语言学讲义_考研_3_Morphology.ppt

讲义三 Morphology§Grace Tan T/F§ PLURAL is a morpheme. § Morphemes are regarded as abstract constructs in the system of sound. § A root is not always a free form. § All bound morphemes are affixed.1.Compound words consists of __ morphemes. • A.bound B.free C.both free and bound 2.Ns , vs, adjs and many advs are ____ • A.grammatical words B.lexical words C.neither grammatical nor lexical words 3.Radar is a(an)____ • A.acronym B.blending C.coinage D.clipping填空题• 1.Polymorphemic words other than compounds have two parts: the roots and the _. • 2. On, before and together are ___ words :they are words which do not take inflectional endings. • 3. Give the regular allormorphs of plural in English:_,_,_,_,_,_. • 4.nouns, verbs and adjectives are ___ words rather than function words. • 5. In the addition of new words, smog is a (an)_. • 6.Waltz is borrowed from ___.Lexi con l In its most general sense, is synonymous with vocabulary ;l In its technical sense here, lexicon deals with the analysis and creation of words, idioms and collocations.What is word?• The WORD is a unit of expression which has universal intuitive recognition by native-speakers, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form.3.1.1 Three senses of word • 1.a physical definable unit: a cluster of sound segments or letters between two pause or blank • 2. Word both as a general term and as a specific form • Write writes written • 3. a grammatical unit • e.g. It is kind of you ,Miss Li. • Every word plays a grammatical part in the sentence.3.1.2 Identification of words• Stability (稳定性) • Relative uninterruptibility (相对连续性)disappointment * dis ppoint ment /*dis#ppoint#ment • A minimum free form （最小的自由形式 ）---Is Jane coming this evening?--- Possibly.INVARIABLE WORDS refer to those words such as “since“, “when“, “seldom“, “through“, “hello“. They do not take inflective endings.1) Variable vs. invariable words可变词与不 可变词In VARIABLE WORDS, one could find ordered and regular series of grammatically different word forms; on the other hand, part of the word remains relatively constant. 3.1.3 classification of wordsGRAMMATICAL WORDS--- FUNCTION WORD, FORM WORD, FUNCTOR →a word whose role is largely or wholly grammatical.LEXICAL WORD→word which carries the semantic content2）Grammatical words vs. lexical wordsCLOSED-CLASS --- one whose membership is fixed or limited. New members are not regularly added. Pron, Prep, Conj, Art etc Open-class: Noun, Verb, Adj,Adv3）Closed-class words and open-class words• Word class: known as Parts of Speech in traditional grammar. – Noun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, pronoun, conjunction, interjection, article, etc. • Some new terms in word class: – Particle小品词: infinitive to, negative not, subordinate units in phrasal verbs “get by”, “look back”, etc. – Auxiliary助动词: do, have• Pro-forms代词形式: substitutes for other terms. – Pronoun: he, she, I, they, everyone – Pro-adjective: Your car is red. So is his. – Pro-verb: He speaks English better than he did. – Pro-adverb: He hopes to win and I hope so too. – Pro-locative: He went there.• Determiner限定词: all the articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers that appear before the noun and its modifiers. – As many as three determiners may be used in each case and there is a fixed order when there is more than one.爱咪出版社公司内部档案·数据目录 • Predeterminers: all, both; half, one- third, three-quarters …; double, twice, three times …; such, what (exclamative) • Central determiners: the; this, these, that, those; PossP; we, us; you; which, what (relative), what (interrogative); a, another, some, any, no, either, neither; each, enough, much, more, most, less; a few, a little • Postdeterminers: every; many, several, few, little; one, two, three …; (a) dozen3.2 The formation of word 3.2.1 Morpheme and Morphology• Morphology is the branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed. Two fields: inflectional morphology and derivational morphologyl Morpheme：The smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.l 3.2.2 types of morpheme• distempered infamous morphemeFree morphemeBound morphemeLexical functionalderivationalinflectional• As a result of ___, the negative morpheme in imperfect and impossible is im-rather than in-. • Give the regular allomorphs of past tense in Engilish:_,_,_.• 湖南大学2004Each of the following Persian words is poly- morphemic.You are required to match each of the notions given below with a morpheme in Persian.(Note xar means “buy” and –id designates past tense.) Xaridi You(sg.)bought. Naxaridam I did not buy. Namixaridand They were not buying. Mixarid He bought. Naxaridim We did not buy. Mixarid He was buying. Mixaridid You(pl.) were buying. X。