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Native American Tobacco PipesBy: Shayan MondegariDerrick VuPeace Pipen nA peace pipe, also called a calumet or A peace pipe, also called a calumet or medicine pipe, is a ceremonial medicine pipe, is a ceremonial smoking pipe used by many Native smoking pipe used by many Native American tribes, traditionally as a American tribes, traditionally as a token of peace. It was used as a token of peace. It was used as a major means of communication with major means of communication with the spiritual world. The pipe was the spiritual world. The pipe was actually used in both of war and actually used in both of war and peace. peace. n nA leader of a war expedition carried a A leader of a war expedition carried a pipe as a symbol of his leadership and pipe as a symbol of his leadership and his responsibilities for members of his his responsibilities for members of his party. During ceremonies, the pipe was party. During ceremonies, the pipe was smoked to ask for protection and smoked to ask for protection and success and to seek guidance on the success and to seek guidance on the expedition. Pipe ceremonies also took expedition. Pipe ceremonies also took place to establish alliances between place to establish alliances between different tribal peoples and in councils different tribal peoples and in councils before important deliberations were to before important deliberations were to take place. take place. Originn nFounded by Lakota from a mysterious lady who says Founded by Lakota from a mysterious lady who says that they must smoke tobacco out of the pipe before that they must smoke tobacco out of the pipe before all ceremonies to bring peaceful thoughts into their all ceremonies to bring peaceful thoughts into their minds.minds.n nThey must use it when they pray to the Strong One They must use it when they pray to the Strong One above and to Mother Earth to ensure that they above and to Mother Earth to ensure that they receive their blessings.receive their blessings.n nBlack Elk, a medicine man or "shaman," of the Black Elk, a medicine man or "shaman," of the Oglala Sioux Indians (Lakota), predicted that his Oglala Sioux Indians (Lakota), predicted that his people would bring forth beneficial change to the people would bring forth beneficial change to the next generation. He predicted that the pipe, and the next generation. He predicted that the pipe, and the respectful pipe holder, would be required to respectful pipe holder, would be required to establish a spiritual basis for this nation.establish a spiritual basis for this nation.How the Pipe is Made n nSeveral materials have been employed in making the pipe: Several materials have been employed in making the pipe: pipestone, bone, wood, and clay. The bowl of the pipe is cut from pipestone, bone, wood, and clay. The bowl of the pipe is cut from one piece. In a procedure that takes about eight hours, the pipe is one piece. In a procedure that takes about eight hours, the pipe is gradually carved and ground from one piece of pipestone, and then gradually carved and ground from one piece of pipestone, and then the bowl and stem hole are carefully hollowed out, using a simple the bowl and stem hole are carefully hollowed out, using a simple drill. drill. n nThe pipestone is oiled with grease, which gives it its distinctive The pipestone is oiled with grease, which gives it its distinctive bright red appearance. Sometimes clay is gathered, molded into a bright red appearance. Sometimes clay is gathered, molded into a pipe, dried, and then fired in a fire pit. Bones, wood, and shell have pipe, dried, and then fired in a fire pit. Bones, wood, and shell have been used, depending on their availability. The stem of the pipe is been used, depending on their availability. The stem of the pipe is wood or reed decorated with feathers or porcupine quills, and tufts wood or reed decorated with feathers or porcupine quills, and tufts of horsehair and animal fur. These were believed to correspond to of horsehair and animal fur. These were believed to correspond to the essential parts of the Universe. the essential parts of the Universe. Different Types of Pipesn nClayClay - The clay pipe represents the clay body of the - The clay pipe represents the clay body of the human, within which is contained the burning ember of human, within which is contained the burning ember of life. life. n nRed PipestoneRed Pipestone - Catlinite is an iron-rich, reddish, soft - Catlinite is an iron-rich, reddish, soft quartzite slate typically excavated from below quartzite slate typically excavated from below groundwater level. Red pipestone was used by the groundwater level. Red pipestone was used by the Eastern Tribes, Western and Great Basin Tribes, and the Eastern Tribes, Western and Great Basin Tribes, and the Plains Tribes.Plains Tribes.n nBlue PipestoneBlue Pipestone - Also a form of catlinite, blue - Also a form of catlinite, blue pipestone was used almost predominantly by the Plains pipestone was used almost predominantly by the Plains Tribes for ceremonial pipes. Deposits of the stone are Tribes for ceremonial pipes. Deposits of the stone are also found in South Dakota.also found in South Dakota.Contd. n nBluestoneBluestone - a hard, greenish-blue quartzite stone from - a hard, greenish-blue quartzite stone from the southern Appalachian Mountains. This stone was the southern Appalachian Mountains. This stone was used by several Eastern Woodlands tribes for used by several Eastern Woodlands tribes for pipemaking. pipemaking. n nSalmon AlabasterSalmon Alabaster - Salmon alabaster was generally - Salmon alabaster was generally mined in central Colorado.mined in central Colorado.n nGreen PipestoneGreen Pipestone - A white on green marbled cupric - A white on green marbled cupric pipestone found in Wyoming and South Dakota and used pipestone found in Wyoming and South Dakota and used by the Shoshone, Ute, and Plains Tribes for personal and by the Shoshone, Ute, and Plains Tribes for personal and ceremonial pipes.ceremonial pipes.Contd.n nBlack Pipestone (South Dakota)Black Pipestone (South Dakota) - a soft, - a soft, brittle, white on black marbled pipestone used brittle, white on black marbled pipestone used by the Plains Tribes for ceremonial pipes.by the Plains Tribes for ceremonial pipes.n nBlack Pipestone (Uinta)Black Pipestone (Uinta) - an extremely hard - an extremely hard black quartzite slate found in the southeastern black quartzite slate found in the southeastern drainage of the Uinta Mountains in Utah and drainage of the Uinta Mountains in Utah and Colorado. This stone was used by the Great Colorado. This stone was used by the Great Basin Tribes for war clubs and pipes that are jet Basin Tribes for war clubs and pipes that are jet black with a high gloss when polished.black with a high gloss when polished.From top left: red pipestone, red pipestone, green pipestone, salmon alabaster, blue pipestoneSymbols embedded in the smoking pipes n nThe stem of the pipe represents the The stem of the pipe represents the Male Principle as well as straightness Male Principle as well as straightness of speech, mind and body. Animals of speech, mind and body. Animals or other creatures carved on the or other creatures carved on the stem stand for, and thus pull into a stem stand for, and thus pull into a ceremony, all of the four-legged ceremony, all of the four-legged creatures of the earth. Eagle creatures of the earth. Eagle feathers tied to the stem stand for feathers tied to the stem stand for the winged creatures above. Colored the winged creatures above. Colored ribbons stand for the four cardinal ribbons stand for the four cardinal directions.directions.n nThe bowl of the pipe represents the The bowl of the pipe represents the Female Principle as well as the Plant Female Principle as well as the Plant Kingdom. The bowl of the pipe is of Kingdom. The bowl of the pipe is of red stone; it is the Earth. red stone; it is the Earth. n nThe whole of the pipe represents The whole of the pipe represents Creation, and as soon as bowl and Creation, and as soon as bowl and stem are connected the ceremonial stem are connected the ceremonial pipe becomes sacred as a result.pipe becomes sacred as a result.Symbolism of Pipe Smoke to Lakotan nThe use of the pipe was considered a sacred ritual. The The use of the pipe was considered a sacred ritual. The smoking mixture consisted of various herbs, often smoking mixture consisted of various herbs, often tobacco mixed with willow bark, sumac leaves, certain tobacco mixed with willow bark, sumac leaves, certain manzanita leaves, cedar shavings, or white sage. manzanita leaves, cedar shavings, or white sage. Although some tribes at times smoked for relaxation Although some tribes at times smoked for relaxation and/or a narcotic effect, most did not normally inhale the and/or a narcotic effect, most did not normally inhale the smoke. Rather, they used the pipe as a major means of smoke. Rather, they used the pipe as a major means of communication with the spiritual munication with the spiritual world.n nThe pipe smoke is also related to incense smoke in The pipe smoke is also related to incense smoke in Catholicism. One reason for the pipe smoke is to Catholicism. One reason for the pipe smoke is to perfume the air with a special fragrance. The second perfume the air with a special fragrance. The second reason is because "incense produces smoke lighter than reason is because "incense produces smoke lighter than air, and thus the smoke rises. These symbolize prayers air, and thus the smoke rises. These symbolize prayers rising to heaven. This is to make invisible things rising to heaven. This is to make invisible things (prayers) visible (the smoke).(prayers) visible (the smoke). Why did the Lakota use them?n nAs a means of prayer, pipes have been used to give thanks, to establish new relations As a means of prayer, pipes have been used to give thanks, to establish new relations and seal agreements, to mark important passages of ceremonial life, and to begin and seal agreements, to mark important passages of ceremonial life, and to begin important expeditions.important expeditions.n nAmong the Sioux there are three different uses for pipes. The least important kind is Among the Sioux there are three different uses for pipes. The least important kind is one that is used for social purposes. It is filled with regular tobacco and smoked with one that is used for social purposes. It is filled with regular tobacco and smoked with friends. Anyone can smoke it.friends. Anyone can smoke it.A higher kind is the personal pipe that we use to make and continue friendships, and A higher kind is the personal pipe that we use to make and continue friendships, and it is the one that is filled and sent as an offering to a medicine man when his services it is the one that is filled and sent as an offering to a medicine man when his services are needed.are needed.The third and most important kind of pipe is one that is used by its owner for The third and most important kind of pipe is one that is used by its owner for ceremonial purposes, such as the sweatlodge rites, vision quests, and the Sun Dance. ceremonial purposes, such as the sweatlodge rites, vision quests, and the Sun Dance. It is also the one used by the holy men and medicine men for their private rituals, for It is also the one used by the holy men and medicine men for their private rituals, for healing patients, and as they lead the various tribal ceremonies.healing patients, and as they lead the various tribal ceremonies.n nOne often-used method for opening meetings was to first light the calumet, then One often-used method for opening meetings was to first light the calumet, then offer the calumet (or blow smoke) to the Thunderbird (or Eagle) in the east, and then offer the calumet (or blow smoke) to the Thunderbird (or Eagle) in the east, and then make the same offering in a clockwise direction to the south, west, and north, and make the same offering in a clockwise direction to the south, west, and north, and then to Father Sky and Mother Earth.then to Father Sky and Mother Earth. Ceremonial Use of the Peace Pipen nThe pipe ceremony begins with The pipe ceremony begins with loading tobacco, a natural substance, loading tobacco, a natural substance, into a pipe into a pipe n nThe pipe is held firmly by the bowl in The pipe is held firmly by the bowl in the palm of the hand with the stem the palm of the hand with the stem pointed outward. The last step of the pointed outward. The last step of the pipe offering is the holding up of the pipe offering is the holding up of the pipe with its stem pointed straight pipe with its stem pointed straight upward, out into the center of the upward, out into the center of the universe.universe.n nIn the complete ritual of the pipe, In the complete ritual of the pipe, there are three phases: the purification there are three phases: the purification with the smoke of a sacred herb; the with the smoke of a sacred herb; the "expansion" of the pipe so that it "expansion" of the pipe so that it includes the entire universe; and includes the entire universe; and finally, what could be called the finally, what could be called the "identity", which is the sacrifice of the "identity", which is the sacrifice of the whole universe in the fire.whole universe in the fire.Lakota Use of the Calumet Today n nThe pipe is still used today, as The pipe is still used today, as Indian peoples are Indian peoples are "rediscovering" their cultural "rediscovering" their cultural roots. roots. n nMuch of the sacred ceremonial Much of the sacred ceremonial meanings have been lost meanings have been lost because, for the past three because, for the past three generations, tribal elders and generations, tribal elders and medicine men have been medicine men have been unable to find enough tribal unable to find enough tribal youth who were willing (or youth who were willing (or able) to receive the ancient able) to receive the ancient teachingsteachings. .n nNative American Indian Peace Pipe Dance n nNative American Indian Peace Pipe Dance n nNative American Indian Peace Pipe Dance Works cited"American Indian Pipes (Calumet)." Native American Indian Pipes. May 1997. 1 June 2021 <>. Brown, Joseph E. The Sacred Pipe: Black Elk's Account of the Seven Rites of the Oglala Sioux (Civilization of the American Indian Series). Oklahoma City: University of Oklahoma P, 1989. 1-152. "First Americans." Origin of the Peace Pipe. June 2021. 31 May 2021 < ://>. Paper, Jordan. Offering Smoke: the Sacred Pipe and Native American Religion. Oklahoma: University of Idaho P, 1988. 1-181. "Peace Pipe." Wikipedia. 8 May 2021. EncyclopæDia Britannica Eleventh Edition. 2 June 2021 < ://>. Tree, James M. The Way of the Sacred Pipe. New York: Blue Sky, 2006. 1-108. 。