
《语法与词汇备考策》PPT课件.ppt
100页语法与词汇备考策略语法与词汇备考策略代词代词 名词名词 数词数词 v1 在使用两个以上的人称代词时在使用两个以上的人称代词时 顺序是顺序是:第第二人称二人称 第三人称第三人称 第一人称第一人称 v 2 everyone后面不可以跟后面不可以跟of短语短语 every one 就可以就可以 v 3 以以‘名词名词/动名词动名词+介词(短语)介词(短语)/形容词形容词/副词副词/动词不定式动词不定式’构成的复合名词,它的构成的复合名词,它的复数形式是将作为主要部分的名词或动名词复数形式是将作为主要部分的名词或动名词变为复数变为复数 直接来源于短语或以可数名词结直接来源于短语或以可数名词结尾的复合名词的复数形式是将最后一个构词尾的复合名词的复数形式是将最后一个构词部分变为复数部分变为复数 以以‘man 或者或者woman+名词名词’构成的复合名词的复数形式是将两个组成部构成的复合名词的复数形式是将两个组成部分全变成复数分全变成复数 以不可数名词结尾的复合名词以不可数名词结尾的复合名词无复数形式无复数形式 如:如:homework v 4 物质名词一般不可数,但用于表示物质名词一般不可数,但用于表示‘各种各种不同品种不同品种’时时 几乎都可做可数名词几乎都可做可数名词 如:如:different teas v 5 当抽象名词前后有修饰语表示当抽象名词前后有修饰语表示‘某一种某一种’或或‘某一方面某一方面’的抽象概念时的抽象概念时 其前可加其前可加a/an 名词所有格要点:名词所有格要点:必须用必须用’s的场合的场合 v1 ’s属格用于表示时间,度量衡,价值的名词属格用于表示时间,度量衡,价值的名词 之后之后 v2 作为一个整体的词组在最后一个词加作为一个整体的词组在最后一个词加’s v3 人或物为两人共有,在第二个名词后加人或物为两人共有,在第二个名词后加’s v4 当所有格后面的名词是人们熟悉的建筑物当所有格后面的名词是人们熟悉的建筑物 如商店,住家,教堂,医院等,此名词常省如商店,住家,教堂,医院等,此名词常省略略 v5 复合名词在最后一个词后加复合名词在最后一个词后加’s v6 当被修饰的名词后有同位语时,必须用当被修饰的名词后有同位语时,必须用’s v7 当用来表示类别或属性时,要用当用来表示类别或属性时,要用’s children’s shoes 儿童鞋儿童鞋 必须用必须用of的场合的场合 v1 名词后跟有后置修饰语或同位语时名词后跟有后置修饰语或同位语时 v2 以定冠词加分词或形容词表示一类人时以定冠词加分词或形容词表示一类人时 v如果如果dozen/score/hundred/thousand/million前前有基数词以表示确切数目时,都不能用复数有基数词以表示确切数目时,都不能用复数形式形式 如果用来表示很多有不确切的数目时,如果用来表示很多有不确切的数目时,须用复数,而且后面加须用复数,而且后面加of 表示顺序的两种方式:表示顺序的两种方式:v1‘名词名词+基数词基数词’,不用冠词,如,不用冠词,如Chapter four v2 ’the+序数词序数词+名词名词‘ 如如the Fourth Chapter 倍数增减的表示法倍数增减的表示法v1 倍数倍数+形容词形容词/副词比较级副词比较级+thanv2 倍数倍数+as+形容词形容词/副词副词+as v3 倍数倍数+名词名词 v4 动词动词+百分比或倍数百分比或倍数 v5 动词动词+to+数词数词 v6 double/triple/quadruple+名词名词 v7 动词动词+by+数词数词/百分比百分比/倍数倍数 v 分数分子为基数词,分母为序数词分数分子为基数词,分母为序数词 分母除分母除了在分子为一的其他情况下为复数了在分子为一的其他情况下为复数 v 百分比后接名词时加百分比后接名词时加of 形容词形容词 副词副词 v1 前置修饰语的排列顺序前置修饰语的排列顺序 v 可以置于冠词前的形容词(可以置于冠词前的形容词(all both such) -----冠词,指示形容词,所有格形容词,不定形容词冠词,指示形容词,所有格形容词,不定形容词((a an the this your his any some)-----------基数基数词(词(one ) 序数词(序数词(first)------------ 表示性质,表示性质,状态,质量的形容词(状态,质量的形容词(good useful)--------------表表示大小,长短,形状的形容词示大小,长短,形状的形容词----------------表表示年龄,新旧,温度的形容词示年龄,新旧,温度的形容词------------表示颜表示颜色的形容词色的形容词---------------------表示国籍,产地,表示国籍,产地,区域的形容词区域的形容词-----------表示材料,用做形容词的表示材料,用做形容词的名词名词----------动名词,分词动名词,分词 v 2.后置修饰语.后置修饰语 由前缀由前缀a-构成的形容词构成的形容词 v 3.形容词修饰由.形容词修饰由some-,any-,every-,no-,-body,-one,-thing等组成的复合不定代词时,等组成的复合不定代词时,必须后置必须后置 v 4..enough作形容词修饰名词时既可放前又作形容词修饰名词时既可放前又可放后,但当它作副词修饰形容词或副词时,可放后,但当它作副词修饰形容词或副词时,必须后置必须后置 v 5.有些形容词本身就有.有些形容词本身就有‘比比....年长年长’,,‘比比.......... 优等的意思优等的意思 这些形容词后这些形容词后面用介词面用介词to 而不用而不用than v 6..much too 作为副词短语修饰形容词或副作为副词短语修饰形容词或副词,不修饰名词词,不修饰名词 v 7..more 不能用来修饰比较级不能用来修饰比较级 v 8.与名词连用的.与名词连用的more of a .../as much of a.../more of a....意为更像意为更像.... v 9..as much of a...意为称得上,意为称得上,less of a 意为算不上意为算不上 v 10..none other than(不是别人,正是)不是别人,正是)=no other than v 11..any/some/every与与other连用时,其后连用时,其后若用可数名词,一般为单数若用可数名词,一般为单数 情态动词情态动词 v1..can 用于否定句用于否定句cannot (help) but表示不能不,只能表示不能不,只能((but后跟不带后跟不带to的动词不定式)的动词不定式) v2..must 表示禁止,一定不要时的否定式为表示禁止,一定不要时的否定式为mustn’t 当它当它表示有把握的推断时表示有把握的推断时 意为一定意为一定 准是时准是时 它的否定形式为它的否定形式为can’t v 3..need doing=need to be done 这个句型表示被动意味这个句型表示被动意味 v 4..need not have done sth 表示本来没有必要做某事表示本来没有必要做某事 (经常考)(经常考) 虚拟语气虚拟语气 It is (high/about/the)time.........谓语动谓语动词用过去式词用过去式 指现指现 在或将来的情况在或将来的情况 表示早该表示早该做某事而现在已经有点晚了做某事而现在已经有点晚了 v It is the first(second/third)time后的后的that从句中,谓语动词要用完成体来表示一从句中,谓语动词要用完成体来表示一种经验种经验 as if/though 的虚拟要点的虚拟要点 v 对当时事实的假设,从句谓语用过去式,对当时事实的假设,从句谓语用过去式,be动词一律用动词一律用were v 对过去事实的假设,从句谓语用过去完对过去事实的假设,从句谓语用过去完成式成式 v 对未来事实的假设,从句谓语用对未来事实的假设,从句谓语用would+动词原型动词原型 非谓语动词的其他考点非谓语动词的其他考点v 接不定式或动名词做宾语都可以,但在意思上有区别的动词的用法接不定式或动名词做宾语都可以,但在意思上有区别的动词的用法vmean to do想要想要(做某事做某事) propose to do 打算打算(做某事做某事)vmean doing意味意味(做某事做某事) propose doing建议建议(做某事做某事)vforget to do忘记忘记(要做的事要做的事) remember to do记记得得(要做某事要做某事)vforget doing忘记忘记(已做的事已做的事) remember doing记记得得(已做过的事已做过的事)vgo on to do继而继而(做另一件事做另一件事) stop to do停下来去做另停下来去做另一件事一件事vgo on doing继续继续(做原来的事做原来的事) stop doing停止正在做的事停止正在做的事vregret to do(对将要做的事对将要做的事)遗憾遗憾 regret doing(对已做过的事对已做过的事)后悔后悔不定式的习惯用法不定式的习惯用法v句型:句型:vcannot help but do vcannot but dovcannot choose but do vcan do nothing but dovhave no choice/alternative but to dov上述句型的意思接近,即上述句型的意思接近,即“不得不做不得不做”、、“不禁做不禁做”、、“不由自主地做不由自主地做”、、“不能不做不能不做”、、“只能做只能做”。
动名词的习惯用法动名词的习惯用法vbe busy/active doing sth. v have difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth.vIt’s no good/use/picnic doing sth. v have a good/great/wonderful time doing sth.vspend/waste time doing sth. v There is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth.vcannot help doing sth. v There is no doing sth.there be 非谓语动词的用法非谓语动词的用法v(1)做宾语时取决于谓语动词的持续要求如:做宾语时取决于谓语动词的持续要求如:vThe students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams.(expect要求接不定式做宾语要求接不定式做宾语)v(2)做目的状语或程度状语时用做目的状语或程度状语时用for there to be,做其他状语,做其他状语用用there being。
如:如:vFor there to be successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present.(for there to be…在句中做目的状语在句中做目的状语)vIt isn’t cold enough for there to be a frost tonight, so I can leave Jim’s car out quite safely.v(for there to be…在句中做程度状语在句中做程度状语)vThere being no further questions, we’ll stop here today. (there being…做原因状语做原因状语)v(3)引导主语用引导主语用for there to be如:It is unusual for there to be no late comers today.v(4)做除做除for外的介词宾语,用外的介词宾语,用there being。
如:如:vHe would always ignore the fact of there being such a contradiction in his inner thought.v(4)做除做除for外的介词宾语,用外的介词宾语,用there being如:如:vHe would always ignore the fact of there being such a contradiction in his inner thought..含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式v含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过if从句表达,而从句表达,而是暗含在其他结构中是暗含在其他结构中v(1)连词连词but, but that, or, or else;副词;副词otherwise, unfortunately等表示转折假设如:等表示转折假设如:vA safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.vVictor obviously doesn’t know what’s happened; otherwise he wouldn’t have made such a stupid remark.v(2)介词短语暗含假设条件,常用的有:介词短语暗含假设条件,常用的有:without, but for, under more favorable conditions等。
如:等如:vBut for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.v(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/plannv或was/were +不定式完成式 或vhad intended/meant/planned/hoped/wishedv+不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气v如:I intended to have called on you, but I was busy at that time.v(4)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气v如:如:I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didn’t.常用虚拟形式的句型常用虚拟形式的句型v(1)从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟的句型:从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟的句型:vwould rather would as soon as though suppose…vhad rather would sooner as if supposing…vIf only… It is (high) time that…(从句中动词只用过去式从句中动词只用过去式)v如:如:His wife would rather they didn’t talk about the matter any more.vI’d rather you went by train, because I can’t bear the idea of your being in an airplane in such bad weather.vIf I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.vMy father always talks as though he were addressing a public meeting.v(2)If it were not for… (与现在事实相反与现在事实相反)v If it had not been for… (与过去事实相反与过去事实相反) 相当于相当于but for。
如:如:vIf it had not been for his help (= but for his help), we would not have succeeded.v(3)If only…谓语动词视情况选用适当的形谓语动词视情况选用适当的形式如:vIf only the committee would approve the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.v(4)lest/for fear that/in case 从句谓语用从句谓语用(should+)动词原形如:动词原形如:vThe mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.v(5)whether…or…有时谓语用有时谓语用be的原形,引导让步的原形,引导让步虚拟从句,这种用法经常采用倒装结构如:虚拟从句,这种用法经常采用倒装结构如:vChurch as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.vThe business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.几个情态动词常考的句型几个情态动词常考的句型v(1)may/might (just) as well“不妨,最好不妨,最好”,与,与had better相近。
如:相近如:vSince the flight was cancelled, you might as well go by train.v(2)cannot/can’t…too… “越越……越好,越好,怎么也不过分怎么也不过分”注意这个句型的变体注意这个句型的变体cannot…over…如:vYou cannot be too careful when you drive a car.vThe final chapter covers organizational change and development. This subject cannot be overemphasized.v(3)usedn’t或或didn’t use to为为used to (do)的否定式的否定式v(4)should 除了除了“应该应该”一层意思外,大纲一层意思外,大纲还规定要掌握其还规定要掌握其“竟然竟然”的意思如:的意思如:vI didn’t expect that he should have behaved like that.有关比较级的特殊句型有关比较级的特殊句型v(1)not so much…as…与其说与其说……不如说不如说……vThe chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.v(2)no/not any more…than…两者一样都不两者一样都不……vThe heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.vThere is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink.v(3)no /not any less…than…两者一样都两者一样都……vShe is no less beautiful than her sister.v(4)just as…so….正如正如……,,……也也……(用倒装结构用倒装结构)vJust as the soil is a part of the earth, so is the atmosphere.倒装倒装v下列否定词及含有否定意义的词组修饰状语下列否定词及含有否定意义的词组修饰状语时,若置于句首,句子的主谓要部分倒装时,若置于句首,句子的主谓要部分倒装vnever, no, neither, not only, hardly, scarcely, little, seldom, rarely, not until, nowhere, at no time, on no account, in no respect, in no sense, by no means, in no way, no longer, no less, no more, no sooner than, under no circumstances, in vain, still less v以以only修饰状语开头的句子,句子的主谓要修饰状语开头的句子,句子的主谓要部分倒装部分倒装vOnly when you have obtained sufficient data can you come to a sound conclusion.v v以下列副词或短语开头的句子,句子的主谓要部分以下列副词或短语开头的句子,句子的主谓要部分倒装倒装voften, so, well, to such a degree, to such an extent, to such extremes, to such a point,,many a time。
如:如:vSo involved with their computers do the children become that leaders at summer computer camps often have to force them to break for sports and games.v 以下列副词开头的句子,句子的主谓要全部倒装以下列副词开头的句子,句子的主谓要全部倒装v(1)出于修辞需要,表示方向的副词:出于修辞需要,表示方向的副词:out, down, in, up, away, on如:vDown jumped the burglar from the tenth floor when he heard someone shouted at him.v(2)出于习惯用法:出于习惯用法:here, there, now, thus, hence, then如:vNow is your turn. There goes the bell. 让步从句的倒装让步从句的倒装v(1)as引导让步状语从句,必须采用倒装结构,引导让步状语从句,必须采用倒装结构,但不是主谓倒装,而是将被强调的内容置于但不是主谓倒装,而是将被强调的内容置于句首。
如:句首如:vMuch as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her, in thoroughness, whatever the job.v(2)出现在句型出现在句型be+主语主语+其他其他, come what may中如:如:vOur civilization has accumulated an incredible amount of knowledge—be it scientific or artistic.vThe business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.vCome what may, I’ll be on your side. 比较从句的倒装比较从句的倒装vas, than引导的比较从句中,如果主语是名引导的比较从句中,如果主语是名词短语且较长,经常采用倒装结构词短语且较长,经常采用倒装结构(不倒装也不倒装也可以可以)注意:这种结构主语一般为名词,如注意:这种结构主语一般为名词,如果是代词则不倒装。
如:果是代词则不倒装如:vHydrogen burns much more cleanly than do other fuels and is easy to produce.vReading is to the mind as is exercise to the body.as 与与which用作关系代词的区别用作关系代词的区别v (1)as与与the same, such, so, as等关联使用等关联使用如:如:As the forest goes, so goes its animal life.v(2)as和和which都可以引导非限定性定语从句,但都可以引导非限定性定语从句,但as在句中的位置比较灵活,可出现在句首、句中、句在句中的位置比较灵活,可出现在句首、句中、句末,而末,而which只能出现在句末,尤其是当先行词是只能出现在句末,尤其是当先行词是整个句子时如:整个句子时如:vAs is true in all institutions, juries are capable of making mistakes.vAs is generally accepted, economic growth is determined by the smooth development of production.常见的这类结构有:vas has been said before, vas has been mentioned above, vas can be imagined, vas is known to all, vas has been announced, vas can be seen from these figures, vas might/could be expected, vas is often the case, vas has been pointed out, vas often happens, vas will be shown等。
等vbut做关系代词,用于否定句,相当于做关系代词,用于否定句,相当于who…not, that…notv这个结构的特点是主句中常有否定词或含有这个结构的特点是主句中常有否定词或含有否定意义的词如:否定意义的词如:vThere are few teachers but know how to use a computer.vThere is no complicated problem but can be solved by a computer.复合句复合句——名词性从句名词性从句 1.what/whatever的用法的用法vwhat是关系代词,它起着引导从句并在从句中担当是关系代词,它起着引导从句并在从句中担当一个成分这两个作用如:一个成分这两个作用如:vThey lost their way in the forest, and what made matters worse was that night began to fall.v(what既引导主语从句又在从句中做主语既引导主语从句又在从句中做主语)vWater will continue to be what it is today—next in importance to oxygen.v(what既引导表语从句又在从句中做表语既引导表语从句又在从句中做表语)v 2.whoever和和whomever的区别的区别vwhoever和和whomever相当于相当于anyone who,用主格与宾格取决于其在从句中做主语还,用主格与宾格取决于其在从句中做主语还是做宾语。
如:是做宾语如:vThey always give the vacant seats to whoever comes first.v(whoever在从句中做主语在从句中做主语)有关同位语从句的问题有关同位语从句的问题v引导词通常为引导词通常为that, 但有时因名词内容的需要,但有时因名词内容的需要,也可由也可由whether及连接副词及连接副词why, when, where, how引导that不表示任何意义,其不表示任何意义,其他词表示时间、地点、原因等如:他词表示时间、地点、原因等如:vThe problem, where I will have my college education, at home or abroad, remains untouched.whether与与if在引导名词性从句时在引导名词性从句时的区别的区别v(1)主语从句只能用主语从句只能用whether引导;引导;v(2)whether一般多用于宾语从句的肯定式,一般多用于宾语从句的肯定式,而而if引导的从句可以有否定式;引导的从句可以有否定式;v(3)whether or not可以连在一起用,而可以连在一起用,而if or not则不能,则不能,or not只能放在句末;只能放在句末;v(4)whether可以引导介词宾语从句,可以引导介词宾语从句,if则不能;则不能;v(5)宾语从句提至谓语前面时,只能用宾语从句提至谓语前面时,只能用whether引导;引导;v(6)在在question, ask后面一般只用后面一般只用whether,,question的同位语从句也用的同位语从句也用whether引导;引导;v(7)后接不定式时,只能用后接不定式时,只能用whether。
让步状语从句的常考知识点让步状语从句的常考知识点v(1)as 引导让步从句,要求用倒装结构,把引导让步从句,要求用倒装结构,把强调的部分置于句首如:强调的部分置于句首如:vMuch as he likes her, he does get irritated with her sometimes.vHumble as it may be, there is no place like home.v(2)while引导让步从句如引导让步从句如:vEverybody cheats a little, some psychologists say, while others insist that most people are basically honest and some wouldn’t cheat under any circumstances.v(3)复合连接词复合连接词for all that和分词和分词granting/granted (that)引导让步从句如引导让步从句如:vGranted you have made much progress, you should not be conceited.vFor all that computers can provide us with great help, they shouldn’t be seen as substitutes for fundamental thinking and reasoning skills.时间状语从句的常考知识点时间状语从句的常考知识点v(1)before表示汉语的表示汉语的 “只有只有/必须必须……才能才能”。
如如:vNew ideas sometimes have to wait for years before they are fully accepted.v(2)when引导时间从句时,如果出现在后半句,引导时间从句时,如果出现在后半句,则表示则表示“这这/那时突然那时突然”如:vI have just started back for the house to change my clothes when I heard the voices.v(3)when it comes to 是习惯用法,意为是习惯用法,意为“当当谈到谈到……时时”如:vDoing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially true when it comes to classroom tests.v(4)名词短语、介词短语名词短语、介词短语each /every time, the moment/second/minute, in the time, by the time起连词起连词作用。
如作用如:vI hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.vMy pain must have been apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met asked sympathetically: “Are you feeling all right?”vMercury’s velocity is so much greater than the Earth’s that it completes more than four revolutions around the Sun in the time it takes the Earth to complete one.v(5)副词副词directly, immediately, instantly, now引导时间从句引导时间从句, 相当于相当于as soon as如:vThe policemen went into action directly they heard the alarm.原因状语从句的常考知识点原因状语从句的常考知识点v(1)in that引导原因从句时引导原因从句时,有时翻译成有时翻译成“是因为是因为”、、“就在于就在于”。
如如:vAdvertising is distinguished from other forms of communication in that the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered.vCriticism and self-criticism is necessary in that it helps us to find and correct our mistakes.v(2)now that表示表示 “既然既然” ; seeing that, considering表示表示“鉴于鉴于”、、“考虑到考虑到”如:vNow that we have all the material ready, we should begin the new task at once.vHe did poorly in the examinations, considering how hard he had tried for them.vSeeing that she is lawfully old enough to get married, I don’t think you can stop her.v其他引导原因状语从句的连接词语还有其他引导原因状语从句的连接词语还有:v for the (simple) reason that, vby reason that, von the grounds that, vin as much as, vin so far as等。
等while, whereas 引导对比从句引导对比从句v如如: While the teenage population in the United States has declined over the past decade, violent crimes committed by juveniles have sharply increased.vA baby might show fear of an unfamiliar adult, whereas he is likely to smile and reach out to another infant.vso…that…, with the result that, so much so that 引导结果状语从句引导结果状语从句v 如如: Over the years, a large number of overseas students have studied at that university with the result that it has acquired substantial experience in dealing with them.vHe himself believed in freedom, so much so that he would rather die than live without it.vin order that, in case, for fear that, lest (用虚拟语气用虚拟语气) 引导目的状语从句引导目的状语从句v如如: Give me your telephone number, in case I need your help.vHelen listened carefully in order that she might discover exactly what John wanted.vwhere作为连接副词的一种用法作为连接副词的一种用法, 翻译为翻译为“在在……地方地方”v如如: In Japan, a person’s capabilities are not forced into an inflexible specialty. Where there is willingness and intelligence, there is a place within the company to try and to succeed.与完成时连用的句型和时间状语:与完成时连用的句型和时间状语:v(1)by/between/up to/till +过去时间、过去时间、since、、by the time/when +表示过去发生情况的从句,主句用表示过去发生情况的从句,主句用过去完成时。
如:过去完成时如:We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.vBetween 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.v(表示表示1919年时已发生的情况年时已发生的情况)v(2)by+将来时间、将来时间、by the time/ when +谓语谓语动词是一般现在时的从句,主句用将来完成动词是一般现在时的从句,主句用将来完成时如:vBy the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.vI hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.v(3)by now、、since +过去时间、过去时间、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具体数字或具体数字)years/days/months,主句用现在完成时,主句用现在完成时,但在但在it is +具体时间具体时间since/before这一句型中,主句更多的时这一句型中,主句更多的时候不用完成时。
如:候不用完成时如:vThe changes that had taken place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.vIt is four years since John left school.动名词做介词短语时动名词做介词短语时下列短语中的下列短语中的to是介词是介词vobject to, vresort to, vreact to,v contribute to, vlook forward to,v be accustomed to, vbe committed to, vbe exposed to,v be subjected to, vbe devoted to, vbe dedicated to, vbe opposed to,vbe reconciled to, vbe contrary to, vbe (get) used to, vcome close to,v get down to, vgive oneself up to,v prefer…to, see to, vset to, take to, vin addition to, vwith regard to,v with a view to, von the way to v下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语,但不具有被动意义:表语,但不具有被动意义:vdeceased, departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, grown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-travelled, newly arrived, recently come 可以接不定式或动名词做宾语,但在可以接不定式或动名词做宾语,但在意思上有区别的动词意思上有区别的动词vmean to do想要想要(做某事做某事) vmean doing意味意味(做某事做某事) vforget to do忘记忘记(要做某事要做某事) vforget doing忘记忘记(已做的某事已做的某事)vgo on to do继而继而(做另一件事做另一件事)vgo on doing继续继续(做原来的事做原来的事) vpropose to do打算打算(做某事做某事)vpropose doing建议建议(做某事做某事)vremember to do记得记得(要做某事要做某事)vremember doing记得记得(已做过的事已做过的事)vstop to do停下来去做另一件事停下来去做另一件事vstop doing停止正在做的事停止正在做的事vregret to do(对将要做的事对将要做的事)遗憾遗憾 vregret doing(对已做过的事对已做过的事)后悔后悔 动名词的习惯用法动名词的习惯用法vbe busy/active doing sth. vhave difficulty/trouble/problem doing sth.vIt’s no good/use/picnic doing sth. vhave a good/great/wonderful time doing sth.vspend/waste time doing sth. vThere is no point/sense/harm/ use doing sth.vcannot help doing sth. vThere is no doing sth.there be 非谓语动词的用法非谓语动词的用法v(1)做宾语时取决于谓语动词的持续要求。
如:做宾语时取决于谓语动词的持续要求如:vThe students expected there to be more reviewing classes before the final exams.(expect要求接不定式做宾语要求接不定式做宾语)v(2)做目的状语或程度状语时用做目的状语或程度状语时用for there to be,做其他状语,做其他状语用用there being如:vFor there to be successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvement in the discussion itself by all present. (for there to be…在句中做目的状在句中做目的状语语)vIt isn’t cold enough for there to be a frost tonight, so I can leave Jim’s car out quite safely.v(for there to be…在句中做程度状语在句中做程度状语)vThere being no further questions, we’ll stop here today. (there being…做原因状语做原因状语)v(3)引导主语用引导主语用for there to be。
如:如:It is unusual for there to be no late comers today.v(4)做除做除for外的介词宾语,用外的介词宾语,用there being如:如:vHe would always ignore the fact of there being such a contradiction in his inner thought.有关比较级的特殊句型有关比较级的特殊句型v(1)not so much…as…与其说与其说……不如说不如说……vThe chief reason for the population growth isn’t so much a rise in birth rates as a fall in death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.v(2)no/not any more…than…两者一样都不两者一样都不……vThe heart is no more intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, any more than they can limit how much water you drink.v(3)no /not any less…than…两者一样都两者一样都……vShe is no less beautiful than her sister.v(4)just as…so….正如正如……,,……也也……(用倒装结构用倒装结构)vJust as the soil is a part of the earth, so is the atmosphere.THANK YOUTHANK YOU。
