答案E 答出全部内容， 但也涉及了无关内容“he didn't buy a securitysystem”， 扣 0.5分； 且语言在搭配上不当， “ 将他的钥匙留在车里” 应译为“left his key in thecar” 而不是用“forgot”，扣 0.5分，得 1分答案F 过于笼统，未对所提问题作出正确回答，得 0 分73) A. The vehicle thefts could exceed two million.B. If current trends continue, experts predict annual vehicle thefts could exceed two million bythe end of the decade.C. Vehicle thefts could exceeded two million to 3.6 million in the United States in 1989.D. 3.6 million motor vehicle would be stolen.E. 2 million vehicle theft.F. The annual vehicle thefts could be more and more.该题是针对作者对1989年盗车状况的严重程度进行预测的提问。

在本文第二段最后一句上做了明确说明，即 在 1989年底会超过200万答案A 答出全部内容且语言正确，得 2分答案B 答出全部内容且语言正确，但由于是照抄原文，扣 0.5分，得 1.5分答案C 答出了全部内容，但也有无关内容：3.6 million,扣 0.5分，此外还有语言错误，如在情态动词后误用动词ed形式，扣 0.5分，该答案得1 分答案D 未答对内容，3.6 million是由于考生未理解原文所致，因此得0 分答案E 看似正确，但未答出准确的内容，应 为 “ 超过200万” ，因此也得答案F 过于笼统，得 74) A. Disassemble them and sell the parts, or smuggle them abroad.B. One is taking the stolen cars to pieces and selling it to individuals. Another is smugglingout of the country.C. They took them to pieces and sold them to individuals.D. One is taking cars to pieces and solding the parts t individuals, the other is sending toforeign countries to sell.E. Taking the cars to pieces and smuggling to other countries are two ways.F. They take cars to pieces or sell to individuals.该题是对具体细节“ 汽车盗贼对赃车的两个处理办法”的提问。

该题答案一在本文第四段第三句和第四句中给出，即一个方法是将偷来的车拆散， 把拆下来的零部件卖给个人，另一个方法是将整车走私到国外答案A 答出全部内容且语言正确，得 2 分答 案 B 答出全部内容，但语言有误, 如代词it指代错误，应改为them, another应 改 为 the other,此外在smuggling后漏用代词them因此要扣0.5分，另超过10个单词，扣 0.5分，得 1 分答案 C 只答出部分内容，而没有答出走私这一方法，只能得1 分答案D 只答出部分内容，而 sending to foreign countries to se ll并不等于smuggling,因此扣1 分，在答对的部分中,还存在误用动词solding的错误，应 改 为 selling,扣 0.5分，因此该答案得0.5分答 案 E也只答出“ 走私” 这一方面内容，且存在语言错误，如漏用定冠词， 应改为the twways等，因此该答案得0.5分答案F 未答对问题，得 0 分.(75) A. Radio transmitting devices.B. The security system can transmit radio signals.C. a device that transmit radio signals.D. Automatical system which can simply remove the key disables the fuel pump and the starteror a device that transmit radio signals.E. A transmits radio signals.F. A security system.该题是对文章具体细节的提问，即 “ 哪•种安全系统能帮助警察追踪被盗车辆” 。

答案是一种能发出无线电信号的装置而在本文的最后一段， 还指出了其它一些安全系统，如拔出钥匙使燃料泵和发动机不能工作等但这些方法都不能使警察追踪被盗的车辆答 案 A答出全部内容且语言正确， 得 2 分 答案B 答出全部内容， 但存在因漏用从属连词which/that而使句子结构不完整的错误，扣 0.5分，得 1.5分答案C 答出全部内容，全存在主谓不一致的错误，应 改 为 A device that transmits radio signals,扣 0.5分，得 1.5分答案D 答出全部内容，但也答了无关内容 Automatical system which can simply remove the key disables thefuel pump and the starter,扣 0.5分；但在答出的部分中，存在主谓不一致的错误，扣 0.5分，应 将 transmit改为transmits,因此该答案得1 分答案E 表现了考生对文章不理解，因此未能答对问题，得 0 分答案F 未答出具体内容，得 0 分四、简答题全真题Short Answer Questions(15 minutes)Directions: In this part there is a short passage with five questionsor incomplete statements.Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questionsor complete the statements inthe fewest possible words (not exceeding 10 words).I once knew a dog named Newton who had a unique sense of humour. Whenever I tossed outa 尸 risbee( 飞碟) for him to chase, he'd take off in hot pursuit but then seem to lose track of it.Moving back and forth only a yard or two from the toy, Newton would look all around, even upinto the trees. He seemed genuinely puzzled. Finally, I'd give up and head into the field to helphim out. But no sooner would I get within 10 ft. of him than he would run invariably straight overto the Frisbee, grab it and start running like mad, looking over his shoulder with what lookedsuspiciously like a grin.Just about every pet owner has a story like this and is eager to share it with anyone who willlisten. On very short notice, TIME reporters came up with 25 stories about what each is convincedis the smartest pet in the world. Among them: the cat who closes the door behind him when hegoes into the bathroom; the cat who uses a toilet instead of a litter box … and flushes it afterward;the dog who goes wild when he sees his owner putting on blue jeans instead of a dress becausejeans mean it is time to play; and the cat who used to wait patiently at the bus stop every day for alittle girl, then walk her the six blocks home, and so on.These behaviours are certainly clever, but what do they mean? Was Newton really deceiving?Can a cat really desire privacy in the toilet? In short, do household pets really have a mental andemotional life? Their owners think so, but until recently, animal behaviour experts would havegone mad on hearing such a question. The worst sin in their moral vocabulary was〃皿用pomo小〃丽（ 拟人化） ， projecting human traits onto animals. A dog or a cat might behave asif it were angry, lonely, sad, happy or confused, but that was only in the eye of the viewer.Whatwas going on, they insisted, was that the dog or cat had been conditioned, through a perhapsunintentional series of punishments and rewards, to behave in a certain way. The behaviour was amechanical result of the training.Questions:1. What did Newton seem puzzled about?2. Why does the author say Newton had unique sense of humour?3. What made it possible for the TIME reporters to come up with so many interestingstories about pets?4. What belief about pet behaviour was unacceptable to experts of animal behaviour?5. What is the explanation of animal-behaviour experts for the “clever” behaviour of pets?第四部分简答题全真试题UnitlPart IV Short Answer Questions(15 minutes)Directions; In this part there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements.Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements inthe fewest possible words （not exceeding JO words）.Joe Templer should have known better: after all, he works for a large auto-insurancecompany. It won't hurt to leave the key in the truck this once, he thought, as he filled his gas tankat a selfservice gas station. But moments later, as he was paying the money, he saw the truck beingdriven away.In 1987, 1.6 million motor vehicles were stolen in the United States 一 one every 20seconds. If current trends continue, experts predict annual vehicle thefts could exceed two millionby the end of the decade.Vehicle theft is a common phenomenon, which has a direct impact on over four millionvictims a year. The cost is astonishing.Many police officials blame professional thieves for the high volume of thefts. It is a majormoney-maker for organized crime. Typically, stolen cars are taken to pieces and the parts sold toindividuals. But as many as 200,000 cars are smuggled out of the country every year. Most go toLatin America, the Middle East and Europe.Only about 15 percent car thefts result in an arrest, because few police departments routinelyconduct in-depth auto-investigations. When thieves are arrested, judges will often sentence themto pro》 。

， " （ 缓开ij）, not immediately put them in prison because the prisons are overcrowded withviolent criminals.One exception is a Michigan program that assigns 92 police officers to work full-time onthe state's 65,000 car theft cases a year. Since 1986, when the effort began, the state's auto-theftrate has fallen from second in the nation to ninth.How can you protect your car? If you live in a high-theft area or drive an expensive model,consider a security system. It may cost anywhere from $25 to $ 1,000. Some systems engageautomatically - simply removing the key disables the fuel pump and the starter. When cars areequipped with such systems, thefts may drop by one-third. In some states, you may be able to usea device that transmits radio signals, allowing stolen cars to be tracked by police.Questions: （ 注意： 答题尽量简短， 超 过 10个词要扣分。

每条横线限写一个英语单词，标点符号不占格71. What is the passage mainly about?72. What does the author think Joe Templer should be blamed for?73. How serious did the author predict the annual vehicle theft could be in the United States in1989?74. What are the two ways theives sell the stolen cars?75. What type of security system can help the police track down a stolen car?Unit 2Part IV Short Answer Questions(15 minutes)Directions; In this part there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements.Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements inthe fewest possible words (not exceeding 10 words).One summer my wife Chris and I were invited by friends to row down the Colorado River ina boat. Our expedition included many highly successful people — the kind who have staffs totake care of life's daily work. But in the wilder rapids, all of us naturally set aside any pretenses( 矫饰 )and put out backs into every stroke to keep the boat from tumbling over. At each night'sencampment, we all hauled supplies and cleaned dishes. After only two days in the river, peopleaccustomed to being spoiled and indulged had become a team, working together to cope with theunpredictable twists and turns of the river.I believe that in life - as well as on boat trips - teamwork will make all our journeyssuccessful ones. The rhythms of teamwork have been the rhythms of my life. I played basketballalongside famous players, and the team I now coach, the New York Knicks, has recovered fromyears of adversity to become a major contender in the 1990s.I'm persuaded that teamwork is the key to making dreams come true. We all play on anumber of teams in our lives——as part of a family, as a citizen, as a member of an agreement,written or unwritten. It contains the values and goals for every team member.For example, in the late 1970s a General Motors plant in Fremont, Calif, was the scene ofconstant warfare between labor and management. Distrust ran so high that the labor contract washundreds of pages of tricky legal terms. GM spent millions trying to keep the facility up to date,but productivity and quality were continually poor. Absenteeism （ 旷工） was so out of control thatthe production line couldn't even start up on some mornings. Finally in the early 1980s, GM shutdown the plant.GM became convinced that it had to create new production systems based on teamwork. Inthe mid-1980s it reopened the Fremont plant with Toyota, starting from scratch （ 从零开始）with amuch simpler and shorter labor contract. It promised that executive salaries would be reduced andjobs performed by outside sellers would be given to employees before any layoffs were considered.Over a hundred job classifications were cut to just two. Instead of doing one boring job over andover, workers agreed to be part of small teams, spending equal time on various tasks.Questions: （ 注意: 答题尽量简短，超 过 10个词要扣分。

每条横线限写一个英语单词，标点符号不占格S1. What comment did the author make about the highly successful people travelling with him?S2. Why was it easy for boats to tumble over in the Colorado?S3. What happened to the New York Knicks in the 1980s?S4. What caused the sharp conflict in the GM plant in the late 1970s?S5. What spirit was encouraged in the reopened GM plant?Unit 3Part IV Short Answer Questions(15 minutes)Directions; In this part there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements.Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statementsin the fewest possible words (not exceeding 10 words).Most Americans spend far more of their leisure time with the mass media than in any otheroccupation. In addition, most of us hear, see, or read some of the media while engaged in otheractivities. Thus an extremely large number of our waking hours are spent with the mass media. Ofall the media, television is clearly dominant, with newspapers a close second, at least as a sourceof news and other information. Our exposure to all media is important, however, because all ofthem contribute materials for the construction of that world in our heads. For most people,increased use of one medium does not decrease use of another. In fact, in certain cases, andespecially for certain purposes, the more one uses one medium, the more likely one is to useothers.There are various factors that can cause you to expose yourself to the media selectively,avoiding much of the material with which you disagree. Some of that selective exposure isprobably due to the psychological pressure you feel to avoid the discomfort caused byconfrontation with facts and ideas contrary to your beliefs, attitudes, or behavior. However, someselective exposure is not due to the pressure for consistency but to other factors, such as your age,education, and even the area in which you live and the people with whom you associate.Quite a different sort of factor that affects your media experiences is the social context ofexposure: whether you are alone or with others when you are exposed to a medium; whether youare at home, at the office, in a theater, and so on.These contexts are as much as a potential part of the message you will form as filmimages on the screen or words on the page. In addition, that social context affects — bothdirectly and indirectly - the media and the media content to which you become exposed. Newfriends or colleagues get you interested in different things. Other members of the family oftenselect media content that you would not have selected, and you become exposed to it.These various factors have so much influence on your media exposure that so little of thatexposure is planned.Questions: ( 注意： 答题尽量简短， 超 过 10个词要扣分。

每条横线限写一个英语单词，标点符号不占格)SI. Exposure to all media is important and people sometimes tend to use more media ifS2. Why are newspapers considered as an important medium according to the passage?S3. For one reason or another, people's exposure to the media is oftenS4. Apart from personal preferences, what determines one's choice of the media and mediacontent?S5. The last sentence of the passage indicates that one's exposure to the media isUnit 4Part IV Short Answer Questions(15 minutes)Directions: In this part there is a short passage with five questions or incomplete statements.Read the passage carefully. Then answer the questions or complete the statements inthe fewest possible words (not exceeding 10 words).Many parents who welcome the idea of turning off the TV and spending more time with thefamily are still worried that without TV they would constantly be on call as entertainers for theirchildren. They remember thinking up all sorts of things to do when they were kids. But their ownkids seem different, less resourceful, somehow. When there's nothing to do, these parents observeregretfully, their kids seem unable to come up with any thing to do besides turning on the TV.One father, for example, says, a When I was a kid, we were always thinking up things todo, projects and games. We certainly never complained in an annoying way to our parents, 'Ihave nothing to do!’" He compares this with his own children today: "They're simply lazy. Ifsomeone doesn't entertain them, they*ll happily sit there watching TV all day.”There is one word for this father's disappointment: unfair. It is as if he were disappointed inthem for not reading Greek though they have never studied the language. He deplores(哀叹) hischildren's lack of inventiveness, as if the ability to play were something 比 〃 ( 天生的) that hischildren are missing. In fact, while the tendency to play is built into the human species, the actualability to play —— to imagine, to invent, to elaborate on reality in a playful way —— and the abilityto gain fulfillment from it, these are skills that have to be learned and developed.Such disappointment, however, is not only unjust, it is also destructive. Sensing their parents'disappointment, children come to believe that they are, indeed, lacking something, and that thismakes them less worthy of admiration and respect. Giving children the opportunity to developnew resources, to enlarge their horizons and discover the pleasures of doing things on their own is,on the other hand, a way to help children develop a confident feeling about themselves as capableand interesting people.Questions: （ 注意： 答题尽量简短， 超 过 10个词要扣分。

每条横线限写一个英语单词，标点符号不占格S1. According to many parents, without TV, their children would like them toS2. Many parents think that, instead of watching a lot of TV, their children shouldS3. The father often blames his children for not being able to entertain themselves. This isunfair because they .S4. When parents show constant disappointment in their children, the destructive effect is thatthe children will .S5. Developing children's self-confidence helps bring them up to be。