实用英语写作电子课本.doc

Chapter 1 Manuscript Form and Punctuation 1 Manuscript Form1. ArrangementIt is very important to write the manuscript form correctly, because it makes the article easy to read and prevents misunderstanding. Therefore, we should follow some general principles such as how to write the title, how to leave the margin, how to capitalize the word and so on.2. Title writingFirst, you are always aware that the title or topic of the essay should be placed in the middle of the first line. Second, word of the title should be capitalized, except articles, short prepositions, conjunctions and to in infinitives. However, in case that one of these words is the first or last word of the title, it also should be capitalized. Third, no full stop should be used at the end of a title, but a question mark is needed if the topic is a direct question. Moreover, an indirect question is not followed by a question mark. The title of a book within the topic should be underlined (italicized in printing), and the title of an article put between quotation marks.Below are some examples:Culture ShockMarriage Across the NationsWhere Do You Come From?The Pain in Wearing High HeelsDifferent Views on HamletInterpretations of Robert Frost’s “Fire and Ice”3. MarginWhen we write an essay to be read by the teacher, we should write on every other line so that there will be room for corrections. It’s necessary to leave a margin of about two centimeters at the top and the bottom of the page, and one of a centimeter and a half on the right and left side. Never write the words to the very edge of the page. When the space left near the end of a line is not or barely enough for the word we are going to write, we should write the word on the next line, or divide the word if it is a long one. There must be a blank space on the right side of the page.Moreover, the first line of every paragraph should be indented (start after a space of four or five letters). Arabic numerals are generally used for paging. They can be put either in the upper right-hand corner or in the middle below the last line of every page. 4. CapitalizationThe use of capitalization is unique and important in writing. Capitalized words are used mainly in three places: proper names, key words in titles, and the first words of sentences.1. Common words used as parts of proper names are capitalized:The People’s Republic of China North CarolinaChildren’s Day the Red CrossThe Alps Los Angeles2. Words derived from proper names are usually capitalized:Darwinism Confucianism SocialismMoslemism Buddhist Latinize 3. Capitalization is used at the beginning of a sentence (a complete or incomplete sentence), e.g.:She is one of my best friend.Wonderful!4. For the first letters of designations of relatives before family names, e.g.:Uncle George Aunt MaggieCousin Smith Martin Tom Grandma Lee5. For almost all abbreviations (except a.m. , p.m. , etc. , e.g. , i.e. , )UFO， VOA, W.C., A.O.U, UNESCO, NATO6. For the first letter of the salutation and complimentary close in a letter, e.g.:Dear Sir:Ever yours, (Yours ever, )Sincerely yours, (Yours sincerely, )5. HandwritingHandwriting is one of the most important things when you write a formal article. We should always try to write neatly so that our handwriting can be read easily. We should make capital letters bigger and higher than small letters, and remember all the time that a’ s different from o’ s, n’ s different from u’ s and so on. A little space (about that of one letter) should be left a comma, and a slightly bigger space (about that of two letters) after a full stop.When we want to cross out a word, we should draw a thick line through it. It is be misleading to put it between brackets, because that means the word is an explanatory remark. When we want to add a word, we should write it above, not below, the line of words we have written with a clear sign showing where it is to be inserted.2 Punctuation1. The Comma ( , )(1) A comma is used to join coordinate clauses. It is put before the conjunction (and, but, or, so, nor, or yet):He got up early this morning, and went to school after ate the breakfast.Mary wanted to study abroad, but her parents disagreed.Hurry up, or we’ll late again.Cindy couldn’t do it herself, nor could she find anyone to do it for her.He tried hard, yet he failed to convince her.(2) Commas are used to separate a series of words or phrases with the same function in the sentence.There is a bouquet of red, pink, yellow and white roses.I have so many good friends, such as Mary, Tracy, Alice and Helen.The children sang, danced, jumped and chased each other. (3) Nonrestrictive clauses and phrases are set off by commas: This is Mr. Zhou, direct。