Shakespeare莎士比亚文学作品介绍(英文).ppt

William Shakespeare(1564-1616)154 sonnets十四行诗十四行诗2 long poems37 playsTragedies Comedies History plays Tragi-comediesShakespeare’s WorksHIS TRAGEDIES namong the most powerful studies of human nature in all literature nappropriately as the greatest achievements of his dramatic artistryn his  unforgettable  tragic  characters, such  as  Romeo  and  Juliet,  Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and MacbethFour Great TragediesHamlet(1601)Hamlet(1601) 哈姆雷特哈姆雷特哈姆雷特哈姆雷特Othello(1604)Othello(1604) 奥赛罗奥赛罗奥赛罗奥赛罗King Lear(1605)King Lear(1605) 李尔王李尔王李尔王李尔王Macbeth(1606)Macbeth(1606)麦克白麦克白HIS COMEDIESn nHis comedies celebrate human social life even as they expose human folly（stupidstupid））   . n nBy means that are sometimes humiliating（degradedegrade）, even painful, characters learn  greater  wisdom  and  emerge  with  a clearer view of reality. n nTragedies begin happily and end in misery.   Comedies, on the other hand, begin in misery and end happily.Well-known ComediesnThe Merchant of Venice 威尼斯商人威尼斯商人nA Midsummer Night’s Dream 仲夏夜之梦仲夏夜之梦nTwelfth Night 第十二夜第十二夜nAs You Like It 皆大欢喜皆大欢喜nAll’s Well That Ends Well 终成眷属终成眷属nMuch Ado about Nothing 无事生非无事生非Historiesn n2 Henry VI n n3 Henry VI n n1 Henry VI n nRichard III n nRichard II nKing John n1 Henry IV n2 Henry IV nHenry V nHenry VIII His  History  Playsn nHistory plays（sometimes known as chronicle plays ）----a highly popular form of drama in Shakespeare’s time. Shakespeare’s PoetryPoetryn nVenus and Adonis Venus and Adonis n nThe Rape of The Rape of LucreceLucrece   n nSonnets Sonnets n n`A Lover's Complaint' `A Lover's Complaint' n nThe Passionate Pilgrim The Passionate Pilgrim n nThe Phoenix and The Turtle The Phoenix and The Turtle n n Shakespeare wrote in “Early Modern English.”n n EME was not very different from “Modern English,” Shakespeare’s Languagen n A mix of old and very newn n Rural and urban words/imagesn n Understandable by the lowest peasant and the highest nobleShakespeare’s LanguageThou=you(主格）主格）Thy=your（物主代词（物主代词））Thee=you（宾格）（宾格）Warming-upMatch the meaning with the quotation and the play.“Words, words, only words, no matter from the heart”Meaning: Empty words, not real thoughts or ideas from the heart.空话空话, ,空话空话, ,只是空话只是空话, ,没有一点发自内心没有一点发自内心. .Romeo, Romeo, why are you Romeo ? Deny your father, and refuse your name…罗密欧罗密欧, ,罗密欧罗密欧, ,你为什么是罗密欧你为什么是罗密欧? ?否定你的父亲放弃否定你的父亲放弃你的姓氏你的姓氏. .Version In modern English“Neither a borrower nor a lender be” Meaning: It is best not to lend (money) to others and not to borrow from others. When we lend sth, we risk losing both the thing we lend and the friendship with the other person.别借债别借债, ,莫放债莫放债. .Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown. Meaning: A person who has great responsibility, such as a king, is constantly worried and therefore doesn’t sleep soundly.头戴王冠头戴王冠, ,寝食不安寝食不安. .“To be or not to be: that is the question”Meaning: That is a question whether to live on in this world or to die, that is, to take action or to do nothing.生存还是毁灭生存还是毁灭, ,这是个问题这是个问题. .William Shakespeare – – All the world's a Stage (All the world's a Stage (fromfrom As You Like It) ) As You Like It) )n nAll the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players: They have their exits and their entrances; And one man in his time plays many parts, His acts being seven ages. n n全世界是个舞台，男男女女只是演员全世界是个舞台，男男女女只是演员全世界是个舞台，男男女女只是演员全世界是个舞台，男男女女只是演员而已，他们都有其退场和登场，人生而已，他们都有其退场和登场，人生而已，他们都有其退场和登场，人生而已，他们都有其退场和登场，人生在世扮演着多种角色，它的表演有七在世扮演着多种角色，它的表演有七在世扮演着多种角色，它的表演有七在世扮演着多种角色，它的表演有七个时期。

个时期“Life’s but a walking shadow; a poor player, That struts and frets his hour upon the stage, And is heard of no more: it is a tale Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury, Signifying nothing.”- Macbeth Act V; s.5人生不过是一个行走的影子，一个在舞人生不过是一个行走的影子，一个在舞台上指手划脚的笨拙的怜人，登场片刻，台上指手划脚的笨拙的怜人，登场片刻，便在无声无息中悄然退去，这是一个愚便在无声无息中悄然退去，这是一个愚人所讲的故事，充满了喧哗和骚动，却人所讲的故事，充满了喧哗和骚动，却一无所指一无所指《《麦克白麦克白》》 Influence n nShakespeare’s work has made a lasting Shakespeare’s work has made a lasting impression on later theatre and literature. His impression on later theatre and literature. His writing is widely regarded as one of the three writing is widely regarded as one of the three main sources of the English literature, while main sources of the English literature, while the other two are Greek and Roman myths the other two are Greek and Roman myths and the Bible.and the Bible.n nIn Shakespeare’s day, English grammar and In Shakespeare’s day, English grammar and spelling were less spelling were less standardisedstandardised than they are  than they are now, and his use of language helped shape now, and his use of language helped shape modern English. modern English. Ben Jonson dedicated（（devoteddevoted）） a poem in praise of Shakespeare n n我的莎士比亚，起来吧。

我不想把你我的莎士比亚，起来吧我不想把你n n安置在乔叟、斯宾塞的身旁，或者叫波蒙特安置在乔叟、斯宾塞的身旁，或者叫波蒙特n n躺过去一点，给你让出些地方躺过去一点，给你让出些地方n n即使没有墓，你也是一块丰碑，即使没有墓，你也是一块丰碑，n n你仍然活着，只要你的书还在，你仍然活着，只要你的书还在，n n只要我们会读书，我们会说出赞词只要我们会读书，我们会说出赞词……n n自豪吧，我的不列颠，你拿的出一个人，自豪吧，我的不列颠，你拿的出一个人，n n欧洲所有剧坛都向他致敬欧洲所有剧坛都向他致敬n n他不只属于一个时代，而是属于永远他不只属于一个时代，而是属于永远 The Cost of a Shown1 shilling to standn2 shillings to sit in the balconyn1 shilling was 10% of their weekly incomeActorsn nOnly men and boysOnly men and boysn nYoung boys whose voices had Young boys whose voices had not changed play women’s not changed play women’s rolesrolesn nWould have been considered Would have been considered indecent for a woman to indecent for a woman to appear on stageappear on stagen nCostumes were often the Costumes were often the company’s most valuable assetcompany’s most valuable assetn nCostumes were made by the Costumes were made by the company, bought in London, or company, bought in London, or donated by courtiersdonated by courtiersThe Globe TheaterThe evidence suggests that it was a three-storey, open-air amphitheatre approximately 100 feet (30 m) in diameter that could house up to 3,000 spectators. The Globe Theatre – Shakespeare’s Most Successful Financial VentureCalled the “Wooden O” because of its eight sided shape.Stayed in business because of the favor of the royalty of the time•-- Soft you now!The fair Ophelia! Nymph, in thy (your) orisons Be all my sins remember'd. ---Hamlet且慢！美丽的奥菲利娅！且慢！美丽的奥菲利娅！——女神，女神，在你的祈祷之中，不要忘记替我忏悔在你的祈祷之中，不要忘记替我忏悔我的罪孽。

我的罪孽Hamlet n nThe Prince of Denmark, the title character,     and the protagonist. n nAbout thirty years old at the start of the play, n nthe son of Queen Gertrude and the late King Hamlet, n nthe nephew of the present king, Claudius. Hamlet’s soliloquyFor such a figure as Hamlet, soliloquy is a natural medium, a necessary release of his anguish; and some of his questioning monologues possess surpassing power and insight, which have survived centuries of being torn from their context. How many soliloquies does Hamlet deliver? n nHamlet hasHamlet has seven major soliloquies:  major soliloquies: n n"O that this too "O that this too tootoo sullied flesh would melt" (1.2.129- sullied flesh would melt" (1.2.129-159) 159) "O all you host of heaven! O earth! what else?" "O all you host of heaven! O earth! what else?" (1.5.92-111) (1.5.92-111) "O what a rogue and peasant slave am I!" (2.2.549-"O what a rogue and peasant slave am I!" (2.2.549-607) 607) "To be, or not to be, that is the question" (3.1.56-89) "To be, or not to be, that is the question" (3.1.56-89) " "TisTis now the very witching time of night" (3.3.380- now the very witching time of night" (3.3.380-392) 392) "Now might I do it pat, now a' is a-praying" (3.3.73-"Now might I do it pat, now a' is a-praying" (3.3.73-96) 96) "How all occasions do inform against me" (4.4.32-66) "How all occasions do inform against me" (4.4.32-66) n nTo be, or not to be: that is the question:To be, or not to be: that is the question:Whether ’tis nobler in the mind to sufferWhether ’tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortuneThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortuneOr to take arms against a sea of troubles,Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,And by opposing end them?—To die,—to sleep,— And by opposing end them?—To die,—to sleep,— No more; and by a sleep to say we endNo more; and by a sleep to say we endThe heartache, and the thousand natural shocksThe heartache, and the thousand natural shocksThat flesh is heir to,—’tis a consummationThat flesh is heir to,—’tis a consummationDevoutly to be wish’d. To die,—to sleep;— Devoutly to be wish’d. To die,—to sleep;— Hamlet’s soliloquy生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题；默然忍受命运的生存还是毁灭，这是一个值得考虑的问题；默然忍受命运的暴虐的毒箭，或是挺身反抗人世的无涯的苦难，通过斗争把暴虐的毒箭，或是挺身反抗人世的无涯的苦难，通过斗争把它们扫清，这两种行为，哪一种更高贵？它们扫清，这两种行为，哪一种更高贵？死了；睡着了；什死了；睡着了；什么都完了；要是在这一种睡眠之中，我们心头的创痛，以及么都完了；要是在这一种睡眠之中，我们心头的创痛，以及其他无数血肉之躯所不能避免的打击，都可以从此消失，那其他无数血肉之躯所不能避免的打击，都可以从此消失，那正是我们求之不得的结局。

正是我们求之不得的结局To sleep: perchance to dream:—ay, there’s the rub;For in that sleep of death what dreams may come,When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,Must give us pause: there’s the respectThat makes calamity of so long life;For who would bear the whips and scorns of time,The oppressor’s wrong, the proud man’s contumely,The pangs of despis’d love, the law’s delay,The insolence of office, and the spurns That patient merit of the unworthy takes,When he himself might his quietus makeWith a bare bodkin?...睡着了也许还会做梦；嗯，阻碍就在这儿：因为当我们摆脱睡着了也许还会做梦；嗯，阻碍就在这儿：因为当我们摆脱了这一具朽腐的皮囊以后，在那死的睡眠里，究竟将要做些了这一具朽腐的皮囊以后，在那死的睡眠里，究竟将要做些什么梦，那不能不使我们踌躇顾虑。

人们甘心久困于患难之什么梦，那不能不使我们踌躇顾虑人们甘心久困于患难之中，也就是为了这个缘故；谁愿意忍受人世的鞭挞和讥嘲、中，也就是为了这个缘故；谁愿意忍受人世的鞭挞和讥嘲、压迫者的凌辱、傲慢者的冷眼、被轻蔑的爱情的惨痛、法律压迫者的凌辱、傲慢者的冷眼、被轻蔑的爱情的惨痛、法律的迁延、官吏的横暴和费尽辛勤所换来的小人的鄙视，要是的迁延、官吏的横暴和费尽辛勤所换来的小人的鄙视，要是他只要一柄小小的刀子，就可以清算他自己的一生他只要一柄小小的刀子，就可以清算他自己的一生n nWith a bare bodkin? who would these fardels bear,To grunt and sweat under a weary life,But that the dread of something after death,— The undiscover’d country, from whose bournNo traveller returns,—puzzles the will,And makes us rather bear those ills we haveThan fly to others that we know not of?n谁愿意负着这样的重担，在烦劳的生命的压迫谁愿意负着这样的重担，在烦劳的生命的压迫下呻吟流汗，倘不是因为惧怕不可知的死后，下呻吟流汗，倘不是因为惧怕不可知的死后，惧怕那从来不曾有一个旅人回来过的神秘之国，惧怕那从来不曾有一个旅人回来过的神秘之国，是它迷惑了我们的意志，使我们宁愿忍受目前是它迷惑了我们的意志，使我们宁愿忍受目前的磨折，不敢向我们所不知道的痛苦飞去？的磨折，不敢向我们所不知道的痛苦飞去？  Thus conscience does make cowards of us all;And thus the native hue of resolutionIs sicklied o’er with the pale cast of thought;And enterprises of great pith and moment,With this regard, their currents turn awry,And lose the name of action.  这样，重重的顾虑使我们全变成了懦夫，这样，重重的顾虑使我们全变成了懦夫，决心的赤热的光彩，被审慎的思维盖上了决心的赤热的光彩，被审慎的思维盖上了一层灰色，伟大的事业在这一种考虑之下，一层灰色，伟大的事业在这一种考虑之下，也会逆流而退，失去了行动的意义。

也会逆流而退，失去了行动的意义Hamlet’s soliloquyMain Idea:This is an internal philosophical debate on the advantages and disadvantages of existence, and whether it is one‘s right to end his or her own life. It presents a most logical and powerful examination of the theme of the moral legitimacy（（lawfulnesslawfulness ）） of suicide in an unbearably painful world.To be, or not to be: that is the question:n nthe key sentencethe key sentencen ndilemma of trying to determine the dilemma of trying to determine the meaning of life and deathmeaning of life and death suffer the life passivelyto end one’s sufferingsactively?To beTo live and not to take actionNot to beTo take action and dieWhich is nobler ?n nT To be----to liveo be----to liven nsuffer the life suffer the life passivelypassivelyn nthe whips and scorns the whips and scorns of time of time n nthe oppressor’s wrongthe oppressor’s wrongn npangs of despis’d lovepangs of despis’d loven nthe law’s delaythe law’s delayn ninsolence of officeinsolence of office        ……n nNot to be ----to dieNot to be ----to dien nseek to end one’s seek to end one’s sufferings actively sufferings actively n nbring himself peace bring himself peace with a knifewith a knife   –easy!–easy!n nBut--UBut--Unknown dreams nknown dreams in tin thehe death-sleep death-sleepn nNobody comes back from Nobody comes back from the unknown land to tell the unknown land to tell about their afterlifeabout their afterlife“the dread of something after death” makes people submit to the suffering of their lives rather than go to another state of existence which might be even more miserable. Pains already knownHamlet’s themeTreachery（betrayal ）revengeincestmoral corruptionHamlet’s charactermelancholy, bitter, and cynical, full of hatred for his uncle’s scheming and disgust for his mother’s sexuality. A reflective and thoughtful young man who has studied at the University of Wittenberg, often indecisive and hesitant, but at other times prone to rash and impulsive acts. Romeo and JulietRomeo and Julietn nThough a tragedy, there is no tinge (hint) of pessimism in the play. n nIt is a song of youth and true love. Setting of Romeo and Juliet The play is mainly set in the thirteenth or fourteenth century in Italy in Verona.n nMuch of the action takes place in Juliet's house. Much of the action takes place in Juliet's house. n nThe Capulets and the Montagues, the main The Capulets and the Montagues, the main families of the play, are from noble lineagefamilies of the play, are from noble lineage（家族）（家族）   and wealth; they dress well, live in fancy and wealth; they dress well, live in fancy surroundings, and are served by many surroundings, and are served by many attendants. attendants. n nThe play's basic setting, therefore, is rich and The play's basic setting, therefore, is rich and elegant. elegant. Quotes from Romeo and Julietn nWhat’s in a name? That which we call a roseBy any other word would smell as sweet.(2.2.45-6), Juliet(2.2.45-6), Julietn nO Romeo, Romeo, wherefore art thou Romeo?(2.2.35), Juliet(2.2.35), Juliet           n nGood night, good night. Parting is such sweet sorrow,That I shall say good night till it be morrow.(2.2.197-8), Juliet n nSee how she leans her cheek upon her hand!O that I were a glove upon that hand,That I might touch that cheek!(2.2.23-5), Romeo Quotes from Romeo and Julietn nGive me my Romeo, and, when he shall die,Take him and cut him out in little stars,And he will make the face of heaven so fineThat all the world will be in love with night,And pay no worship to the garish(dazzling(dazzling) ) sun.(3.2.21-5), Juliet Quotes from Romeo and Julietn nShakespeare's Juliet is a headstrong and intelligent character in spite of her young age She is considered by many to be the true hero of the play, acting as a balance against the impulsive Romeo. The play takes place over a time span of four days. Within these few days, Juliet is thrust into adulthood quickly—where she must deal with issues of life, love, passion, and even death. She experiences a timeline of emotions. 。