英语六级阅读.pdf

You stare at waterfall for a minute or two, and then shift your gazeto its surroundings. What you now see appears to drift upward.These optical illusions occur because the brain is constantlymatching its model of reality to signals from the body' s sensors andinterpreting what must be happening- that your brain must have moved, notthe other; that downward motions is now normal, so a change from it mustnow be perceived as upward motion.The sensors that make this magic are of two kinds. Each eye containsabout 120 million rods, which provide somewhat blurry black and whitevision. These are the windows of night vision; once adapted to the dark,they can detect a candle burning ten miles away.Color vision in each eye comes from six to seven million structurescalled cones. Under ideal conditions, every cone can "see" the entirerainbow spectrum of visible colors, but one type of cone is most sensitiveto red, another to green, a third to blue.Rods and cones send their messages pulsing an average 20 to 25 timesper second along the optic nerve. We see an image for a fraction of a secondlonger than it actually appears. I n movies, reels of still photographsare projected onto screens at 24 frames per second, tricking our eyes intoseeing a continuous moving picture.Like apparent motion, color vision is also subject to unusual effects.When day gives way to night, twilight brings what the poet T. S. Eliotcalled “ the violet hour. " A light levels fall, the rods becomeprogressively less responsive. Rods are most sensitive to the shorterwavelengths of blue and green, and they impart a strange vividness to thegardenJ s blue flowers.However, look at a white shirt during the reddish light of sunset,and you' 11 still see it in its "true" color一white, not red. Our eyesare constantly comparing an object against its surroundings. Theytherefore observe the effect of a shift in the color of illuminating onboth, and adjust accordingly.The eyes can distinguish several million graduations of light andshade of color. Each waking second they flash tens of millions of piecesof information to the brain, which weaves them incessantly into a pictureof the world around us.Yet all this is done at the back of each eye by a fabric of sensors,called the retina, about as wide and as thick as a postage stamp. A s theRenaissance inventor and artist Leonardo da Vinci wrote in wonder, “Whowould believe that so small a space could contain the images of all theuniverse?”1 . Visual illusions often take place when the image of reality i s __ .A. matched to six to seven million structures called cones.B. confused in the body' s sensors of both rods and cones.C. interpreted in the brain as what must be the case.D. signaled by about 120 million rods in the eye.2. The visual sensor that is capable of distinguishing shades of coloris called ___.A. conesB. color visionC. rodsD. spectrum3. The retina send pulses to the brain ___ .A. in short wavelengthsB. as color picturesC. by a ganglion cellD. along the optic nerve.4. Twenty-four still photographs are made into a continuous movingpicture just because ___.A. the image we see usually stays longer than it actually appears.B. we see an object in comparison with its surroundings.C. the eyes catch million pieces of information continuously.D. rods and cones send messages 20 to 25 times a second.5. T h e a uth o rs p urp o se i n wri ti n g th e p a ssa g e l i e s i nA. sh o wi n g th a t we so m e ti m e s a re d e c e i ve d b y o ur o wn e ye s.B . i n f o rm i n g us a b o ut th e d i f f e re n t f un c ti o n s o f th e e ye o rg a n s.C . re g re tti n g th a t we a re to o sl o w i n th e stud y o f e ye s.D. m a rve l i n g a t th e g re a t wo rk d o n e b y th e re ti n a .参考答案：C ADABT h e wo rd re l i g i o n i s d e ri ve d f ro m th e L a ti n n o un re l i g i o , wh i c h d e n o te sb o th e a rn e st o b se rva n c e o f ri tua l o b l i g a ti o n s a n d a n i n wa rd sp i ri t o fre ve re n c e . In m o d e rn usa g e , re l i g i o n c o ve rs a wi d e sp e c trum o f m e a n i n gth a t re f l e c ts th e e n o rm o us va ri e ty o f wa ys th e te rm c a n b e i n te rp re te d .At o n e e xtre m e , m a n y c o m m i tte d b e l i e ve rs re c o g n i ze o n l y th e i r o wntra d i ti o n a s a re l i g i o n , un d e rsta n d i n g e xp re ssi o n s suc h a s wo rsh i p a n dp ra ye r to re f e r e xc l usi ve l y to th e p ra c ti c e s o f th e i r tra d i ti o n . Al th o ug hm a n y b e l i e ve rs sto p sh o rt o f c l a i m i n g a n e xc l usi ve sta tus f o r th e i rtra d i ti o n , th e y m a y n e ve rth e l e ss use va g ue o r i d e a l i zi n g te rm s i n d e f i n i n gre l i g i o n f o r e xa m p l e , true l o ve o f Go d , o r th e p a th o f e n l i g h te n m e n t. Atth e o th e r e xtre m e , re l i g i o n m a y b e e qua te d wi th i g n o ra n c e , f a n a ti c i sm ,o r wi sh f ul th i n k i n g .B y d e f i n i n g re l i g i o n a s a sa c re d e n g a g e m e n t wi th wh a t i s ta k e n to b ea sp i ri tua l re a l i ty, i t i s p o ssi b l e to c o n si d e r th e i m p o rta n c e o f re l i g i o ni n h um a n l i f e wi th o ut m a k i n g c l a i m s a b o ut wh a t i t re a l l y i s o r o ug h t tob e . R e l i g i o n i s n o t a n o b j e c t wi th a si n g l e , f i xe d m e a n i n g , o r e ve n a zo n ewi th c l e a r b o un d a ri e s. It i s a n a sp e c t o f h um a n e xp e ri e n c e th a t m a yi n te rse c t, i n c o rp o ra te , o r tra n sc e n d o th e r a sp e c ts o f l i f e a n d so c i e ty.S uc h a d e f i n i ti o n a vo i d th e d ra wb a c k s o f l i m i ti n g th e i n ve sti g a ti o n o fre l i g i o n to W e ste rn o r b i b l i c a l c a te g o ri e s suc h a s m o n o th e i sm (b e l i e f i no n e g o d o n l y) o r to c h urc h struc ture , wh i c h a re n o t un i ve rsa l . F o r e xa m p l e ,i n tri b a l so c i e ti e s, re l i g i o n un l i k e th e C h ri sti a n c h urc h usua l l y i s n o ta se p a ra te i n sti tuti o n b ut p e rva d e s th e wh o l e o f p ub l i c a n d p ri va te l i f e .In B ud d h i sm , g o d s a re n o t a s c e n tra l a s th e i d e a o f a B ud d h a . In m a n ytra d i ti o n a l c ul ture s, th e i d e a o f a sa c re d c o sm i c o rd e r i s th e m o stp ro m i n e n t re l i g i o us b e l i e f . B e c a use o f th i s va ri e ty, so m e sc h o l a rs p re f e rto use a g e n e ra l te rm suc h a s th e sa c re d to d e si g n a te th e c o m m o n f o un d a ti o no f re l i g i o us l i f e .Religion in this understanding includes a complex of activities thatcannot be reduced to any single aspect of human experience. It is a partof individual life but also of group dynamics. Religion includes patternsof behavior but also patterns of language and thought. It is sometimesa highly organized institution that sets itself apart from a culture, andit is sometimes an integral part of a culture. Religious experience maybe expressed in visual symbols, dance and performance, elaboratephilosophical systems, legendary and imaginative stories, formalceremonies, and detailed rules of ethical conduct and law. Each of theseelements assumes innumerable cultural forms. In some ways there are asmany forms of religious expression as there are human culturalenvironments.1 . What is the passage mainly concerned about?A. Religion has a variety of interpretation.B. Religion is a reflection of ignorance.C. Religion is not only confined to the Christian categories.D. Religion includes all kinds of activities.2. What does the word “observance“ probably convey in Para. 1?A. noticeB. watchingC. conformityD. experience3. According to the passage what people generally consider religionto be?A. Fantastic observanceB. Spiritual practiceC. Individual observance of traditionD. A complex of activities4. Which of the following is not true?A. It i s b e l i e ve d b y so m e th a t re l i g i o n sh o ul d b e wh a t i t o ug h t tob e .B . ” T h e p a th o f e n l i g h te n m e n ti s a d e f i n i ti o n th a t th e a uth o r d o e sn,t a g re e to .C . Ac c o rd i n g to th e a uth o r, th e c o m m i tte d b e l i e ve rs d e f i n e re l i g i o ni m p ro p e rl y.D. T h e a uth o r d o e sn, t sp e a k i n f a vo r o f th e d e f i n i ti o n o f uth esa c re d ” .5. W h i c h o f th e f o l l o wi n g i s re l i g i o n a c c o rd i n g to th e p a ssa g e ?A. Pe rf o rm a n c e o f h um a n b e i n g s.B . B ud d h a , m o n o th e i sm a n d so m e tri b a l tra d i ti o n .C . Pra c ti c e se p a ra te d f ro m c ul ture .D. Al l th e a b o ve .参考答案：AC B DBArt i s c o n si d e re d b y m a n y p e o p l e to b e l i ttl e m o re th a n a d e c o ra ti ve m e a n so f g i vi n g p l e a sure . T h i s i s n o t a l wa ys th e c a se , h o we ve r; a t ti m e s, a rtm a y b e se e n to h a ve a p ure l y f un c ti o n a l si d e a s we l l . S uc h c o ul d b e sa i do f th e sa n d p a i n ti n g s o f th e N a va h o In d i a n s o f th e Am e ri c a n S o uth we st;th e se h a ve a m e d i c i n a l a s we l l a s a n a rti sti c p urp o se .Ac c o rd i n g to N a va h o tra d i ti o n s, o n e wh o suf f e rs f ro m e i th e r a m e n ta lo r a p h ysi c a l i l l n e ss h a s i n c o m e wa y d i sturb e d o r c o m e i n c o n ta c t wi thth e sup e rn a tura l一p e rh a p s a c e rta i n a n i m a l , a g h o st, o r th e d e a d . T oc o un te ra c t th i s e vi l c o n ta c t, th e i l l p e rso n o r o n e o f h i s re l a ti ve s wi l le m p l o y a m e d i c i n e m a n c a l l e d a “ si n g e r” to p e rf o rm a h e a l i n g c e re m o n ywh i c h wi l l a ttra c t a p o we rf ul sup e rn a tura l b e i n g .Duri n g th e c e re m o n y, wh i c h m a y l a st f ro m 2 to 9 d a ys, th e ,si n g e r”wi l l p ro d uc e a sa n d p a i n ti n g o n th e f l o o r o f th e N a va h o h o g a n . O n th e l a std a y o f th e c e re m o n y, th e p a ti e n t wi l l si t o n th i s sa n d p a i n ti n g a n d th e“ si n g e r“ wi l l rub th e a i l i n g p a rts o f th e p a ti e n t' s b o d y wi th sa n d f ro ma sp e c i f i c f i g ure i n th e sa n d p a i n ti n g . In th i s wa y th e p a ti e n t a b so rb sthe power of that particular supernatural being and becomes strong likeit. After the ceremony, the sandpainting is then destroyed and disposedof so its power will not harm anyone.The art of sandpainting is handed down from old "singer” to theirstudents. The material used are easily found in the areas the Navahoinhabit; brown, red, yellow, and white sandstone, which is pulverized bybeing crushed between 2 stones much as corns is ground into flour. The“ singer” holds a small amount of this sand in his hand and lets it flowbetween his thumb and fore-finger onto a clean, flat surface on the floor.With a steady hand and great patience, he is thus able to create designsof stylized people, snakes and other creatures that have power in theNavaho belief system. The traditional Navaho does not allow reproductionof sandpaintings, since he believes the supernatural powers that taughthim the craft have forbidden this; however, such reproductions can in factbe purchased today in tourist shops in Arizona and New Mexico. These aredone by either Navaho Indians or by other people who wish to preserve thiscraft.1 . The purpose of the passage is to ___.A. discuss the medical uses of sandpaintings in medieval Europe.B. study the ways Navaho Indians handed down their painting art.C. consider how Navaho “ singer” treat their ailments withsandpaintings.D. tell how Navaho Indians apply sandpainting for medical purposes.2. The purpose of a healing ceremony lies in ___.A. pleasing the ghostsB. attracting supernatural powersC. attracting the ghostsD. creating a sandpainting3. The “ singer“ rubs sand on the patient because ___.A. the patient receives strength from the sandB. it has pharmaceutical valueC. it decorates the patientD. none of the above4. What is used to produce a sandpainting?A . PaintB. Beach sandC. Crushed sandstoneD. Flour5. Which of the following titles will be best suit the passage?A . A New Direction for Medical ResearchB. The Navaho I ndians' SandpaintingC. The Process of Sandpainting CreationD. The Navaho I ndians' Medical History参考答案：DBA CBFederal Reserve System, central banking system of the United States,popularly called the Fed. A central bank serves as the banker to both thebanking community and the government; it also issues the national currency,conducts monetary policy, and plays a major role in the supervision andregulation of banks and bank holding companies. I n the U. S. these functionare the responsibilities of key officials of the Federal Reserve System:the Board of Governors, located in Washington, D. C., and the top officersof 12 district Federal Reserve banks, located throughout the nation. TheFed' s actions, described below, generally have a significant effect onU. S. interest rates and, subsequently, on stock, bond, and other financialmarkets.The Federal Reserve' s basic powers are concentrated in the Board ofGovernors, which is paramount in all policy issues concerning bankregulation and supervision and in most aspects of monetary control. Theboard enunciates the Fed' s policies on both monetary and banking matter.Because the board is not an operating agency, most of the day-to dayimplementation of policy decisions is left to the district Federal Reservebanks, stock in which is owned by the commercial banks that are membersof the Federal Reserve System. Ownership in this instance, however, doesnot imply control; the Board of Governors and the heads of the Reservebanks orient their policies to the public interest rather than to thebenefit of the private banking system.The U. S. banking system, s regulatory apparatus is complex; theauthority of the Federal Reserve is shared in some instances for example,in mergers or the examination of banks with other Federal DepositInsurance Corporation (FDIC). In the critical area of regulating thenation, s money supply in accordance with national economic goals, however,the Federal Reserve is independent within the government, Income andexpenditures of the Federal Reserve banks and of the board of governorsare not subject to the congressional appropriation process; the FederalReserve is self-financing. Its income ($20. 2 billion in 1992) comes mainlyfrom Reserve bank holdings of income-earning securities, primarily thoseof the U. S. government. Outlays ($1. 5 billion in 1992) are mostly foroperational expenses in providing services to the government and forexpenditures connected with regulation and monetary policy. In 1992 theFederal Reserve returned 416. 8 billion in earnings to the U. S. treasury.1 . The Fed of the United States ___.A. function as China BankB. is the counterpart of People' s Bank of ChinaC. is subjected to the banking community and governmentD. has 13 top officers who can influence the American financial market2. The fact that stock in the Fed belongs to commercial banks ___.A. doesn, t mean the latter is in controlB. means the latter is in controlC. means the latter is subjected to the Reserve banksD. means the Reserve banks orient the latter' s policies3. Which of the following statements is not true according to thepassage?A. The fed is a very big, complex and significant system whichcomprises many local banks.B. A ll the commercial banks are not the components of Federal ReserveSystem.C. Board of governors is the supreme policy-makers of A merica.D. District Reserve banks rather than Board of governors perform theday-to-day policies.4. The authority of the federal Reserve ___.A . has to be shared with other establishments.B. is exclusive at other timesC. isn, t limited by comptroller of the Currency and FDI CD. is limited by Board of governors5. I ncome of the Board of governors _ .A . is borrowed from the U. S. treasuryB. is used by the government to make various policiesC. comes from the U. S. TreasuryD. is not granted by the government参考答案：BA CBDA t some time in your life you may have a strong desire to do somethingstrange or terrible. However, chances are that you don，t act on yourimpulse, but let it pass instead. You know that to commit the action iswrong in some way and that other people will not accept your behavior.Perhaps the most interesting thing about the phenomenon of taboo（ 禁忌的）behavior is how it can change over the years within the same society,how certain behavior and attitudes once considered taboo can becomeperfectly acceptable and natural at another point in time. Topics suchas death, for example, were once considered so upsetting and unpleasantthat it was a taboo to even talk about them. Now with the publication ofimportant books such as On Death and Dying and Learning to Say Goodbye,people have become more aware of the importance of expressing feelingsa b o ut d e a th a n d , a s a re sul t, a re m o re wi l l i n g to ta l k a b o ut th i s ta b o osub j e c t.O n e o f th e n e we st ta b o o s i n Am e ri c a n so c i e ty i s th e to p i c o f f a t.Un l i k e m a n y o th e r ta b o o s, f a t i s a to p i c th a t Am e ri c a n s ta l k a b o utc o n sta n tl y. It，s n o t ta b o o to ta l k a b o ut f a t; i t's ta b o o to b e f a t. T h e〃 i n 〃 l o o k i s th i n , n o t f a t. In th e wo rk wo rl d , m o st c o m p a n i e s p re f e ryo uth f ul -l o o k i n g , tri m e xe c uti ve s to se l l th e i r i m a g e a s we l l a s th e i rp ro d uc ts to th e p ub l i c . T h e th i n l o o k i s a sso c i a te d wi th yo uth , vi g o r,a n d suc c e ss. T h e f a t p e rso n , o n th e o th e r h a n d , i s th o ug h t o f a s l a zy a n dl a c k i n g i n e n e rg y, se l f -d i sc i p l i n e , a n d se l f -re sp e c t. In a ni m a g e -c o n sc i o us so c i e ty l i k e th e U. S . , th i n i s 〃 i n 〃 , f a t i s 〃 o ut〃 ,It's n o t surp ri si n g , th e n , th a t m i l l i o n s o f Am e ri c a n s h a ve b e c o m eo b se sse d （ 着迷）wi th sta yi n g sl i m a n d 〃 i n sh a p e ” . T h e p ursui t o f a yo uth f ulp h ysi c a l a p p e a ra n c e i s n o t, h o we ve r, th e so l e re a so n f o r Am e ri c a 'so b se ssi o n wi th d i e t a n d e xe rc i se . R e c e n t re se a rc h h a s sh o wn th e c ri ti c a li m p o rta n c e o f d i e t a n d e xe rc i se f o r p e rso n a l h e a l th . As i n m o stte c h n o l o g i c a l l y d e ve l o p e d n a ti o n s, th e l i f e -styl e o f N o rth Am e ri c a n s h a sc h a n g e d d ra m a ti c a l l y d uri n g th e c o urse o f th e l a st c e n tury. M o d e rnm a c h i n e s d o a l l th e p h ysi c a l l a b o r th a t p e o p l e we re o n c e f o rc e d to d o b yh a n d . C a rs a n d b use s tra n sp o rt us qui c k l y f ro m p o i n t to p o i n t. As a re sul to f i n a c ti vi ty a n d d i suse , p e o p l e，s b o d i e s c a n e a si l y b e c o m e we a k a n dvul n e ra b l e to d i se a se . In a n e f f o rt to a vo i d suc h a f a te , m i l l i o n s o fAm e ri c a n s a re sp e n d i n g m o re o f th e i r ti m e e xe rc i si n g e ve ry d a y.1. F ro m th e p a ssa g e we c a n i n f e r ta b o o i s .A. a stro n g d e si re to d o so m e th i n g stra n g e o r te rri b l eB . a c ri m e c o m m i tte d o n i m p ul seC . b e h a vi o r c o n si d e re d un a c c e p ta b l e i n so c i e ty's e ye sD. a n un f a vo ra b l e i m p re ssi o n l e f t o n o th e r p e o p l e2. B a se d o n th e i d e a s p re se n te d i n th e p a ssa g e we c a n c o n c l ud e " b e i n gf a tzz.A. wi l l a l wa ys re m a i n a ta b o o B . i s n o t c o n si d e re d a ta b o o b ym o st p e o p l eC . h a s l o n g b e e n a ta b o o D. m a y n o l o n g e r b e a ta b o o so m ed a y3. The topic of fat is many other taboo subjects.A . the same as B. different fromC. more popular than D. less often talked about than4. I n the U. S. , thin is 〃 in〃 , fat is 〃 out〃 , this means .A . thin is "inside” , fat is "outside”B. thin is "diligent” , fat is 〃 lazy〃C. thin is "youthful” , fat is "spiritless”D. thin is "fashionable” , fat is "unfashionable”5. The main reason the passage gives for why so many A mericans areexercising regularly is .A . their changed life-styleB. their eagerness to stay thin and youthfulC. their appreciation of the importance of exerciseD. the encouragement they have received from their companies参考答案：1-5 CDBDBI s it possible to persuade mankind to live without war? War is an ancientinstitution, which has existed for at least six thousand years. I t wasalways bad and usually foolish, but in the past human race managed to livewith it. Modern ingenuity has changed this. Either man will abolish war,or war will abolish man. For the present, it is nuclear weapons that causethe most serious danger, but bacteriological or chemical weapons may,before long, offer an even greater threat. I f we succeed in abolishingnuclear weapons, our work will not be done. I t will never be done untilwe have succeeded in abolishing war. To do this, we need to persuademankind to look upon international questions in a new way, not as contestsof force, in which the victory goes to the side which is most skillfulin killing people, but by arbitration in accordance with agreed principlesof law. I t is not easy to change very old mental habits, but this is whatmust be attempted.There are those who say that the adoption of this or that ideologywould prevent war. I believe this to be a big error. All ideologies arebased upon dogmatic statements that are, at best, doubtful, and at worst,totally false. Their adherents believe in them so fanatically that theyare willing to go to war in support of them.The movement of world opinion during the past few years has been verylargely such as we can welcome. It has become a commonplace that nuclearwar must be avoided. Of course very difficult problems remain in the world,but the spirit in which they are being approached is a better one thanit was some years ago. It has begun to be thought, even by the powerfulmen who decide whether we shall live or die, that negotiations should reachagreements even if both sides do not find these agreements whollysatisfactory. It has begun to be understood that the important conflictnowadays is not between different countries, but between man and the atombomb.1 . This passage implies that war is now ___.A. worse than in the past.B. as bad as in the pastC. not so dangerous as in the pastD. as necessary as in the past2. In the sentence “To do this, we need to persuade mankind” (Para1), “this” refers to ___.A. abolish warB. improve weaponsC. solve international problemsD. live a peaceful life3. From Paragraph 2 we learn that the author of the passage ___.A. is an adherent of some modern ideologies.B. does not think that adoption of any ideology could prevent war.C. believe that the adoption of some ideology could prevent war.D. does not doubt the truth of any ideologies.4. A ccording to the author, ___.A . war is the only way to solve international disputes.B. war will be less dangerous because of the improvement of weapons.C. it is impossible for the people to live without war.D. war must be abolished if man wants to survive.5. The last paragraph suggests that ___.A . international agreements can be reached more easily now.B. man begins to realize the danger of nuclear war.C. nuclear war will definitely not take place.D. world opinion welcomes nuclear war参考答案：1-5 A A BDBEveryone has a moment in history, which belongs particularly to him. I tis the moment when his emotions achieve their most powerful sway over him,and afterward when you say to this person “ the world today” or “ life”or “ reality” he will assume that you mean this moment, even if it isfifty years past. The world, through his unleashed（ 释放的） emotions,imprinted itself upon him, and he carries the stamp of that passing momentforever.For me, this moment- four years in a moment in history- was the war.The war was and is reality for me. I still instinctively live and thinkin its atmosphere. These are some of its characteristics: Franklin DelanoRoosevelt is the president of the United States, and he always has been.The other two eternal world leaders are Winston Churchill and J osephStalin. A merica is not, never has been, and never will be what the songand poems call it, a land of plenty. Nylon, meat, gasoline, and steel arerare. There are too many jobs and not enough workers. Money is very easyto earn but rather hard to spend, because there isn' t very much to buy.Trains are always late and always crowded with aservice men” . The warwill always be fought very far from A merica, and it will never end. Nothingin A merica stands still for very long, including the people who are alwayseither leaving or on leave. People in A merica cry often. Sixteen is thekey and crucial and natural age for a human being to be, and people ofall other ages are ranged in an orderly manner ahead of and behind youas a harmonious setting for the sixteen-year-olds of the world. When youare sixteen, adults are slightly impressed and almost intimidated by you.This is a puzzle finally solved by the realization that they foresee yourmilitary future: fighting for them. You do not foresee it. To wasteanything in A merica is immoral. String and tinfoil are treasures.Newspapers are always crowed with strange maps and names of towns, andevery few months the earth seems to lurch（ 突然倾斜）from its path when yousee something in the newspapers, such as the time Mussolini, who almostseemed one of the eternal leaders, is photographed hanging upside downon a meat hook.1. Which statement best depicts the main idea of the first paragraph?A . Reality is what you make of it.B. Time is like a river.C. Emotions are powerful.D. Every person has a special moment.2. Why does the author still clearly remember the war?A . Franklin Delano Roosevelt was President.B. I t was his personal reality and part of his life.C. There was not much to buy.D. The war would never end.3. Which statement best describes the authorJ s feelings about thewar?A . I t was ever real for him, yet he was not actively involved.B. I t was real for him because he was a soldier at that time.C. I t was very unreal to him.D. The war was very disruptive to the people at home.4. Why does the author think that adults are impressed withsixteen-year-olds?A . A dults would like to be young.B. Sixteen-year-oI ds do not waste things.C. Sixteen-year-olds read newspapers.D. They will be fighting soon for adults.5. Why does the author say that string and tinfoil are treasures?A . The war has made them scarce.B. They are useful to sixteen-year-olds.C. He liked them when he was sixteen.D. People are very wasteful.参考答案：1-5 DBA DAHong Kong, major commercial center for A sia, and with a population whichhas grown at an alarming rate to over 5 million, is a city highly dependenton mass transit of all sorts, both local and long distance. The averageHong Kong worker or businessman, going about his daily activities, simplymust use public transportation at one time or another.Because Hong Kong is in two parts, Kowloon, on the mainland side, andHong Kong, the island, with Hong Kong' s harbor in between, Hong Kong's mass transit systems, in addition to going over land must also crosswater.Going from home to work, or going shopping from one side of the harborto the other, the Hong Kong resident has three choices. One way is to takea bus, which will cross the harbor through an underwater traffic tunnelmoving slowly through bumper-to-bumper traffic. A nother way is byferryboat, a pleasant ride which crosses the harbor in from seven tofifteen minutes.But by far the fastest way of crossing the harbor is the newly builtunderground electric railway, the Hong Kong Metro. I f one boards the trainin the Central District, the commercial area of Hong Kong on the islandside, he can speed across the harbor in an astonishing three minutes. Onthe other side of the harbor the railway continues, snaking back and forththrough the outlying districts of Kowloon, allowing one to get off a shortdistance from his destination.The story of the Metro is an encouraging one for supporters of masstransit. Although building the system was certainly a challenging task,the Japanese firm hired to construct it did so in record time. Constructiongot underway in 1979 and it was completed in 1980.For the average commuter the system has only one disadvantages: itis more expensive than by bus or ferry. One can ride the bus across theharbor for half as much, or he can ride the ferry across for less thanone-fifth as much.1 . Hong Kong ___.A. can do without mass transit.B. finds public transportation too expensive.C. needs public transportation.D. has an insufficient mass transit system.2. Hong Kong Public transportation extends ___.A. over hills and valleys.B. across land and water.C. through mountains.D. throughout the Kowloon area.3. The traffic in the underwater traffic tunnel is ___.A. heavyB. lightC. fastD. dangerous4. Crossing the harbor by train is ___.A . by far the most economical method.B. the most pleasant method.C. the least pleasant method.D. the fastest method.5. The business area on the island side of Hong Kong is referred tobe as .A . KowloonB. the Central DistrictC. the Hong Kong MetroD. the Hong Kong' s harbor.参考答案：1-5 CBA DBI n the last 12 years total employment in the United States grew fasterthan at any time in the peacetime history of any country - from 82 to110 million between 1973 and 1985 - that is, by a full one third. Theentire growth, however, was in manufacturing, and especially in no -blue-collar jobs.This trend is the same in all developed countries, and is, indeed,even more pronounced in J apan. I t is therefore highly probable that in25 years developed countries such as the United States and J apan willemploy no larger a proportion of the labor force I n manufacturing thandeveloped countries now employ in farming - at most, 10 percent. Todaythe United States employs around 18 million people in blue-collar jobsin manufacturing industries. By 2010, the number is likely to be no morethan 12 million. I n some major industries the drop will be even sharper.I t is quite unrealistic, for instance, to expect that the A mericanautomobile industry will employ more than one - third of its presentblue-collar force 25 years hence, even though production might be 50percent higher.I f a company, an industry or a country does not in the next quartercentury sharply increase manufacturing production and at the same timesharply reduce the blue-collar work force, it cannot hope to remaincompetitive - or even to remain udeveloped. " The attempt to preservesuch blue - collar jobs is actually a prescription for unemployment---This is not a conclusion that A merican politicians, labor leaders orindeed the general public can easily understand or accept. What confusesthe issue even more it that the United States is experiencing severalseparate and different shifts in the manufacturing economy. One is theacceleration of the substitution of knowledge and capital for manual labor.Where we spoke of mechanization a few decades ago, we now speak ofurobotization " or "automation. " This is actually more a change interminology than a change in reality. When Henry Ford introduced theassembly line in 1909, he cut the number of man - hours required toproduce a motor car by some 80 percent in two or three years - far morethan anyone expects to result from even the most complete robotization.But there is no doubt that we are facing a new, sharp acceleration in thereplacement of manual workers by machines - that is, by the products ofknowledge.1. A ccording to the author, the shrinkage in the manufacturing laborforce demonstrates .A . the degree to which a countryJ s production is robotizedB. a reduction in a country' s manufacturing industriesC. a worsening relationship between labor and managementD. the difference between a developed country and a developing country2. A ccording to the author, in coming 25years, a developed countryor industry, in order t remain competitive, ought to .A . reduce the percentage of the blue-collar work forceB. preserve blue - collar jobs for international competitionC. accelerate motor - can manufacturing in Henry Ford' s styleD. solve the problem of unemployment3. A merican politicians and labor leaders tend to dislike _ .A . confusion in manufacturing economyB. an increase in blue - collar work forceC. internal competition in manufacturing productionD. a drop in the blue - collar job opportunities4. T h e wo rd “ p re sc ri p ti o n ” i n “ a p re sc ri p ti o n f o r un e m p l o ym e n tm a y b e th e e qui va l e n t to .A. so m e th i n g re c o m m e n d e d a s m e d i c a l tre a tm e n tB . a wa y sug g e ste d to o ve rc o m e so m e d i f f i c ul tyC . so m e m e a sure s ta k e n i n a d va n c eD. a d e vi c e to d i re5. T h i s p a ssa g e m a y h a ve b e e n e xc e p te d f ro m .A. a m a g a zi n e a b o ut c a p i ta l i n ve stm e n tB . a n a rti c l e o n a uto m a ti o nC . a m o to r-c a r m a g a zi n eD. a n a rti c l e o n g l o b a l e c o n o m y参考答案：AADC DW h a t d o e s th e f uture h o l d f o r th e p ro b l e m o f h o usi n g ? A g o o d d e a l d e p e n d s,o f c o urse , o n th e m e a n i n g o f “ f uture ” . If o n e i s th i n k i n g i n te rm s o fsc i e n c e f i c ti o n a n d th e sp a c e a g e , i t i s a t l e a st p o ssi b l e to a ssum e th a tm a n wi l l h a ve so l ve d suc h tri vi a l a n d e a rth l y p ro b l e m s a s h o usi n g . W ri te rso f sc i e n c e f i c ti o n , f ro m H. G. W e l l s o n wa rd s, h a ve h a d l i ttl e to sa y o nth e sub j e c t. T h e y h a ve c o n ve ye d th e sug g e sti o n th a t m e n wi l l l i ve i n g re a tc o m f o rt, wi th e ve ry c o n c e i va b l e a p p a ra tus to m a k e l i f e sm o o th , h e a l th ya n d e a sy, i f n o t h a p p y. B ut th e y h a ve n o t sa i d wh a t h i s h o use wi l l b e m a d eo f . Pe rh a p s so m e n e w b ui l d i n g m a te ri a l , a s ye t un i m a g i n e d , wi l l h a ve b e e nd i sc o ve re d o r i n ve n te d a t l e a st. O n e m a y b e c e rta i n th a t b ri c k s a n dm o rta r(泥灰，灰浆)wi l l l o n g h a ve g o n e o ut o f f a sh i o n .B ut th e p ro b l e m s o f th e n e xt g e n e ra ti o n o r two c a n m o re re a d i l y b ei m a g i n e d . S c i e n ti sts h a ve a l re a d y p o i n te d o ut th a t un l e ss so m e th i n g i sd o n e e i th e r to re stri c t th e w o r l d s ra p i d g ro wth i n p o p ul a ti o n o r tod i sc o ve r a n d d e ve l o p n e w so urc e s o f f o o d (o r b o th ), m i l l i o n s o f p e o p l ewi l l b e d yi n g o f sta rva ti o n o r a t th e b e st suf f e ri n g f ro m un d e rf e e d i n gb e f o re th i s c e n tury i s o ut. B ut n o b o d y h a s ye t wo rk e d o ut a n y p l a n f o rh o usi n g th e se g ro wi n g p o p ul a ti o n s. Ad m i tte d l y th e wo rst si tua ti o n s wi l lo c c ur i n th e h o tte st p a rts o f th e wo rl d , wh e re h o usi n g c a n b e l i g h tstruc ture o r i n b a c k wa rd a re a s wh e re sta n d a rd s a re tra d i ti o n a l l y l o w. B ute ve n th e m i n i m um sh e l te r re qui re s m a te ri a l s o f so m e k i n d a n d i n th e te e m i n g ,b ul g i n g to wn s th e l o w-sta n d a rd " h o usi n g ” o f f l a tte n e d p e tro l c a n s a n dd i rty c a n va s i s f a r m o re wa ste f ul o f g ro un d sp a c e th a n c a n b e to l e ra te d .S i n c e th e wa r, Ho n g K o n g h a s suf f e re d th e k i n d o f c ri si s wh i c h i sl i k e l y to a ri se i n m a n y o th e r p l a c e s d uri n g th e n e xt g e n e ra ti o n . L i te ra l l ym i l l i o n s o f re f ug e e s a rri ve d to swe l l th e a l re a d y g ro wi n g p o p ul a ti o n a n de m e rg e n c y ste p s h a d to b e ta k e n ra p i d l y to p re ve n t squa l o r（ 肮脏）a n dd i se a se a n d th e sp re a d c ri m e . T h e c i ty i s ta c k l i n g th e si tua ti o ne n e rg e ti c a l l y a n d e n o rm o us b l o c k s o f te n e m e n ts（ 贫民住宅）a re ri si n g a t a na sto n i sh i n g a p e d . B ut Ho n g K o n g i s o n l y o n e sm a l l p a rt o f wh a t wi l lc e rta i n l y b e c o m e a va st p ro b l e m a n d n o t m e re l y a h o usi n g p ro b l e m , b e c a usewh e n p o p ul a ti o n g ro ws a t th i s ra te th e re a re a c c o m p a n yi n g p ro b l e m s o fe d uc a ti o n , tra n sp o rt, h o sp i ta l se rvi c e s, d ra i n a g e , wa te r sup p l y a n d soo n . N o t e ve ry a re a m a y g i ve th e sa m e re so urc e s a s Ho n g K o n g to d ra w up o na n d th e se a rc h f o r qui c k e r a n d c h e a p e r m e th o d s o f c o n struc ti o n m ust n e ve rc e a se .1. W h a t i s th e a uth o rs o p i n i o n o f h o usi n g p ro b l e m s i n th e f i rstp a ra g ra p h ?A. T h e y m a y b e c o m p l e te l y so l ve d a t so m e ti m e i n th e f uture .B . T h e y a re un i m p o rta n t a n d e a si l y d e a l t wi th .C . T h e y wi l l n o t b e so l ve d un ti l a n e w b ui l d i n g m a te ri a l h a s b e e nd i sc o ve re d .D. T h e y h a ve b e e n d e a l t wi th i n sp e c i f i c d e ta i l i n b o o k s d e sc ri b i n gth e f uture .2. T h e wri te r i s sure th a t i n th e d i sta n t f uture .A. b ri c k s a n d m o rta r wi l l b e re p l a c e d b y so m e o th e r b ui l d i n g m a te ri a l .B . a n e w b ui l d i n g m a te ri a l wi l l h a ve b e e n i n ve n te d .C . b ri c k s a n d m o rta r wi l l n o t b e use d b y p e o p l e wh o wa n t th e i r h o useto b e f a sh i o n a b l e .D. a n e w wa y o f usi n g b ri c k s a n d m o rta r wi l l h a ve b e e n d i sc o ve re d .3. T h e wri te r b e l i e ve s th a t th e b i g g e st p ro b l e m l i k e l y to c o n f ro n tth e wo rl d b e f o re th e e n d o f th e c e n tury _ _ _ .A. i s d i f f i c ul t to f o re se e .B. will be how to feed the ever growing population.C. will be how to provide enough houses in the hottest parts of theworld.D. is the question of finding enough ground space.4. When the writer says that the worst situations will occur in thehottest parts of the world or in backward areas, he is referring to thefact that in these parts ___.A . standards of building are low.B. only minimum shelter will be possible.C. there is not enough ground space.D. the population growth will be the greatest.5. Which of the following sentences best summarizes Paragraph 3?A . Hong Kong has faced a serious crisis caused by millions of refugees.B. Hong Kong has successfully dealt with the emergency caused bymillions of refugees.C. Hong Kong, s crisis was not only a matter of housing but includeda number of other problems of population growth.D. Many parts of the world may have to face the kind of problemsencountered by Hong Kong and may find it much harder to deal with them.参考答案：A A BDDProxemics （ 空间关系学）is the study of what governs how closely one personstands to another. People who feel close will be close, though the actualdistances will vary between cultures. For A mreicans we can discern fourmain categories of distance: intimate, personal, social and public.I ntimate ranges from direct contact to about 45 centimeters. This is forthe closest relationships such as those between husband and wife. Beyondthis comes personal distance. This stands at between 45 and 80 centimeters.I t is the most usual distance maintained for conversations between friendsand relatives. Social distance covers people who work together or aremeeting at social gatherings. Distances here tend to be kept between 1. 30to 2 meters. Beyond this comes public distance, such as that between alecturer and his audience.A ll cultures draw lines between what is an appropriate and what isan inappropriate social distance for different types of relationship.They differ, however, in where they draw these lines. Look at aninternational reception withrepresentatives from the US and A rabiccountries conversing and you will see the A mericans pirouetting(快速旋转 )backwards around the hall pursued by their A rab partners. TheA mericans will be trying to keep the distance between themselves and theirpartners which they have grown used to regarding as "normal” . Theyprobably will not even notice themselves trying to adjust the distancebetween themselves and their partners, though they may have vague feelingthat their A rab neighbors are being a bit “ pushy” . The A rab, on the otherhand, coming from a culture where much closer distance is the norm, maybe feeling that the A mericans are being “ stand-offish” . Findingthemselves happier standing close to and even touching those they are inconversation with they will persistently pursue the A mericans round theroom trying to close the distance between them.The appropriateness of physical contact varies between differentcultures too. One study of the number of times people conversing in coffeeshops over a one hour period showed the following interesting variations:London, 0; Florida, 2; Paris, 10; and Puerto Rico 180. Not only dose itvary between societies, however, it also varies between differentsubcultures within one society. Young people in Britain, for example, aremore likely to touch and hug friends than are the older generation. Thismay be partly a matter of growing older, but it also reflects the factthat the older generation grew up at a time when touching was less commonfor all age groups. Forty years ago, for example, footballers would neverhug and kiss one another on the field after a goal as they do today.1. I n proxemics, governs the standing space between two persons.A . distance B. culture C. conversation D. relationship2. The word “ stand-offish” (Line 14, Para. 2) could best be replacedby .A . cold and distant in behaviour B. ungentlemanlike in behaviourC. inhuman in behaviour D. polite in behaviour3. I n conversation with an A merican partner at an internationalreception, an A rab deems that close distant is .A . appropriate B. inappropriateC. rash D. impetuous4. We can infer from the third paragragh that the appropriateness ofphysical contact also varies with .A . time B. city C. country D. people5. The best title for the passage would be .A . ProxemicsB. A ppropriateness of Social DistanceC. A ppropriateness Relationships Between Two PersonsD. A ppropriateness Physical Contact Between Two Persons参考答案：DA A A AI n the past century I rish painting has changes from a British-influencedlyrical tradition to an art that evokes the ruggedness and roots of anI rish Celtic past. A t the turn of the twentieth century I rish painters,including notables Walter Frederick Osborne and Sir William Orpen, lookedelsewhere for influence. Osborne1 s exposure to “ plein air” paintingdeeply impacted his stylistic development; and Orpen allied himself witha group of English artists, while at the same time participated in theFrench avant-garde experiment, both as painter and teacher.However, nationalist energies were beginning to coalesce （ 接合） ，reviving interest in I rish culture-including I rish visual arts. BeatriceElvery, s （ 1907） , a landmark achievement, merged the devotional simplicityof fifteenth-century I talian painting with the iconography （ 肖像画法）ofI reland, s Celtic past, linking the history of I rish Catholicism with thestill-nascet （ 初生的）I rish republic. A nd, although also captivated bythe French plein air school, Sir J ohn Lavery invoked the mythology of hisnative land for a 1928 commission to paint the central figure for the banknote of the new I rish Free State. Lavery chose as this figure, with herarm on a Celtic harp （ 竖琴） , the national symbol of independent I reland.I n I rish painting from about 1910, memories of Edwardian romanticismcoexisted with a new sense of realism, exemplified by the paintings of PaulHenry and Se Keating, a student of Orpen' s. realism also crept into thework of Edwardians Lavery and Orpen, both of whom made paintings depictingWorld War I , Lavery with a distanced Victorian nobility, Orpen closer tothe front, revealing a more sinister and realistic vision. Meanwhile,counterpoint to the Edwardians and realists came Jack B. Yeats, whosetravels throughout the rugged and more authentically Irish West led himto depict subjects ranging from street scenes in Dublin to boxing matchesand funerals. Fusing close observations of Irish life and icons with anIrish identity in a new way, Yeats changed the face of Irish painting andbecame the most important Irishartist of his century.1 . Which of the following art most probably exerted the greatestinfluence on Irish painting in the 19th century?A. British lyrical traditionB. French avant-garde experimentC. notionalist energiesD. Italian painting2. It is implied was least influenced by the contemporary artof Frence.A. Sir John Lavery B. Sir William Orpen C. Beatrice Elvery D. SeKeating3. Which of the following best explains the author * s use of the word“counterpoint” in referring to Yeats?A. Yeats' paintings differed significantly in subject matter fromthose of his contemporaries in Ireland.B. Yeats reacted to the realism of his contemporary artists byinvoking nineteenth-century naturalism in his own painting style.C. Yeats avoided religious and mythological themes in favor of mundaneportrayals of Irish life.D. Yeats built upon the realism painting tradition, elevating it tounprecedented artistic heights.4. The author points out the coexistence of romanticism and realismmost probably in order to show that .A. Irish painters of the early twentieth century tended to romanticizethe harsh reality of warB. for a time painters from each school influenced painters from theother schoolC. Yeats was influenced by both the romantic and realist schools ofI rish paintingD. the transition in I rish painting from one predominant style to theother was not an abrupt one5. The most likely topic of the paragraph followed is .A . The Role of Celtic Mythology in I rish PaintingB. Who Deserves Credit for the Preeminence of Yeats among I rishPainters?C. Realism vs. Romanticism: I reland' s Struggle for National I dentityD. I rish Paintings: Reflections of an Emerging I ndependent State参考答案：A A A DDI t being not only possible but even easy to predict which ten-year-oldboys are at greatest risk of growing up to be persistent offenders, whatare we doing with the information? J ust about the last thing that we shoulddo is to wait until their troubles have escalated in adolescence and thenattack them with the provisions of the new Criminal J ustice Bill.I f this bill becomes law, magistrates will have the power to imposeresidential care orders. More young people will be drawn intoinstitutional life when all the evidence shows that this worsens ratherthan improves their prospects. The introduction of short sharp shocks indetention centers will simply give more young people a taste of somethingelse they don' t need; the whole regime of detention centers is one oftoughening delinquents, and if you want to train someone to beanti-establishment, a I can' t think of a better way to do it, “ says thewriter of this report.The Cambridge I nstitute of Criminology comes up with five key factorsthat are likely to make for delinquency: a low income family a large family,parents deemed by social workers to be bad at raising children, parentswho themselves have a criminal record, and low intelligence in the child.Not surprisingly, the factors tend to overlap. Of the 63 boys in the samplewho had at least three of them when they were ten, half became juveniledelinquents— — compared with only a fifth of the sample as a whole.Three more factors make the prediction more accurate: being judgedtroublesome by teachers at the age of ten, having a father with at leasttwo criminal convictions and having another member of the family with acriminal record. Of the 35 men who had at least two of these factors intheir background 18 became persistent delinquents and 8 more were introuble with the law.A mong those key factors, far and away the most important was havinga parent with a criminal record, even if that had been acquired in thedistant past, even though very few parents did other than condemndelinquent behavior in their children.The role of the schools emerges as extremely important. The mostreliable prediction of all on the futures of boys came from teachersJratings of how troublesome they were at the age of ten. I f the informationis there in the classroom there must be a response that brings moreattention to those troublesome children: a search for things to give themcredit for other than academic achievement, a refusal to allow them togo on playing truant, and a fostering of ambition and opportunity whichshould start early in their school careers.1. A ccording to the author, delinquency should be tackled __ .A . before adolescenceB. during institutional treatmentC. during adolescenceD. when the problem becomes acute2. The number of young offenders could be reduced by the way o f ___.A . new legal measuresB. better residential careC. brief periods of harsh punishmentD. examination of their backgrounds3. What is the outcome result of putting young offenders intodetention centers?A . They become more violentB. They receive useful trainingC. They become used to institutionsD. They turn against society4. Ten-year-old children likely to become offenders are usually__ .A . spoilt children from small families.B. bright children in a poor family.C. dull children with many brothers and sisters.D. children whose parents have acquired wealth dishonestly.5. The writer concludes that potential offenders could be helped byA . spending more time at schoolB. more encouragement at schoolC. more activities outside schoolD. stricter treatment from teachers参考答案：A DDCB。