园林树木学被子植物门2.ppt

桑科Moraceae形态特征形态特征•多为木本，常有乳汁，叶多互生，头状花序，柔荑花序或隐头花序，单被花，常为4片，许多瘦果组成的聚花果或隐头果•约70属，1800种主产热带，亚热带，少产温带中国产17属160余种，主要分布长江以南各省区2021/9/241桑科MoraceaeMoraceae is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the mulberry or fig family. It comprises about 40 genera and over 1000 speciesof plants widespread in tropical and subtropical regions,less common in temperate climates.2021/9/242 The Moraceae are monoecious or dioecious trees shrubs, lianas, or rarely herbs , nearly all with milky sap. The leaves are simple and alternate or rarely opposite. The stipules are small and lateral or sometimes they form a cap over the bud and leave a cylindrical scar. The flowers are unisexual and minute, and are usually densely aggregated. These aggregations frequently take the form of pendulous aments or catkins. Fruit types include drupes and achenes that are often coalesced(接合) or otherwise aggregated into a multiple accessory fruit(聚花果). 2021/9/243桑属Morus•Mulberry (Morus) species are •deciduous trees native to warm,• temperate, and subtropical regions . The leaves are alternately arranged, simple, often lobed, more often lobed on juvenile shoots than on mature trees, and serrated on the margin. The fruit is a multiple fruit. Mulberries begin as white to pale yellow with pink edges. They are red when ripening. •A fully ripened mulberry is dark purple to black, edible, and sweet •with a good flavor in •several species.2021/9/244桑属桑属Morus•落叶乔灌木，植物具乳汁，树皮灰褐色，小枝黄色，韧皮纤维多，花为柔荑花序，雌雄同株, 罕异株，花被4，雄蕊4，聚花果。

•12种，北温带，中国 产9种，各地均有分布2021/9/245桑属Morus•桑M. alba 落叶乔木，叶缘锯齿尖或钝，叶表近光滑，有光泽，背面脉腋有毛，柱头极短，柱头2裂，垂枝桑和龙游桑，庭院观赏•鸡桑M.australis 落叶乔灌木，叶缘锯齿尖或钝，叶表粗糙，背密被柔毛，花柱长•蒙桑M.Mongolia 叶裂片很多，锯齿顶端刺毛状，观叶类2021/9/2462021/9/2472021/9/248龙爪桑2021/9/2492021/9/2410构树属Broussonetia•落叶乔灌木，植物体有乳汁，叶基三出脉•雄蕊柔荑花序，雌蕊头状花序，花柱线状，聚花果球形，橙红色•4种，中国3种，茎皮为纤维原料 2021/9/2411•The bark was converted into the finest bark cloth (tapa or kapa) for skirts, capes, loin腰 cloths, sandals, bed clothes, etc.•茎皮为纤维原料 2021/9/2412构树Broussonetia papyrifera 叶两面密被生柔毛，叶不裂或不规则裂，聚花果球形2—2.5cm，熟橙红色。

分布很广，适应性强，耐干冷湿热的气候，耐干旱瘠薄，生于水边，喜钙质土，构树外貌粗野，但抗污染性强，抗热60℃适应性强荒山坡地绿化的好材料2021/9/2413构树2021/9/2414•柘树 Cudrania tricuspidata is a tree native to East Asia, occasionally grown for its fruit .•A decidious tree growing to 6m at a slow rate. It is in flower in July. The flowers are dioecious (individual flowers are either male or female). The plant not is self-fertile. The firm fruit is relatively tasteless, when soft-ripe it is sub-acid to sweet and some forms can be quite delicious . It contains lots of large seeds 柘属柘属Cudrania2021/9/2415柘属Cudrania 植物体具乳汁，枝条具枝刺，单叶互生，全缘或三裂，雌雄异株，均为腋生的头状花序，聚花果球形肉质。

10种，中国8种 柘树 Cudrania tricuspidaca 花期5月，果期9—10月成熟，红色，肉质球形，可食，喜钙植物，耐干旱瘠薄，观果，刺篱，水边绿化2021/9/24162021/9/2417Fig 榕树属Ficus•Ficus is a genus of about 800 species of woody trees, shrubs, vines, epiphytes(附生植物), and hemi-epiphytes in the family Moraceae. Collectively known as figs, they are native throughout the tropics with a few species extending into the warm temperate zone. 菩提树无花果2021/9/2418•Although identifying many of the species can be difficult, figs as a group are relatively easy to recognize. Often the presence of aerial roots. Their fruit are also distinct. The fig fruit is in fact an enclosed inflorescence, sometimes referred to as a sy‘conium(隐头花序), an urn(瓮,缸的)-like structure lined on the inside with the fig‘s tiny flowers. Finally, there are three vegetative traits that together are unique to figs. All figs possess a white to yellowish sap (latex)乳汁, some in copious(很多的) quantities; the twig has paired stipules or a circular stipule scar if the stipules have fallen off; and the lateral veins at the base of the leaf . 2021/9/2419榕树属Ficus 乔、灌、藤，多为常绿，有乳汁，常具气根，托叶合生，脱落后具环状托叶痕，隐头花序（花序着生在中空的肉质花托内）隐头果，分布热带，亚热带。

1000种，中国120种， 主产长江以南http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/FACULTY/CARR/mor.htm琴叶榕2021/9/2420无花果Ficus carica 落叶小乔木，叶有锯齿，裂片，叶表面粗糙，隐头果大3—5cm，可食，不耐寒，华北多盆栽（小气候保护）温室过冬2021/9/2421榕树F.microcarpa常绿乔木，有气生根，有时独木成林，叶全缘，叶面光滑，叶小4—8cm，侧脉5—6对，隐头果小8mm榕城福州，蓉城成都可做行道树，庭荫树，盆景材料2021/9/24222021/9/2423印度橡皮树F.elastica 常绿乔木，有气生根，叶缘，光滑，叶较大10—30cm，中脉显著，羽状侧脉多而细，且平行，托叶大，淡红色乳汁可制硬性橡胶，北方温室盆栽观赏2021/9/2424薜荔2021/9/2425菩提树2021/9/2426木兰科木兰科Magnoliaceae 木兰科在分类学中有重要意义.在哈钦松系统中,认为木本植物是由木兰科衍生来的,这科中有许多著名观赏植物。

2021/9/2427木兰科木兰科Magnoliaceae Unlike most angiosperms, whose flower parts are in rings, the Magnoliaceae have their stamens and pistils in spirals on a conical receptacle(花托). This arrangement is found in old fossil plants and is believed to be primitive for angiosperms. Their flowers are also not so clearly differentiated into having sepals萼片 and petals花瓣 like most other flowering plants; the “dual-purpose” parts that occupy both positions are known as tepals花被.2021/9/2428 花萼3，稀4，常花瓣状，花瓣6或更多，雄蕊多数螺旋状排列，心皮离生，多数，螺旋状排列。

本科共12属215种，产热带，亚热带，温带少；我国10属80种，长江流域以南(近年来许多学者把本科分为木兰科，五味子科，八角科，水青树科)2021/9/24292021/9/2430木兰属木兰属 Magnolia Magnolia is an ancient genus. Having evolved before bees appeared, the flowers developed to encourage pollination by beetles. As a result, the carpels of Magnolia flowers are tough, to avoid damage by eating and crawling beetles. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Magnolia2021/9/24312021/9/2432木兰属木兰属 Magnolia （1）小枝具环状托叶痕(桑科 Ficus 有)； （2）单叶互生，托叶大，托叶和叶柄连生，托叶在脱落后在叶柄上留有痕迹； （3）花大型，两性。

花单生于小枝顶端，花萼3，常瓣化，花萼花瓣一样称花被，轮生3基数雄蕊多数螺旋状排列，雌蕊多数分离基部无柄，螺旋状排列4）果实为聚合蓇葖果，大型外种皮为红色，肉质2021/9/2433白玉兰 M .denudata落叶乔木,叶倒卵状,突尖,花被片9—12片,白色.花期早，木兰7—10天2021/9/2434 习性与栽培：习性与栽培： 原产我国中部，喜光,稍耐荫,耐寒、肉质根,怕积水,植物体伤口愈合能力差,不耐移植,不耐修剪.扦插不易成活,移植时带土拓,繁殖用嫁接或压条2021/9/2435园林应用：园林应用： 玉兰花是珍贵的庭院树种，常种植在建筑前，对植，列植颐和园乐寿堂种的玉兰、海棠、牡丹有些地方象杭州植物园,还有种植的木兰园，山茶园这样,冬天—3月有花观赏,也可以瓶插. 民间传统的宅院配置中讲究 “玉、棠、春、富、贵”，其意吉祥如意，富有和权贵所谓玉就是玉兰，棠即海棠，春指迎春，富为牡丹，贵为桂花2021/9/24362021/9/2437 木兰木兰(紫玉兰、辛夷、木笔紫玉兰、辛夷、木笔)M .liliflora Desr (lily magnolia) 落叶大灌木,花大,花瓣6,外面紫色,内面近白色.萼片3,黄绿色,长约为花瓣的1/3,花3—4月,叶前开放.肉质根,积水不行.能略耐湿,萌孽性强,喜光.庭院珍贵的早花树种,窗前,背景常白墙,蓝天.花蕾形大如笔头,故有 “木笔”之称,现在为上海市花。

2021/9/2438紫玉兰紫玉兰2021/9/24392021/9/2440 习性习性: 肉质根,积水不行.能略耐湿,萌孽性强,喜 光园林应用园林应用:庭院珍贵的早花树种,窗前,背景常白墙,蓝天.花蕾形大如笔头,故有 “木笔”称,现在为上海市市花.2021/9/2441 望春玉兰Magnolia biondii 2021/9/2442红玉兰：新品种内外均为红色2021/9/2443二乔玉兰二乔玉兰(朱砂兰朱砂兰)M.Xsoulangeana (Saucer magnolia)玉兰与木兰的杂交种,花萼似花瓣,但长仅达其一半,叶前开花,花内白色,花外紫色,适应性强2021/9/24442021/9/2445厚朴厚朴 M .officinalis (officinal magnolia)Magnolia bark is a traditional Chinese medicine used to treat menstrual cramps(月经疼),abdominal pain（腹疼）, abdominal bloating（腹胀） and gas, anxiety, asthma(哮喘), coughs, colds, diarrhoea(腹泻), indigestion, intestinal(肠) problems, nausea. 2021/9/2446厚朴厚朴 M .officinalis (officinal magnolia)•落叶乔木,叶大长30—45cm,花顶生,白色.有芳香.径14—20cm ,萼片与花瓣共9—12枚或更多,花期5月.•分布长江流域和陕西,甘肃,南部,可做庭荫树,园路树 2021/9/2447厚朴厚朴2021/9/2448凹凹叶叶厚厚朴朴2021/9/2449玉兰玉兰 (荷花玉兰荷花玉兰) M .grandiflora (southen magnolia)常绿乔木常绿乔木,叶大叶大革质革质,叶表面绿叶表面绿色有光泽色有光泽,叶背叶背面有锈色短绒面有锈色短绒毛毛.叶缘仅卷叶缘仅卷.花大白色花大白色,花期花期5月底月底---8月月,果果10月成熟月成熟.2021/9/2450习性与应用：习性与应用： 原产北美，很适合我国生长，树皮薄怕晒，配植时需注意。

喜酸性土壤，对有毒气体抗性强，根系深广，不耐移植，小枝条脆，不抗风背风向阳处种植树体高大，树型端正，常绿树开白花，故纪念性公园可以种植，工矿区也适合2021/9/2451含笑属(白兰花属)Michelia L (white chelia)1 Michelia species are evergreen trees and shrubs.2 The flowers of Michelia generally form clusters among the leaves, rather than singly at the branch ends like Magnolia. 3 They are also used to produce an essential oil for perfume. 2021/9/2452含笑属(白兰花属)Michelia (white michelia)•常绿,枝有托叶痕,叶全缘.•花腋生花腋生.花小,芳香. 2021/9/2453白兰花白兰花 M .alba高大乔木，花白色，很香花期4—9月，叶柄上之托叶痕仅达叶柄长的1/3—1/4，叶缘平展或呈微波状。

2021/9/2454习习 性：性：原产印尼喜温暖，喜光，怕积水喜酸性土，上层用白兰，中层米兰，下层茉莉，生态很合适，都很香芳香植物园2021/9/24552021/9/2456黄兰黄兰 M .champace (champaca michelia)•常绿乔木,花酪黄色.极香.叶像呈波形.托叶痕达叶柄中部以上.•习性与白兰花相似,但生长势不如白兰强.管理要求比白兰精细,亦为著名的芳香花木.2021/9/24572021/9/2458含笑含笑 M .figo (banana-shrub)•灌木,花小,很香.象香蕉味,托叶痕长达叶柄顶端,花开不张口,含笑不露.•原产华南, 喜湿润, 耐阳性强, 不喜干燥, 树型浑圆, 碧绿.2021/9/2459 深山含笑深山含笑2021/9/2460 鹅掌楸属鹅掌楸属 LiriodendronThe tulip tree is sometimes called "tulip poplar" or "yellow poplar" although unrelated to the genus Populus. The tree is also called canoewood, saddle鞍 leaf tree and white wood. Liriodendron are easily recognized by their leaves, which are distinct, having four lobes.Leaves are slightly larger in L. chinense . Leaves on young trees tend to be more deeply lobed and larger size than those on mature trees. 2021/9/2461 鹅掌楸属鹅掌楸属 Liriodendron In autumn the leaves turn yellow, or yellow and brown. Flowers have nine tepals, three short outer sepals, and six inner petals, yellow-green with an orange flare at the base. They are superficially similar to a tulip in shape, hence the tree's name. The fruit is a cone-like aggregate of Samaras(翅果) .2021/9/2462 五大行道树种之一，落叶乔木，叶马褂形，叶顶端平截或微凹，两侧各具1—2裂，托叶痕不延伸至叶柄，花单生枝顶。

2021/9/2463鹅掌楸与美国鹅掌楸鹅掌楸(马褂木)L. chinense (chinese tulip tree)叶马褂形,长12—15cm ,叶两侧通常1裂,向中腰部宿入,花黄绿色,花丝长约0.5cm.•美国鹅掌楸L. tulipifera (tulip tree )•叶两侧各有1—2(3)裂,不向中部凹入,花丝长1—1.2cm,耐寒性较强,2021/9/24642021/9/24652021/9/2466美国鹅掌楸美国鹅掌楸美国鹅掌楸美国鹅掌楸 鹅掌鹅掌楸楸 2021/9/24672021/9/2468鹅掌楸 2021/9/2469 腊梅科腊梅科腊梅属腊梅属The genus includes three to six species depending on taxonomic interpretation .They are deciduous or evergreen shrubs. The leaves are opposite, entire. The flowers are 2–3 cm wide, with numerous spirally-arranged yellow or white tepals; they are strongly scented, and produced in late winter or early spring before the new leaves. The fruit is an elliptic dry capsule 3–4 cm long.2021/9/2470腊梅科腊梅科腊梅 Chimonanthus paecox腊梅、黄梅、香梅、黄腊梅.落叶丛生乔木,暖地叶常半绿,高达4m.小枝近方形,单叶对生.叶卵状披针形或卵形椭圆形.长7—15cm,先端渐尖,基部圆形或广楔形,表面粗糙,背面光滑无毛半革质.花单生,茎约2cm,花被处轮蜡质黄色.中轮带紫色条纹,具浓香.远在叶前开放,(自初冬到早春)开放,萼片多数超过5,雄蕊5—6,短小.瘦果种子状,为坑状果托所包.8月成熟.2021/9/2471常见种：常见种：•馨口腊梅(Var .grandiflora )叶大可达20cm，花亦大，径3—3.5cm，外轮花被片淡黄色，内轮花被片浓红紫色,边缘有条纹。

•素心腊梅 (Var. concolor)花被片纯黄,内部不染紫色条纹•小花腊梅 (Var. parviflorus)花特小，径约0.9mm，外轮花被片黄白色，内轮有浓紫色条纹•腊梅品种也比较丰富，它们在花色，花期，大小及香味，生长习性等方面各有特点，但至今尚缺系统整理分类2021/9/2472分布:原产我国中部,鄂,陕西等省,在北京以南各地庭院 中广泛栽培,河南鄂陵为腊梅苗木之传统生产中心习性:喜光但也略耐荫，较耐寒抗旱性很强故有“旱不死的腊梅” 著称，对土壤要求不严但以排水良好的沙质壤土为好，粘质土则生长不良耐修剪，发枝力强寿命可达到百年以上近年来发现腊梅能抗多种有害气体,已成为工矿区绿化的树种2021/9/2473繁殖及栽培:以嫁接为主，分株为次，播种、扦插、压条较少用嫁接的砧木为 “狗蝇梅” 栽培时为了促进分支并获得良好的树型,在嫁接成活后应注意及时摘顶.花谢后亦应及时进行修剪,并将已谢花朵摘除,以免结实消耗养分，移栽腊梅多在冬季进行2021/9/2474园林用途：园林用途：腊梅花开于寒月早春,花黄如腊,清香四溢,为冬季观赏佳品,配植于窗前,墙隅均适宜,作为盆花桩景和瓶花亦具 特色,我国传统上喜 欢配植南天竹,可谓 色、香、形三者相 得益彰。

2021/9/2475虎耳草科虎耳草科 Saxifragaceae•The flowers are actinomorphic(辐射对称). They have 4 or 5 petals and 5 or ten stamens(雄蕊). 共80属约1500种,中国产27属约400种(近年来多数学者再分为虎耳草科、八仙花科,有人又进一步把八仙花科分出一个山梅花科.)2021/9/2476山梅花属山梅花属 Philadelphus 落叶灌木，枝具白色髓茎皮通常剥落单叶对生，花白色,常成总状化学，萼片，花瓣各4，蒴果4裂2021/9/2477山梅花属山梅花属 PhiladelphusPhiladelphus( Mockorange, Mock Orange, Syringa) species are deciduous Shrubs. The leaves are opposite, simple, with serrated margins. The flowers are white, with four petals and sepals, and commonly (but not in all species) sweetly scented. The fruit is a small capsule, containing numerous small seeds. The bark is thin and flaky, finely shredding in longitudinal strips.2021/9/2478太平花太平花 P . pekinensis萼片外面无毛，叶两萼片外面无毛，叶两面无毛。

面无毛5—9朵花，朵花，叶柄常带紫色，花淡叶柄常带紫色，花淡黄白色变种变种:毛太平花毛太平花,又称又称 “宝仙宝仙” 小枝于叶两面小枝于叶两面均有硬毛，叶柄绿色，均有硬毛，叶柄绿色，花序通常具花序通常具5朵花，短朵花，短而密集，产陕西华山，而密集，产陕西华山，花期花期6月2021/9/24792021/9/2480山梅花山梅花 P .incanus 萼片外面有萼片外面有毛毛,叶背密生灰色叶背密生灰色柔毛柔毛,脉上特多脉上特多,花期花期5—7月月,陕西、陕西、甘肃、四川等地甘肃、四川等地均有分布均有分布2021/9/2481西洋山梅花西洋山梅花西洋山梅花西洋山梅花 P. coronarisP. coronaris2021/9/2482溲疏属溲疏属 Deutzia•The Deutzia species are shrubs ranging from 1-4 m in height. Most are deciduous, but a few subtropical species are evergreen. The leaves are opposite, simple, with a serrated margin. The flowers are produced in panicles(圆锥花序) or corymbs(伞状花序); they are white in most species, sometimes pink or reddish. The fruit is a dry capsule containing numerous small seeds. •Identification of the species is very difficult, requiring often microscopic detail of the leaf hairs and seed capsule structure.2021/9/2483溲疏属溲疏属 Deutzia•落叶灌木，小枝中空，单叶对生，萼片花瓣各为5，雄蕊10，蒴果。

•约100种，分布于北温带，中国约50种，以西部最多2021/9/2484大花溲疏与小花溲疏 大花溲疏 D. grandiflora花期4月中旬或下旬，陕西有分布，花瓣在芽内镊合状排列，花1—3多聚伞状小花溲疏 D. parviflora 花在花芽内覆瓦状，伞房花序，花期5—6月，分布华北，东北2021/9/2485大花溲疏大花溲疏2021/9/2486小花溲疏小花溲疏2021/9/2487溲疏溲疏(重瓣重瓣)2021/9/2488Deutzia wilsoniDeutzia gracilis2021/9/2489八仙花属八仙花属(绣球花属绣球花属) Hydrangea•形态: 落叶灌木,小枝通常具白色或黄棕色髓心,单叶对生，花两性,成顶生聚伞或圆锥花序,花序边缘具大型不育花；不育花具3-5花瓣状萼片；可育花萼片、花瓣各为4—5,雄蕊8—20,通常10.蒴果•约85种,中国45种2021/9/2490八仙花属八仙花属(绣球花属绣球花属) Hydrangea•Hydrangea is a genus of about 70-75 species of flowering plants native to southern and eastern Asia.By far the greatest species diversity is in eastern Asia, notably China and Japan. Most are shrubs 1-3 m tall, but some are small trees, and others lianas(藤本) reaching up to 30 m by climbing up trees. They can be either deciduous or evergreen, though the widely cultivated temperate species are all deciduous.2021/9/2491•Hydrangea flowers are produced from early spring to late autumn; they grow in flowerheads (corymbs (伞状)or panicles(圆锥)) at the ends of the stems. In many species, the flowerheads contain two types of flowers, small fertile flowers in the middle of the flowerhead, and large, sterile bract-like flowers in a ring around the edge of each flowerhead. Other species have all the flowers fertile and of the same size.2021/9/2492•In most species the flowers are white, but in some species (notably H. macrophylla), can be blue, red, pink, or purple. In these species the exact colour often depends on the pH of the soil; acidic soils produce blue flowers, neutral soils produce very pale cream petals, and alkaline soils results in pink or purple.2021/9/2493圆锥八仙花圆锥八仙花(水亚水亚)H .paniculata 灌木或小乔木,高达8m ,圆锥花序,不育花白色,后变淡紫色,可育花白色,花期8—9 月。

2021/9/2494圆锥八仙花圆锥八仙花(水亚木水亚木)H .paniculata灌木或小乔木,高达8m ,圆锥花序,不育花白色,后变淡紫色,可育花白色,花期8—9 月2021/9/2495圆锥八仙花圆锥八仙花(水亚木水亚木)H .paniculata灌木或小乔木,高达8m ,圆锥花序,不育花白色,后变淡紫色,可育花白色,花期8—9 月2021/9/2496八仙花八仙花2021/9/2497东陵八仙花东陵八仙花2021/9/24982021/9/2499大绣球 木绣球 斗球 绣球荚蒾 大花水亚木 2021/9/241002021/9/241012021/9/24102木木木木本本本本绣绣绣绣球球球球2021/9/24103。