Lecture4虚拟名从教学校园.ppt

Lecture 5 Lecture 5 虚拟语气、名词性从句虚拟语气、名词性从句 1 1教资优选教资优选 现代英语的虚拟式只有两种形式，即be-型虚拟式(be-subjunctive)和were-型虚拟式(were-subjunctive)我们主要讨论这两种虚拟式的用法•Were型虚拟式主要用在非真实条件句中或用于表达不可能实现的愿望；be型虚拟式主要用于表示命令、请求和建议等 2 2教资优选教资优选MoodUseExamplesIndicative mood陈述语气to express facts and opinionsI am young.You are Late.He is not patient.Imperative mood祈使语气to express commands and requests Be patient!Let’s do our homework right now! Don’t be late!Subjunctive mood虚拟语气to express a wish, hypothesis, etc. If I were rich …, If he were not here …,If they were rich…3 3教资优选教资优选*If I If Iamthe teacher, I willnot give the students too much assignmentwerewould*If you If yougetthere earlier, youwill have catch the bushad gotwould have*I wish I I wish I am ten years younger.were4 4教资优选教资优选　条件从句的谓语动词主句的谓语动词与将来事实相反 1. 动词过去式　2. should + 动词原形　3. were to + 动词原形　Should 　　　　　+ 动词原形　would与过去事实相反 Had + 过去分词 　Should 　　　　　+ have + 过去分词　would与现在事实可能相反动词过去式（be一般用were）　Should 　　　　　+ 动词原形　would5 5教资优选教资优选一般现在时现在进行时现在完成时现在完成进行时一般过去时过去进行时一般将来时将来进行时将来完成时将来完成进行时一般过去时过去进行时过去完成时过去完成进行时过去完成时过去完成进行时过去将来过去将来进行时过去将来完成时过去将来完成进行时6 6教资优选教资优选•The subjunctive mood is used in dependent clauses that 1) express a wish; 2) begin with if and express a condition that does not exist (is contrary to fact); 3) begin with the following phrases when such clauses describe a speculation or condition contrary to fact: •If only I had been born a millionaire!•But for the rain, we would be climbing the mountain now. •Without your help, I could not have finished the job by now.•I would rather I were not at the site of the accident.•Suppose the earth were flat.•He spoke to me as if I were deaf. 7 7教资优选教资优选含蓄虚拟条件句含蓄虚拟条件句•含蓄虚拟条件句是指句中没有明显的虚拟条件句，而是利用其他手段来暗示存在虚拟条件。

常用来表示含蓄虚拟条件的手段有：•（1）      介词或介词短语，如：but for, but that, without, in case of, under, under more favorable condition等• We would have been in real trouble but for your help. (=if it hadn’t been for your help)• But that she saw it with her own eyes, she could not have believed it.(=If she hadn’t seen it with her own eyes.)• We would never have got there without the guide.(=if we hadn’t had the guide…)8 8教资优选教资优选•would(had)rather, would as soon, would sooner和和 would prefer所引起的从句中要求用过去式表示当时或将来的情况，用过去完成时表示过去的情况，表示希望或婉转的责备。

9 9教资优选教资优选•It’s(high, about) time that 句型中that从句中要求用虚拟语气形式，即动词要用过去式•例如：It’s very late. It’s time we had to go home.• It’s high time that we did something to stop pollution.1010教资优选教资优选Were-Subjunctive can also be formed Were-Subjunctive can also be formed Were-Subjunctive can also be formed Were-Subjunctive can also be formed by dropping by dropping by dropping by dropping ifififif in the following way. in the following way. in the following way. in the following way.•If I had finished my homework, I would have gone fishing with my father.•Had I finished my homework, I would have gone fishing with my father.•If she were in charge, she would lead us out of the difficulty.•Were she in charge, she would lead us out of the difficulty.•If he hadn’t finished his homework yesterday, he would not have played with us.• , he would not have played with us.• 1111教资优选教资优选错综时间非真实条件句中的虚拟语气• 我们已经学习过非真实条件句中虚拟语气的基本用法。

但有些时候，条件从句表 示的动作和主句表示的动作发生在不同的时间，比如一个是过去发生的，一个是现在发生的这时，动词的形式要根据表示的时间来调整例如：• If we hadn’t to everything ready by now, we should be having a terrible time tomorrow. • If we had set out earlier, we wouldn’t be walking in the rain.• If you were in better health, we would have allowed you to join them in the work.1212教资优选教资优选•Choose the best answer for each blank.•If my lawyer _______ here last Saturday, he________ me from going. •A. had been, would have prevented B. had been, would prevent•C. were, would prevent D. were, would have prevented•LiFeng _______ you more help, even though he was very busy.•A. might have given B. might give•C. may have given D. may give1313教资优选教资优选•A: If he ______, he _______ that food.•B: Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.–was warned , would not take–had been warned, would not have taken–would be warned, had not taken–would have been warned, had not taken• If Mrs. Lincoln ________ ill that night, the Lincolns would not have gone to Ford Theatre..A. were B. wasC. had been D. has been1414教资优选教资优选•I didn’t see your sister at the meeting. If she _____ , she would have met my brother.•A. has come B. did come•C. came D. had come•I would have called you, ___________•　A. if I know your telephone number. 　B. but I had forgotten your telephone number 　C. but I forgot your telephone number 　D. if I had not remember your telephone number 1515教资优选教资优选•7..I was busy yesterday, otherwise I_______ your birthday party. 　A. attended B. had attended C. would attend D. would have attended 8.English would be easier if there _______no subjunctive mood. 　A. was B. were C. is D. had1616教资优选教资优选•Following the example, write a sentence with “if” according to every situation given below.•Example: we don’t visit you so often because you live so far away.• But if you didn’t live so far away, we would visit you more often. • •1.People don’t understand him because he doesn’t speak clearly.•But if1717教资优选教资优选•2.We can’t go climbing because it is raining.•But if it •3.I can’t go with you because I have to work.•But if •4.Tom didn’t eat anything because he was not hungry.•If •5.I was able to buy the car because John lent me the money.•If 1818教资优选教资优选•6. I was given enough money. I bought the book.• If •7.Jim doesn’t have many friends. He feels lonely.• If •8. Lisa was tired last night. She fell into sleep without finishing her homework.• If •9. George’s friends didn’t know about his troubles. They didn’t help him right away.• If 1919教资优选教资优选从句•当一个本来就可以单独充当句子的语法单位（至少含有主语和谓语动词）被用来充当另一个更大的句子中的一个成分时，这个语法单位就叫做“从句”（clause）；而这个更大的句子就叫做“主句”（main clause）。

从句可以发挥名词、形容词、和副词的功能，所以又分别叫做名词性从句（noun clause）、形容词性从句(adjective clause) 和副词性从句(adverb clause)形容词性从句又叫关系分句（relative clause），因为是由关系词（关系代词和关系副词）引导的；因为形容词性从句在句子中充当定语，所以又叫做定语从句（attributive clause） 副词性从句在句子中一般充当状语，所以又叫做状语从句（adverbial clause）从句一般由引导词引导，而且要和主句一起才能构成一个完整的句子2020教资优选教资优选•Robert: We graduate next month. Do you know ?•David: This is . But it is suggested by Jim .•Robert: Doing what?•David: Doing .•Robert: By whom?•David: By . What about you?•Robert: I think . But I don’t know . For I will fail their wish .whoever hires me；what you’re going to dowhatever I am told；whether my parents will agreeI am going into the army；what bothers me.that I go on to college ；that I be a worker 2121教资优选教资优选名词名词•名词在句中可充当主语，宾语，表语，同位语等。

要注意的是名词在句子中还可以充当定语（eg. That is an apple tree），状语（eg. He came here last week.），和补语（eg. We elected him our monitor.）；但这些不是名词的典型功能，名词性从句也不能充当这三种句子成分名词性从句根据其在句子中的具体功能（主语、表语、宾语和同位语），又可以细分为主语从句(subject clause)、表语从句(predicative clause)、宾语从句(object clause) 和同位语从句(appositive clause) 2222教资优选教资优选名词名词 名词性从句名词性从句•subject: The kids’ idea was strange to their • parents.•subject clause: What the kids thought is strange to• their parents.•predicative: This is my opinion.•predicative clause: This is what I think.•object: The researchers interviewed many kids• to find out their need.•object clause: The researchers interviewed many• kids to find out what they want.•appositive: His only defect, laziness, made it • difficult for him to pass the exam.•appositive clause: The fact that he was lazy made • it difficult for him to pass the exam.2323教资优选教资优选把下列句子中的名词换成从句，并把下列句子中的名词换成从句，并判断是哪种类型的名词性从句；判断是哪种类型的名词性从句； •His suggestion was accepted. •His demand is unreasonable. •This is her proposal.•They told us their requirement.•His rudeness annoyed some customers. 2424教资优选教资优选Formations of noun clausesFormations of noun clauses•一个含有名词性从句的句子可以看作是由两个句子合并而成的，在合并的过程中把这两个原来的句子中的一个变换成了名词性从句。

也可以看作是用其中的一个句子去代替或置换另外一个句子中的一个名词（短语），从而变成了名词性从句这样，根据这个被变成名词性从句的句子的句子类型（陈述句，一般疑问句，或特殊疑问句）我们可以把名词性从句分为三类它们的不同主要体现在引导词的选择上 2525教资优选教资优选1.1.It will rain tomorrow. I know this news.I know that it will rain tomorrow.如果原来的句子是陈述句，用that来引导其成为名词性从句that 不在从句中充当成分，本身没有词义当该名词性从句充当及物动词的宾语是，that可以省略2626教资优选教资优选2.2.Will it rain tomorrow?He asks this question.He asks whether it will rain tomorrow.如果原来的句子是一般疑问句，用whether来引导其成为名词性从句；当该名词性从句在句中充当宾语时，也可以用if来引导从句语序要变为陈述语序Whether 和if不可以省略2727教资优选教资优选3.3.如果原来的句子是特殊疑问句，直接把它来用做名词性从句，只要把原来的疑问语序变成陈述语序就可以了。

Where does John live?He asks this question.He asks where John lives.2828教资优选教资优选Combine the two sentences in each of the following Combine the two sentences in each of the following Combine the two sentences in each of the following Combine the two sentences in each of the following groups, making one as a noun clause. You should groups, making one as a noun clause. You should groups, making one as a noun clause. You should groups, making one as a noun clause. You should change the tense, person and word order change the tense, person and word order change the tense, person and word order change the tense, person and word order accordingly.accordingly.accordingly.accordingly.•The teacher asked Linda. Did you finish the job? •We’ve just got a warning on the radio. A typhoon may come. •She has no idea. What did he do for her? 2929教资优选教资优选Combine the two sentences Combine the two sentences into oneinto one•1.He will come to the meeting. It is suggested.•2.He will come and join us. I am sure.•3.We have a picnic on Saturday. I don’t agree to the suggestion.•4. I got a new job. This is the reason I didn’t go to France.•5. Have you finished your work? The teacher asked me.•6. When will he come to the meeting? It is not known.•7. Who can operate the new machine? It is a question•8. Will the children be safe? I don’t know.3030教资优选教资优选•为了使句子平衡或避免头重脚轻，通常把主语从句放到整个句子的后面，而把形式主语it放在主语从句原来的位置上。

•原句：That talking to babies increases their language ability is a well known fact. •转换后：It is a well known fact that talking to babies increases their language ability. 3131教资优选教资优选•名词性从句可以充当诸如sure, certain, sorry, concerned之类的形容词后面的补足成分因这类形容词都是动态形容词，我们通常把这些形容词后面的名词性从句归类为宾语从句例如：•Doctors are concerned that children who spend too much time in front of the TV don’t get enough exercise. 3232教资优选教资优选• 在“动词+宾语从句+宾语补足语”的结构中，我们通常用形式宾语it来放在宾语从句的位置上，而把宾语从句放到整个句子的后面，即转换成“动词+ it+宾语补足语+宾语从句”的结构：•动词+宾语+宾语补足语：We consider the book necessary.•动词+宾语从句+宾语补足语：We consider that we study hard necessary.•动词+ it+宾语补足语+宾语从句：We consider it necessary that we study hard. 3333教资优选教资优选•如果由that 引导的名词性从句在句子中充当直接宾语，引导词 that 经常省略。

例如：•Some parents even think (that) it’s important to play Mozart to babies and show them famous works of art.3434教资优选教资优选•介词后面接that 引导的名词性从句时要注意的问题• 1) that 引导的名词性从句做介词宾语时常见于下列结构之中：• in that (在于，因为)、except that (除了，只是)、save that (除了)、but that (除了)、besides that(除了)，如：• This plan is thought to be good in that it can promote production. •这项方案的好处在于它能提高生产•We know nothing about her save that her surname is Jones.•我们除了知道她姓琼斯外，对她全不了解 3535教资优选教资优选•2) 其余介词需加that 从句时，应在介词与that从句之间加上it 或the fact等词如：•He was ashamed of it that he made the mistake. •His failure is due to the fact that he is still inexperienced.•3) “be + 形容词 + 介词”结构需加that 从句时，一般将介词省略掉。

这类结构有：be aware of, be annoyed at, be fearful of, be convinced of, be satisfied with, be sorry for, be surprised at, be ashamed of等等如：•He was ashamed that he made the mistake. •Are you aware that you are sitting on my bag?•这从另外一个方面论证了上面第2点，即我们通常把这些形容词后面的名词性从句归类为宾语从句这是因为这些名词性从句实际上是被省略掉的介词的宾语3636教资优选教资优选•be型虚拟式的基本形式是should + 动词原形, 但在美国英语中should 经常省略be型虚拟式经常用在名词性从句中，例如： •1）The monitor suggested that we not be late for class. （宾语从句）•2）It was suggested that we not be late for class. （主语从句）•3）The monitor’s suggestion was that we not be late for class. （表语从句）•4）The monitor gave a suggestion that we not be late for class. （同位语从句） •注意，be型虚拟式的否定是直接在动词原形之前加上not 构成，无须借助助动词。

3737教资优选教资优选•（（1））should(可省略) +动词原形用于如下结构中的that从句中•A. 用于表示意愿、 建议、 命令、 提议、 请求等动词的that宾语从句中,例 如：•He ordered that parking be prohibited on Main street during the rush hour.•Tom insisted that his Leadership be recognized by all the boys•这类动词还有：ask要求, advise建议, arrange安排, beg请求, command命令, decide决定,demand 要求,desire渴望, determine决定, insist坚持, intend打算, maintain坚持，主张, move 建议，动员,propose提议, object反对, order命令, prefer建议, require要 , request 要求,resolve下决心, recommend 推荐,suggest 建议, stipulate约定，规定 ,urge强调，促进, vote公认，提议 decree颁布（法令）, pray请求3838教资优选教资优选B. 用与用与It is+It is+形容词或过去形容词或过去分词分词+ +主语从句中，例如：主语从句中，例如：•这类形容词或分词有：advisable合理的, crucial关键的, appropriate恰当的, essential紧要得，基本的，anxious焦急的,imperative迫切的, important重要的, desirable合意的,better较好的,insistent坚持的,keen渴望的,incredible难以置信的, adamant坚定不移的, natural自然的, necessary必要的,urgent紧迫的, vital极其重要的, possible可能的, strange奇怪的,preferable好一点的, probable可能的, pity可惜，憾事, shame遗憾,decided决定的, determined决定的, commanded 命令的,arranged安排的, complied 遵照,desired想要, asked请求, insisted坚持, suggested建议, ordered命令, shocked震惊的, proposed提议, requested要求的, required要求的, recommended推荐, resolved决定的3939教资优选教资优选•C. 表示建议、、 要求、、 命令、、 请求等含义的名词引导表语从句和同位语句，这类名词常见的有：advice忠告，decision决定，demand要求， desire要求，愿望， insistence坚持， motion提议， necessity必要性， order命令， preference偏爱，选择， proposal提议， pray恳求， recommendation推荐， request要求， requirement要求， resolution决心， suggestion劝告，忠告4040教资优选教资优选d. 连接词in case, so that, unless, lest, for fear that 引起的状语从句，谓语动词要用虚拟形式，即 should (might, would) +动词原形,例如：She put a blanket over the baby for fear that he should catch cold.4141教资优选教资优选•1. 当主句的谓语动词是象suggest一样的表示命令、请求和建议等的带有重要性或紧急性的动词时，句子中的主语从句和宾语从句中的谓语动词用be型虚拟式，见例1）和例2）。

这类动词还有：advise, request, require, insist, order, suggest, demand, recommend等•2. 当主句的主语是上述动词相对应的名词时，句子中的表语从句中的谓语动词用be型虚拟式，见例3）•3. 上述动词相对应的名词的同位语从句中的谓语动词用be型虚拟式，见例4）4242教资优选教资优选•4. 另外，在advisable, important, essential, necessary, urgent, appropriate, desirable, vital等形容词后面的由that引导的名词性从句中的谓语动词用be型虚拟式，例如：• It is essential that everyone (should) bear this in mind.• 但是，在it is absurd/amazing/funny/natural/pitiful/a pity/strange/surprising/ridiculous/regrettable/•to be regretted that…结构中，that后面通常用should + 动词原形，而且should 不能省略，其通常表示遗憾、惋惜、惊奇等情绪。

例如：• It is strange that she should keep away from us. 4343教资优选教资优选•连词，如：so that, unless, in case, supposing, lest, provided(倘若……)，for fear that (惟恐)，in order that, on condition that, if only(要是……就好了)等• He put his overcoat over him for fear that he should catch cold.• He took his umbrella with him lest it should rain.• Take some money with you in case you should need it4444教资优选教资优选be-型虚拟式能与不定式被动语态交替使用e.g. He ordered that the books be sent at once.= He ordered that books should be sent at once.= He ordered the books to be sent at once. It is important that she be placed in an appropriate job.= It is important that she should be placed in an appropriate job.= It is important for her to be placed in an appropriate job.4545教资优选教资优选be-型虚拟式能用于由if, though, whatever, lest, so long as等引导的分句中表示推测、让步、防备等含义。

e.g. If he be found guilty, John shall have the right of appeal. If the rumor be true, everything is possible. Though everyone desert you, I will not. Whatever be his defense, we cannot tolerate this disloyalty. 4646教资优选教资优选EmotionalA heart of goldConfuseI have never felt betterWell paid4747教资优选教资优选。