医学教学课件：消化系统.ppt

DIGESTIVE SYSTEMAll the body systems depend on the digestive system. For the good health and energy.由于消化系统能为由于消化系统能为身体提供能量，保身体提供能量，保持身体健康，所以持身体健康，所以身体内的其他系统身体内的其他系统都依赖着消化系统！都依赖着消化系统！BasicBasicThe gross food material that we consume is not instantaneously, converted into flesh. Through the special process it is converted into several substances which are absorb by the blood and distributed through out the body. This process is called digestion. 我们所摄取的食物并非立即转化为组织，我们所摄取的食物并非立即转化为组织，而是通过特殊的步骤转化为不同成分，这而是通过特殊的步骤转化为不同成分，这些成分被血液吸收并输送到身体的每一个些成分被血液吸收并输送到身体的每一个地方，这个过程被称为消化。

地方，这个过程被称为消化ALIMENTARY CANAL消化道消化道This canal from the mouth to the anus is 9 meters long. This constitutes the digestive system.从口腔到肛门整个消化道长从口腔到肛门整个消化道长9米，这米，这个构成了消化系统个构成了消化系统Its main parts are 1.Mouth, 口腔口腔2.Pharynx, 咽咽3.Esophagus, 食道食道4.Stomach, 胃胃1.Small intestine, 小肠小肠5.Large intestine, 大肠大肠6.Anus. 肛门肛门Accessory digestive organs are connected to the main system by a series of ducts: 附属于主系统的消化器官由一连串的管道相连附属于主系统的消化器官由一连串的管道相连1.Salivary Glands, 唾液腺唾液腺2.The Pancreas, 胰胰3.The Liver 肝肝4.Gall Bladder.胆囊胆囊 Mechanical breakdown begins in the mouth by chewing (teeth) and actions of the tongue. （口腔的机械咀嚼）（口腔的机械咀嚼）Then just  Chemical  breakdown  of  starch  by  production  of  salivary  amylase  from  the salivary glands. （唾液的化学消化）（唾液的化学消化）Salivary glands （唾液腺）（唾液腺）Present in the mouth produce a secretion, which mixes the food to form a fine paste.These glands  are2 below and front of ears (Parotid Glands 腮腺腮腺)2 below the jaw (Submandibular下颌腺下颌腺)2 below the tongue (Sublingual 舌下腺舌下腺)This mixture of food and saliva is then pushed into the pharynx and esophagus.  The esophagus is a muscular tube whose muscular contractions (peristalsis) propel food to the stomach.（食管通过肌肉收缩蠕动，将食物输送到胃部）（食管通过肌肉收缩蠕动，将食物输送到胃部）Stomach is a long, hollow bag which can hold quite some quantity of food. It close by a valve. It produces gastric juices, which mix the food and churns it. Among the gastric juices are pepsin, hydrochloric acid and rennin. The first two break the food into different constituents, while the last gives solid form to liquid for example, it curdle the milk, taken by the person.胃是可以盛载足够食物的长形的囊状结构。

它胃是可以盛载足够食物的长形的囊状结构它通过阀门来控制的，并通过分泌胃酸混合和通过阀门来控制的，并通过分泌胃酸混合和搅拌食物胃酸的组成成分为胃蛋白、盐酸搅拌食物胃酸的组成成分为胃蛋白、盐酸和凝乳酶前两个胃酸成分是将食物消化为和凝乳酶前两个胃酸成分是将食物消化为不同的成分，最后的一个成分能够将液体物不同的成分，最后的一个成分能够将液体物质固化例如：凝乳酶能够将人所摄取的牛质固化例如：凝乳酶能够将人所摄取的牛奶凝化 Water and other fluids remain in the stomach for only few minute and then reach duodenum .Solids which escape being made into a pulp are subjected to a powerful process at the mouth of the duodenum.Here, contraction waves keep grinding food continuously and from time to time, the door to the duodenum opens up and the crushed food enter it.At this place, the secretions of stomach, liver pancreas and colon glands namely gastric juice, bile and pancreatic juices mix with the food.水和其他液体只在胃部停留几分钟后便快速的到达十二水和其他液体只在胃部停留几分钟后便快速的到达十二指肠。

指肠固态物质被转化为浆状，被有力的推入十二指肠的入口固态物质被转化为浆状，被有力的推入十二指肠的入口小肠的收缩起伏偶尔会发出食物研磨的声音，因此十二小肠的收缩起伏偶尔会发出食物研磨的声音，因此十二指肠的通道会打开同时压碎食物将其推入指肠的通道会打开同时压碎食物将其推入在此处，胃、肝脏、胰腺和结肠的分泌物分别为胃酸、在此处，胃、肝脏、胰腺和结肠的分泌物分别为胃酸、胆汁、胰液它们与食物混合在一起胆汁、胰液它们与食物混合在一起 The liver produces and sends bile to the small intestine via the hepatic duct,The gall bladder stores excess bile for release at a later time. We can live without our gall bladders, in fact many people have had theirs removed. 肝肝脏脏分分泌泌胆胆汁汁通通过肝脏管到达小肠过肝脏管到达小肠胆胆囊囊存存储储后后来来产产生生的过剩的胆汁的过剩的胆汁我我们们可可以以在在移移除除胆胆的的情情况况下下生生存存 The pancreas sends pancreatic juice, which neutralizes the food, to the small intestine through the pancreatic duct.The islets secrete the hormones insulin胰岛素 and glucagon胰高血 糖 素 , which regulate blood glucose levels.Diabetes results from inadequate levels of insulin. 输输送送胰胰液液，，分分解解食食物物，，通通过过胰胰腺腺管管将将胰胰液液输输送送到到小小肠肠.分分泌泌胰胰岛岛素素、、胰胰高高血血糖糖素素，，它们调节血糖水平。

它们调节血糖水平糖糖尿尿病病是是因因为为胰胰岛岛素素分分泌泌不足不足Final digestion of proteins and carbohydrates must occur. The small intestine is the major site for digestion and absorption of nutrients. The small intestine is up to 6 meters long and is 2-3 centimeters wide. The upper part, the duodenum十二指肠, is the most active in digestion. Secretions from the liver and pancreas are used for digestion in the duodenum.蛋白质和碳水化合物最终消化蛋白质和碳水化合物最终消化小小肠肠是是消消化化和和吸吸收收的的主主要要场场所所人人的的小小肠肠长长约约5～～6m，，2—3厘厘米米宽宽，，小小肠肠上上部部分分有有十十二二指指肠肠，，在在消消化化过过程程中中非非常常活活跃跃，，肝肝胆胆的的分分泌泌物在十二指肠得到利用。

物在十二指肠得到利用The large intestine is made up by The colon, Cecum, Appendix, Rectum. Material in the large intestine is mostly indigestible residue and liquid. The large intestine performs functions: 1) Recovery of water and electrolytes from digested food; 2) Formation and storage of feces; and Water, salts, and vitamins are absorbed, and rest of the material goes towards the kidney and get collected in the rectum.It is excreted from the anus.大肠的组成部分：结肠大肠的组成部分：结肠 盲肠盲肠 阑尾阑尾存存在在于于大大肠肠的的物物质质主主要要是是无无法法消消化化的的残残渣渣和和液液体体大肠的主要功能是大肠的主要功能是进进一一步步吸吸收收粪粪便便中中的的水水分分、、电电解解质质和和其其他他物物质质（如氨、胆汁酸等），（如氨、胆汁酸等），形成、贮存和排泄粪便。

形成、贮存和排泄粪便Regulation of Appetite 食欲调节食欲调节The hypothalamus in the brain has two centers controlling hunger. 大大脑脑中中的的下下丘丘脑脑有有两两个个调控饥饿的中枢调控饥饿的中枢One is the appetite center,摄食中枢摄食中枢The other the satiety center.餍足中枢餍足中枢The digestion of food is complete in about 17 – 18 hours. The food is broken up into different constituents and distributed throughout the body.To keep the digestive system toned, cleansing processes, posture and breathing practices are necessary.If this system works well, the whole body remains healthy.消化的完成大约需要消化的完成大约需要17-18个小时。

食物分个小时食物分解为不同的成分输送到全身解为不同的成分输送到全身为了保证消化系统的稳定，清洁法，体位为了保证消化系统的稳定，清洁法，体位法和呼吸都是必须的法和呼吸都是必须的如果消化系统良好，就能保证身体的健康如果消化系统良好，就能保证身体的健康Next week下周下周Yoga therapy related with digestive system。