Latin Verb：拉丁语动词.ppt

Latin VerbLatin InflectionI loveamōfirst person singular, present tense, indicative moood active voiceI loved amāvīfirst person singular, past tense, perfect aspect, indicative mood, active voiceLatin Inflectionlovedamātuspast perfect participlelovingamantuspresent participleThematic Vowelamāreto lovemonēreto warnregereto ruleaudīreto hearcreāreto createcredēreto believelegereto readfinīreto finishInfinitive Morphemeamā + reto lovemonē + reto warnrege + reto ruleaudī + reto hearcreā + reto createcredē + reto believelege + reto readfinī + reto finishVerb Structuream + ā + reto lovemon + ē + reto warnreg + e + reto ruleaud + ī + reto hearcreā + reto createcredē + reto believelege + reto readfinī + reto finishVerb StructureStemtheme⇒ Root + VthemeLatin BorrowingsEnglish borrows both lexemes formed off of roots and stemsRoot BorrowingsRootVerbGlossBorrowingdocdocereto teachdocilefacfacereto makefacultyamamāreto loveamorousprobprobāreto testprobefrigfrigerebe coldfrigidputputāreto reckoncomputePast Participle StemsStemtheme⇒ Root + VthemeStemppp+ tStemtheme⇒Different StemsThematic StemParticiple StemprobableprobateprobabilisticprobationprobabilityprobationaryThematic StemprobaStemthemebleLexprobableParticiple StemprobaStemthemeprobationtStempppionLexRoots and Stems BorrowingsRootThematic StemPPP Stemcrecreateaudhearaudibleauditionspirinspireinspirationgreggregariouscongregationvocvocalvocablevocationfinfinalfiniteē - theme BorrowingsRootThematicpppmonmonumentmonitorcredcredencedredithabhabilitatehabitdebdebitfugrefugefugitiveē - theme BorrowingsThe changes to the thematic vowel indicate that a phonological rule must convert it to ‘i’+ ē + t → + i + te- theme verbsRootThematicpppfacfacileefficientfactdocdociledoctordicdictionspecspecimenspectatorruprupturee-theme verbsRootThematicpppregregularregentcorrectlegcollegecollectagagileagentactfragfragilefracturefigfigurefictionpigpigmentpicturee-theme verbsTwo things to noticeThe thematic vowel is missing in the past participleIs this a special form of the past participleOr is there a rule deleting the thematic vowel?e-themesIf we assume that e-themes are formed the same way as other themes, the e-themes remain regularThis argues for a phonological rule that deletes the thematic ‘e’e-theme verbsNotice also that if the final consonant of the root is ‘g’, it changes to ‘c’eg. ‘fiction’ from fig + e + t + ionWhat sounds do ‘g’ and ‘c’ represent?[g] and [k]What is the relationship between [g] and [k]?e-themesWhat is the change from [g] to [k]DevoicingWhy would [g] devoice when a [t] follows?Voicing Assimilatione-themesRootThematicpppscribscribescriptAssimilationIf [g] and [b] will assimilation in voicing to a following [t] perhaps there is a more general ruleA voiced stops assimilates in voiced to a following voiceless stopOr perhaps, in most circumstances, stops will agree in voicing with a following consonantAssimilationRootppp-mentfigfigurefictionfigmentfragfragilefracturefragmentsecsecantinsectsegmente-theme verbsIf [g] and [b] assimilate to a following consonant, what other consonant should be examined?[g] and [b] are voiced stops[d] is the other voiced stope-theme verbsRootThematicppppvidinvidiousevidentvisionsedsediment sedentarysessioncādcadenceocasioncīdsuicideincisionclaudconcludeclausesuadpersuadepersuasionrōdrodenterosionDental rootsRootThematicpppmitpermitpermissionpatpatientpassionpotpotentpossibleObservationsAssimilation will ensure that the sequence t+t will be createdSometimes, the reflex is ‘ss’ (passion) and sometimes it is ‘s’ (occasion)Since we start with 2 consonants, ‘ss’ would seem to be the resultAssibilationThe conversion of something to [s] is called assibilationAssibilation of t + t is unusual but not impossibleObservationWhat distinguishes the roots that result in ‘ss’ from those that result in ‘s’?Roots with ‘ss’ always have a short vowelRoots with ‘s’ have eithera long vowela diphthong (represented as two vowels)RepresentationIf we represent long vowels as a sequence of two vowels, then both classes can be covered by the same ruleVVss → VVsDerivationvīdmitvīd+emit+etheme vowelvīd+e+tmit+e+tpppvīd+e+t+ionmit+e+t+ioncreate nounvīd+t+ionmit+t+ionDeletionvīt+t+ionAssimilationvīssionmissionAssibilationvīsionShorten ssConsonant Cluster RootsRootThemepppvert convertconvertible conversiontendextendtendencytensionspondrespond respondentsponsorpendpendpendantpensionConsonant Cluster rootsThese roots show that the ‘s’ is short after several consonantsSome languages have the concept of a ‘heavy’ syllableThese syllables contain either a long vowel or have a ‘heavy’ endingThe rule may be that ‘ss’ shortens after heavy syllables.Derivation treeiStemthemetStempppionLexvidOne more problemRootThemepppnectconnectannexflectinflectreflexWhat an ‘x’What is the expected etymological form?annect + e + tThis should convert to annecssThen to annecscs represents [ks]Latin represent [ks] as ‘x’RepresentationWhy are the nominalized forms connection and reflection?It appears that connect and reflect have been reanalyzed as past participlesNote that the British spelling is connexion and reflexionExceptions“All grammars leak”As much as we want to build a regular rule system, it is not always possibleHow to form the English plural?Add ‘s’ to the lexemeWhat about foot/feetExceptionsThe problem of exceptions to rules has a history in linguisticsTwo schools of thought in the 19th Century“Every word has its own history”No regular rulesExceptionsTwo schools of thought“No exception without a rule”ExceptionsLatinEnglishhostgueststellarstarstalestillstatuestandstratumstrawExceptionsSometimes there is nothing obvious to say about exceptionsthe verb sentire is a ī theme verbsentimentbut senseThis shows that the ī deletes, although it shouldn’tExceptionscessationcompensationconversationdictationimprovisationsensationExceptionscess + a + t + ioncom + pens + a + t + ioncon + vers + a + t + iondict + a + t + ionim + pro + vis + a + t + ionsens + a + t + ionExceptionsNotice that there is somethign aodd about the rootsThey are new but familarConsider ‘dict’Looks like the past participle of ‘dic’dic + e + tExceptions[ced + e + t] + a + t + ioncom + [pend + e + t] + a + t + ioncon + [vert + e + t] + a + t + ion[dic + e + t] + a + t + ionim + pro + [vid + e + t] + a + t + ion[sent + e + t] + a + t + ionExplanationThe phonological rules have obscured the morphological structure of some past participlesit is not obvious that the root of ‘vision’ is ‘vid’These words are reanalyzedThe root of ‘vision’ becomes ‘vis’ and is now unrelated to the original root ‘vid’ObservationsThe new words all have the thematic vowel ‘a’This is the thematic vowel with which all new words are formed in Latin and Romance languagesNew and old wordsold words follow the old rulesnew words do notPresent ParticiplesRootpppendpendulumdependentvidprovideevidentpotpotentagagileagentregregularregentPresent ParticipleRootPPerrerrorerrantmerccommercemercantilestainstantPresent ParticipleLexpp⇒Stemtheme+ ntExceptionsRootStemBorrowingvenven + ī + e + nt convenientscisci + e + ntscientistpatpat + ie + ntpatientgradgrad + ie + ntgradientAssibiliationIn the history of French [t] would assibilate when followed by [i] and any vowelt + iV → s + iVIn Latin, the present participle could be nominalized by adding ‘-ia’Only seen in a few wordssenile dementiaAssibilationRootUnassibilatedAssibilatedaudaudiencefidconfidentconfidencepatpatientpatiencecurrcurrentcurrencysciscientistscienceiambientambienceProductivityscribeascribeascribableprescribeprescribleascription prescriptionconscriptproscribeconscriptdescribedescriptiondescribedescriptionscriptscripturaldescriptive subscribesubscriptinscribeinscriptiontranscribe manuscriptpostscript。