introductiontoMarieCuriePPT课件.ppt

Madame Marie Curie&The Science of Radioactivity1Early Life•Born on November 7, 1867 in Warsaw, Poland•Given name was Marya Sklodowska, but her family and friends called her “Little Manya”2Early Life •Her father was a professor of math and physics•Her mother was a pianist, singer, and teacher•Her mother died of tuberculosis when Marya was 113Schooling•Graduated from high school at 15• In 1891 she enrolled at the Sorbonne in Paris as “Marie” and graduated in 1893 4Pierre• She married Pierre Curie in July 18955Thesis Work•She decided that her thesis for her doctorate would be on Henri Becquerel’s mysterious “x-rays” that are given off by uranium6Work with Uranium• Discovered that if you have a certain amount of uranium, then you get a certain amount of ray intensity, no matter what you did to the material7Uranium•Marie discovered that there was something going on inside the atom that created the rays, she named this effect “radioactivity”8•She discovered that the only known elements that were radioactive were uranium and thorium(钍)Radioactivity9Polonium（钋）•Pierre stopped his work on crystals to work with Marie•Marie continued her work, but with a different substance, pitchblende（沥青铀矿）10Polonium•They called this new substance polonium in honor of Marie’s homeland•In July 1898 they extracted a new element that was even more radioactive than uranium11Radium•In January of 1899 another new element was discovered that was over 1 million times more radioactive than uranium, it was named radium12Radium•In 1910 Marie isolated pure radium metal•Her major studies showed that radium gave out light and heat, as well as being able to damage living flesh13Radium •In order to obtain one decigram（纯的） of pure radium chloride salt, Marie had to sift through hundreds of tons of pitchblende14Properties of Radium•Radium is silver-white in color•Today it is used in small amounts as a cancer treatment and in fluorescent （荧光的）paint15Pierre’s Death•Pierre Curie was killed tragically by a horse-drawn cart in 190616Teaching•It was decided that Marie should take over Pierre’s teaching job at the Sorbonne in 1906•This made Marie the 1st woman professor at any French university17Paris Radium Institute•In 1907 Marie convinced the French government to fund a radium research institute, to be used mainly for medical research18Radium Institute•In August 1914 the Radium Institute was finished, and named after Marie’s deceased husband19Health Problems•Marie believed that working with radium was not a danger to her health, however, doctors today have proven that she was very wrong20Health •In 1911 Marie collapsed from depression and severe kidney problems that were a result of her long-time exposure to radium21World War I•Shortly after the institute was finished, Germany invaded France•Marie’s staff was cut short to two people, herself and her daughter Irene22World War I •Immediately after the War broke out Marie donated all of her money to the War fund, and signed up to be a nurse23X-ray Mobiles•Marie decided that there should be x-ray machines that the war doctors could use on the battle field for soldiers24X-ray mobiles •Marie created 20 mobile x-ray machines and over 200 stationary machines25Radon（氡）•Marie also invented tiny glass tubes that were filled with radon ( a radioactive gas)26Radon•Doctors would insert the tubes in patients at spots where the radiation would destroy diseased tissue27After the War•After the War ended in 1918 Marie spent a lot of time with her two daughters Irene and Eve 28After the War •After two or three years with her daughters she resumed her work with radium at the Paris institute29Declining Health•Marie had been working at the radium institute in good health for almost 12 years•She began to notice burns on her hands and her failing eyesight somewhere around 193230Late Life •Marie eventually contracted leukemia and died on July 14, 193431Awards•Marie was awarded numerous small awards during her life such as having her picture placed on a stamp!32Late Life•Marie’s blood had been weakened by her constant exposure to radium•This caused her to catch aplastic [ei'plæstik] anemia[ə'ni:miə] （再生障碍性贫血）33Awards •Marie was awarded the Nobel prize in physics in 1903 for her work with X-rays•She was also awarded the Nobel prize in chemistry in 1911 for her work with radium34。